3. First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Equation
|
|
|
- Cory McDowell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 3. First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Equation 3. The First Law of Thermodynamics for a ontrol Mass Undergoing a ycle The first law for a control mass undergoing a cycle can be written as Q W Q net(cycle) W net(cycle) This statement is experimentally observed by James Joule in 9 th century.
2 3. The First Law of Thermodynamics for a hange in State of a ontrol Mass onsider the following cycle W Q () () () W W Q Q () W W Q Q B B B A B A
3 Q A ( Q Q W) A W A W ( Q W) Because A and is arbitrary processes between state and, we conclude that Q W must be a point function and must be the differential of a property. This property is the energy (E) [J] of the mass: de Q W The property E represents all forms of the energy. It is convenient to separate E in this manner: E = U + KE + PE
4 Internal energy (U) [J]: a property representing all microscopic forms of energy. Kinetic energy (KE) and Potential energy (PE) are in the macro scale. Thus, the first law of thermodynamics for a change of state du d(ke) d(pe) Q W For kinetic energy and potential energy d(ke) d ( mv For potential energy d(pe) d (mgz) ) mg dz m d ( V The first law of thermodynamics is du m d( V ) mg dz ) Q W
5 Integrating the above equation yields (U mg (Z U ) Z ) m ( V Q V W Notes: This law cannot be mathematically proven. Another name of this law is the conservation of energy: two ways to change the energy of a system are heat and work crossing the system boundary. As energy quantities, heat and work are not different. The first law gives only the changes in U, KE, and PE not the absolute values. Since KE and PE are extrinsic properties, U is also an extrinsic property. )
![3.3 Definition of Work Work (W) [N-m or J]: a force acting through a displacement x W F dx W Sign convention: Work](/docs-images/82/84927841/images/6-0.jpg "done by a system (+) Work done on a system () F dx Work is a form of energy being transferred across a system")
6 3.3 Definition of Work Work (W) [N-m or J]: a force acting through a displacement x W F dx W Sign convention: Work done by a system (+) Work done on a system () F dx Work is a form of energy being transferred across a system boundary.
![T d Power ( W work ) [W],](/docs-images/82/84927841/images/7-1.jpg "time rate of doing W W FV T")
7 Work associated with a rotating shaft: W F dx F r d T d Power ( W work ) [W], time rate of doing W W FV T or W W t t
8 Specific work (w) [J/kg]: work per unit mass W w m For work SI unit N-m = J other units kwh = 3600 kj For power, SI unit J/s = W other units hp (mechanical) = W hp (metric) = W For specific work, SI unit J/kg = (m/s)
9 3.4 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple ompressible System onsider a gas in a piston/cylinder device undergoing a quasi-equilibrium process If P is the pressure of the gas, the work done by the system is W W P A dl P dv
10 In case that the relationship between P and V is available as a diagram: We conclude that W W P dv = area under the curve - = area a---b-a
11 However, we can choose different quasi-equilibrium processes from state to state (process A, B or ) Thus, work done during each process is different. As a result, work is not only a function of the initial and end states. work depends on the path of each process. work is a path function. W is an inexact differential.
12 On the other hand, thermodynamics properties are point functions. Notes: symbolic convention For a point function (such as V) the differentials are exact by using symbol dv dv V V For a path function (such as W) the differentials are inexact by using symbol W W W To determine the work from the area under P-V curve, the relationship between P and V must be obtained.
13 The most common relationship between P and V is a polytropic process: PV n onstant PV P V PdV n This result is valid for any values of n except. For n =, PdV P V V ln V which is equivalent to the isothermal process of an ideal gas
14 3.5 General Systems that Involve Work Other types of work are Stretched wire W dl W L Where is tension [N] Surface line W da W A Where is surface tension [N/m] Electric W dz i dt Wire da Liquid Film where is electric potential [V] Z is electric charge [] i is electric current [A] dl
15 i W t W W t i E Battery ombining all types of work gives W P dv dl da dz... W P V V A i... Notes: dz + The process above contributes no work due to nonequilibrium process. (a) Work done on the system (b) No work done on the system
16 3.6 Definition of Heat Heat (Q) [J]: a form of energy which is transferred by the difference of temperature Heat is a path function Q Rate of heat transfer (heat rate) ( Q ) [W]: heat transferred per unit time Q Q or Q Q t t Specific heat transfer (q) [J/kg]: heat per unit mass Q q m Adiabatic process: a process, in which there is no heat transfer Q
17 3.7 Heat Transfer Modes Three modes of heat transfer: onduction: heat transmitted by diffusion of energy through a medium without the bulk motion Fourier's law of conduction dt Q k A dx where k is thermal conductivity [W/m-K] onvection: heat transferred by the motion (or flow) of a medium Newton's law of cooling Q h A (Ts Tsur ) where h is convective heat transfer coefficient [W/m -K] Radiation: heat transmitted by electromagnetic waves in space Stefan-Boltzmann's law Q 4 4 A ( Ts Tsur ) where is emissivity, is Stefan- Boltzmann constant [W/m -K 4 ]
18 Notes: omparison between heat and work Heat and work are both transient phenomena. Systems never possess heat or work Heat and work are boundary phenomena. Both represent energy crossing the boundary of the system. Both heat and work are path function and inexact differential (a) Heat transfers across the boundary. (b) Work transfers across the boundary.
19 3.8 Internal Energy - a Thermodynamic Property U is an extensive property. Thus, we can define Specific internal energy (u) [J/kg]: U u m In general, the value of the specific internal energy must be given relative to a reference state (which is arbitrary). For water, u f = 0 at 0.0 o Note: the values of the specific internal energy can be negative. For the two-phase mixture, u ( u u f f x) u f x (u x u g fg x u u f g )
20 u represents the sum of all microscopic forms of energy. u u u u ext molecule translation int molecule u ext molecule originates from the intermolecular force between molecules. u translation originates from the translation of molecules u int molecule originates from many sources such as molecular rotation, molecular vibration, electron translation, electron spinning, atomic bond, nucleus bond. Sensible energy: all kind to kinetic energies as a function of temperature Latent energy: intermolecular force for phase change process hemical energy: atomic bond Nuclear energy: nucleus bond
21 3.9 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique. What is the control mass or control volume? draw a diagram to illustrate heat/work flows. What do we know about the initial state? 3. What do we know about the final state? 4. What kind of the process takes place? Is anything constant or zero? 5. Is it helpful to draw p-v diagram? 6. What is the thermodynamics model we use (steam tables, ideal gas, etc)? 7. What is our analysis (find work, the first law, the second law, etc)? 8. How do we proceed to find what we need?
22 3.0 The Thermodynamics Property Enthalpy onsider a quasi-equilibrium constantpressure process: P V ) (U ) V P (U P V ) V (P U U V ) P (V U U PdV U U W U U Q U + PV is a property because it is a combination of other properties.
23 Enthalpy (H) [J]: H U PV Specific enthalpy (h) [J/kg]: H h u P v m Thus, for a quasi-equilibrium constantpressure process Q H H Notes: ) Some thermodynamics tables does not contain data of u. Therefore, we can find u from u = h P v. ) Some substance use enthalpy as a reference state instead of internal energy (such as R-, Ammonia). For the two-phase mixture, h ( h h f f x) h f x (h x h g fg x h h f g )
24 3. The onstant-volume and onstant-pressure Specific Heats From the first law: PdV du W du Q. onstant volume ( 0 PdV W ) Specific heat (at a constant volume) ( v ) [J/(kg-K)]: v v v v T u T U m T Q m. onstant pressure ( dh Q ) Specific heat (at a constant pressure) ( p ) [J/(kg-K)]: P P P p T h T H m T Q m v and p are also thermodynamics properties
25 For solid and liquid (incompressible substance: v = constant) v P u and h can be written as dh du du v dp dt If is a constant, we have u h u T dt v dp T T T v P h P In most cases, if P P is not large, we can neglect the second term of the right side. As a result, h h T T for various solid and liquid are listed in Tables A.3 and A.4 Notes: For some substances, could changes significantly at a very high temperature.
26 3. The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases For internal energy, u is generally a function of two independent properties. For a low-density gas u depends strongly on T, but not much on P. Thus for an ideal gas Pv = RT and u = f(t) only For v, we mathematically write u General cases : v T v du Ideal gases : vo dt subscript "o" denotes for the specific heat of an ideal gas
27 Thus, we can write du vo dt u u vo dt For enthalpy, from the definition of h = u + P v, in case of an ideal gas : h h u P v f(t) only u RT For p, we mathematically write h General cases : P T P dh Ideal gases : Po dt dh PodT h h Po dt
28 Because u = f(t) and h = f(t), vo = f(t) and Po = f(t) as well. The values of vo and Po at standard condition are given in Table A.5. The variations of Po as a function of T are given in Table A.6. The main factor causing vo and Po to vary with temperature is molecular vibration.
29 Monoatomic gas: vo and Po are a very weak function of T Diatomic gas: vo and Po are somewhat a function of T Polyatomic gas: vo and Po are strongly a function of T For an ideal gas h dh Po u P v du RdT dt dt Po vo vo on a molar basis Po vo R u RdT R RT To utilize the specific heat, there are three possible ways to find the enthalpy difference of an ideal gas
30 onstant specific heat u u vo ( T T ) h ( T T ) h Po Direct integration: an expression of Po as a function of T (3 rd degree polynomial) in Table A.6 Use Table A.7 and A.8, which are the integration results of the internal energy and the enthalpy over a reference point.
- Apply closed system energy balances, observe sign convention for work and heat transfer.
CHAPTER : ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Objectives: - In this chapter we discuss energy and develop equations for applying the principle of conservation of energy. Learning Outcomes: - Demonstrate
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics During an interaction between a system and its surroundings, the amount of energy gained by the system must be exactly equal to the amount of energy lost by the surroundings.
Chapter 2. Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics Closed System Energy Balance Energy is an extensive property that includes the kinetic and gravitational potential energy of engineering mechanics.
Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics: Closed Systems
Chapter 5: The First Law of Thermodynamics: Closed Systems The first law of thermodynamics can be simply stated as follows: during an interaction between a system and its surroundings, the amount of energy
Week 5. Energy Analysis of Closed Systems. GENESYS Laboratory
Week 5. Energy Analysis of Closed Systems Objectives 1. Examine the moving boundary work or PdV work commonly encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and compressors 2. Identify
first law of ThermodyNamics
first law of ThermodyNamics First law of thermodynamics - Principle of conservation of energy - Energy can be neither created nor destroyed Basic statement When any closed system is taken through a cycle,
Week 2. Energy, Energy Transfer, And General Energy Analysis
Week 2. Energy, Energy Transfer, And General Energy Analysis Objectives 1. Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms 2. Discuss the nature of internal energy 3. Define the concept of
Chapter 3 First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Equation
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Chapter 3 First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Equation Prof. Siyoung Jeong Thermodynamics I MEE0-0 Spring 04 Thermal Engineering Lab. 3. The energy equation Thermal Engineering
PTT 277/3 APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS SEM 1 (2013/2014)
PTT 77/3 APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS SEM 1 (013/014) 1 Energy can exist in numerous forms: Thermal Mechanical Kinetic Potential Electric Magnetic Chemical Nuclear The total energy of a system on a unit mass:
Relationships between WORK, HEAT, and ENERGY. Consider a force, F, acting on a block sliding on a frictionless surface. x 2
Relationships between WORK, HEAT, and ENERGY Consider a force, F, acting on a block sliding on a frictionless surface x x M F x Frictionless surface M dv v dt M dv dt v F F F ; v mass velocity in x direction
Chapter 4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Thermodynamics ENGR360-MEP112 LECTURE 3
Thermodynamics ENGR360-MEP11 LECTURE 3 ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND ENERGY ANALYSIS Objectives: 1. Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms.. Discuss the nature of internal energy.
Relationships between WORK, HEAT, and ENERGY. Consider a force, F, acting on a block sliding on a frictionless surface
Introduction to Thermodynamics, Lecture 3-5 Prof. G. Ciccarelli (0) Relationships between WORK, HEAT, and ENERGY Consider a force, F, acting on a block sliding on a frictionless surface x x M F x FRICTIONLESS
Chapter 4. Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Chapter 4 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the conservation of energy principle. Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat
(Heat capacity c is also called specific heat) this means that the heat capacity number c for water is 1 calorie/gram-k.
Lecture 23: Ideal Gas Law and The First Law of Thermodynamics 1 (REVIEW) Chapter 17: Heat Transfer Origin of the calorie unit A few hundred years ago when people were investigating heat and temperature
T098. c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 201 (2012) 2 / 26
Conservation of Energy for a Closed System Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET Dhaka-, Bangladesh zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
Physics 53. Thermal Physics 1. Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital.
Physics 53 Thermal Physics 1 Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive; what they conceal is vital. Arthur Koestler Overview In the following sections we will treat macroscopic systems
12/21/2014 7:39 PM. Chapter 2. Energy and the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE
Chapter 2 Energy and the 1st Law of Thermodynamics 1 2 Homework Assignment # 2 Problems: 1, 7, 14, 20, 30, 36, 42, 49, 56 Design and open end problem: 2.1D Due Monday 22/12/2014 3 Work and Kinetic Energy
ME 2322 Thermodynamics I PRE-LECTURE Lesson 10 Complete the items below Name:
Lesson 10 1. (5 pt) If P > P sat (T), the phase is a subcooled liquid. 2. (5 pt) if P < P sat (T), the phase is superheated vapor. 3. (5 pt) if T > T sat (P), the phase is superheated vapor. 4. (5 pt)
Hence. The second law describes the direction of energy transfer in spontaneous processes
* Heat and Work The first law of thermodynamics states that: Although energy has many forms, the total quantity of energy is constant. When energy disappears in one form, it appears simultaneously in other
Eng Thermodynamics I conservation of mass; 2. conservation of energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics); and 3. the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
Eng3901 - Thermodynamics I 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between heat transfer, work interactions, kinetic and potential energies, and the properties
Chemistry. Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations. NC State University
Chemistry Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations NC State University Thermodynamic state functions expressed in differential form We have seen that the internal energy is conserved and depends on mechanical (dw)
The First Law of Thermodynamics. By: Yidnekachew Messele
The First Law of Thermodynamics By: Yidnekachew Messele It is the law that relates the various forms of energies for system of different types. It is simply the expression of the conservation of energy
Chapter 2: Energy and the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics. The Study of Energy in Closed Systems
Chapter 2: Energy and the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics The Study of Energy in Closed Systems Topics 2.1 Mechanical Concepts of Energy 2.2 Broadening Understanding of Work 2.3 Broadening Understanding of
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications 5th Edition in SI Units Yunus A. Çengel, Afshin J. Ghajar McGraw-Hill, 2015 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS Mehmet Kanoglu University of Gaziantep
First Law of Thermodynamics Closed Systems
First Law of Thermodynamics Closed Systems Content The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy Balance Energy Change of a System Mechanisms of Energy Transfer First Law of Thermodynamics in Closed Systems Moving
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS Mehmet Kanoglu University of Gaziantep
Engineering Thermodynamics. Chapter 3. Energy Transport by Heat, Work and Mass
Chapter 3 Energy Transport y Heat, ork and Mass 3. Energy of a System Energy can e viewed as the aility to cause change. Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential,
18.13 Review & Summary
5/2/10 10:04 PM Print this page 18.13 Review & Summary Temperature; Thermometers Temperature is an SI base quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer, which contains
CHAPTER 17 WORK, HEAT, & FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 17 WORK, HEAT, and the FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS In this chapter, we will examine various thermal properties of matter, as well as several mechanisms by which energy can be transferred to and
ENERGY AND FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. By Ertanto Vetra
ENERGY AND FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1 By Ertanto Vetra Objective Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms. Discuss the nature of internal energy. Define the concept of heat and the
Enthalpy and Adiabatic Changes
Enthalpy and Adiabatic Changes Chapter 2 of Atkins: The First Law: Concepts Sections 2.5-2.6 of Atkins (7th & 8th editions) Enthalpy Definition of Enthalpy Measurement of Enthalpy Variation of Enthalpy
Conservation of Energy for a Closed System. First Law of Thermodynamics. First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State
Conservation of Energy for a Closed System First Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq rofessor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology BUET Dhaka-000,
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS1013W1 SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2014-2015 ENERGY AND MATTER Duration: 120 MINS (2 hours) This paper contains 8 questions. Answers to Section A and Section B must be in separate
Appendix 4. Appendix 4A Heat Capacity of Ideal Gases
Appendix 4 W-143 Appendix 4A Heat Capacity of Ideal Gases We can determine the heat capacity from the energy content of materials as a function of temperature. The simplest material to model is an ideal
Engineering Thermodynamics. Chapter 6. Entropy: a measure of Disorder 6.1 Introduction
Engineering hermodynamics AAi Chapter 6 Entropy: a measure of Disorder 6. Introduction he second law of thermodynamics leads to the definition of a new property called entropy, a quantitative measure of
Heat Transfer. Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place. Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature.
Heat Transfer Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place. Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature. Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature. Question
Chapter 7. Entropy. by Asst.Prof. Dr.Woranee Paengjuntuek and Asst. Prof. Dr.Worarattana Pattaraprakorn
Chapter 7 Entropy by Asst.Prof. Dr.Woranee Paengjuntuek and Asst. Prof. Dr.Worarattana Pattaraprakorn Reference: Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th ed.,
Phase Changes and Latent Heat
Review Questions Why can a person remove a piece of dry aluminum foil from a hot oven with bare fingers without getting burned, yet will be burned doing so if the foil is wet. Equal quantities of alcohol
Mechanical Engineering. Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER. GATE, IES & PSUs
Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 1 SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Mechanical Engineering ME Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER GATE, IES & PSUs Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 2 C O N T E N T 1. INTRODUCTION
More Thermodynamics. Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes
More Thermodynamics Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes Carnot Cycle Efficiency of Engines Entropy More Thermodynamics 1 Specific Heat of Gases
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS. Andrew S. Rosen
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Andrew S. Rosen SYMBOL DICTIONARY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Symbol Dictionary... 3 1. Measured Thermodynamic Properties and Other Basic Concepts... 5 1.1 Preliminary Concepts
Non-Newtonian fluids is the fluids in which shear stress is not directly proportional to deformation rate, such as toothpaste,
CHAPTER1: Basic Definitions, Zeroth, First, and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 1.1. Definitions What does thermodynamic mean? It is a Greeks word which means a motion of the heat. Water is a liquid substance
Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems
Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems Dr. Guillaume Ducard Fall 2017 Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control ETH Zurich, Switzerland G. Ducard c 1 / 46 Outline 1 Lecture 6: Electromechanical Systems
Honors Physics. Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat. Persans 1
Honors Physics Notes Nov 16, 20 Heat Persans 1 Properties of solids Persans 2 Persans 3 Vibrations of atoms in crystalline solids Assuming only nearest neighbor interactions (+Hooke's law) F = C( u! u
Dr Ali Jawarneh. Hashemite University
Dr Ali Jawarneh Department of Mechanical Engineering Hashemite University Examine the moving boundary work or P d work commonly encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and compressors.
Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
MP203 Statistical and Thermal Physics. Jon-Ivar Skullerud and James Smith
MP203 Statistical and Thermal Physics Jon-Ivar Skullerud and James Smith October 27, 2017 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Temperature and thermal equilibrium.................... 4 1.1.1 The zeroth law
In the name of Allah
In the name of Allah Physical chemistry- 2 nd state semester 1 Petroleum and petrochemical engineering. Lecture No. 5,6 Thermodynamics 6-11-2016 27-11-2016 Assistance prof. Dr. Luma Majeed Ahmed lumamajeed2013@gmail.com,
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics September 11, 2013 The first law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy applied to thermal systems. Here, we develop the principles of thermodynamics for a discrete
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics and Energy. Dimensions and Units
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics Every science has its own unique vocabulary associated with it. recise definition of basic concepts forms a sound foundation for development of a science and
KNOWN: Data are provided for a closed system undergoing a process involving work, heat transfer, change in elevation, and change in velocity.
Problem 44 A closed system of mass of 10 kg undergoes a process during which there is energy transfer by work from the system of 0147 kj per kg, an elevation decrease of 50 m, and an increase in velocity
Introduction & Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Introduction & Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics Reading Problems 2-1 2-8 2-53, 2-67, 2-85, 2-96 Introduction to Thermal Sciences Thermodynamics Conservation of mass Conservation of energy Second law of
CHEM Thermodynamics. Work. There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system:
There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system: Thermodynamics Work 1. By flow of heat, q Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between and the surroundings 2. By doing work, w Work can
Unit B-1: List of Subjects
ES31 Energy Transfer Fundamentals Unit B: The First Law of Thermodynamics ROAD MAP... B-1: The Concept of Energy B-: Work Interactions B-3: First Law of Thermodynamics B-4: Heat Transfer Fundamentals Unit
Physics 1501 Lecture 35
Physics 1501: Lecture 35 Todays Agenda Announcements Homework #11 (Dec. 2) and #12 (Dec. 9): 2 lowest dropped Honors students: see me after the class! Todays topics Chap.16: Temperature and Heat» Latent
SOLUTION MANUAL ENGLISH UNIT PROBLEMS CHAPTER 4 SONNTAG BORGNAKKE VAN WYLEN. FUNDAMENTALS of. Thermodynamics. Sixth Edition
SOLUTION MANUAL ENGLISH UNIT PROBLEMS CHAPTER 4 SONNTAG BORGNAKKE VAN WYLEN FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition CHAPTER 4 SUBSECTION PROB NO. Concept-Study Guide Problems 7- Simple processes 3-8
Consequences of Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy. Clausius Inequity
onsequences of Second Law of hermodynamics Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & echnology BUE Dhaka-000, Bangladesh zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
Part II First Law of Thermodynamics
Part II First Law of Thermodynamics Introduction The first law deals with macroscopic properties, work, energy, enthalpy, etc. One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of energy principle.
Exam 1 Solutions 100 points
Chemistry 360 Fall 018 Dr. Jean M. Standard September 19, 018 Name KEY Exam 1 Solutions 100 points 1.) (14 points) A chunk of gold metal weighing 100.0 g at 800 K is dropped into 100.0 g of liquid water
Heat Transfer: Physical Origins and Rate Equations. Chapter One Sections 1.1 and 1.2
Heat Transfer: Physical Origins and Rate Equations Chapter One Sections 1.1 and 1. Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy What is heat transfer? Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
Common Terms, Definitions and Conversion Factors
1 Common Terms, Definitions and Conversion Factors 1. Force: A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object s interaction with another object. It is defined as Where F = m a F = Force
Thermodynamics (Lecture Notes) Heat and Thermodynamics (7 th Edition) by Mark W. Zemansky & Richard H. Dittman
Thermodynamics (Lecture Notes Heat and Thermodynamics (7 th Edition by Mark W. Zemansky & Richard H. Dittman 2 Chapter 1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1.1 Macroscopic Point of View If
ADIABATIC PROCESS Q = 0
THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Mono-atomic Fig.1 1 3 Average kinetic energy of a single particle Fig.2 INTERNAL ENERGY U and EQUATION OF STATE For a mono-atomic gas, we will assume that the total energy
MME 2010 METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS II. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics for Systems of Constant Composition
MME 2010 METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS II Fundamentals of Thermodynamics for Systems of Constant Composition Thermodynamics addresses two types of problems: 1- Computation of energy difference between two
Work and heat. Expansion Work. Heat Transactions. Chapter 2 of Atkins: The First Law: Concepts. Sections of Atkins
Work and heat Chapter 2 of Atkins: The First Law: Concepts Sections 2.3-2.4 of Atkins Expansion Work General Expression for Work Free Expansion Expansion Against Constant Pressure Reversible Expansion
Law of Heat Transfer
Law of Heat Transfer The Fundamental Laws which are used in broad area of applications are: 1. The law of conversion of mass 2. Newton s second law of motion 3. First and second laws of thermodynamics
Exergy and the Dead State
EXERGY The energy content of the universe is constant, just as its mass content is. Yet at times of crisis we are bombarded with speeches and articles on how to conserve energy. As engineers, we know that
Thermodynamics part III.
Thermodynamics part III. a.) Fenomenological thermodynamics macroscopic description b.) Molecular thermodynamics microscopic description b1.) kinetical gas theory b2.) statistical thermodynamics Laws of
Internal Energy (example)
Internal Energy (example) A bucket of water KEs: translational: rotational: vibrational: PEs: within molecules: between molecules: @ rest on the table molecular bonds dipole-dipole interactions Internal
Speed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
Lecture 2: Fundamentals. Sourav Saha
ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals Credit hours: 3.00 Lecture 2: Fundamentals Sourav Saha Lecturer Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET Email address: ssaha09@me.buet.ac.bd, souravsahame17@gmail.com
Ch. 7: Thermochemistry
Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry Thermodynamics concerns itself with energy and its relationship to the large scale bulk properties of a system that are measurable: Volume, Temperature, Pressure, Heat
Ministry of Higher Education And Scientific Research. University Of Technology Chemical Engineering Department. Heat Transfer
Ministry of Higher Education And Scientific Research University Of Technology Heat Transfer Third Year By Dr.Jamal Al-Rubeai 2008-2009 Heat Transfer 1. Modes of Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection and
The underlying prerequisite to the application of thermodynamic principles to natural systems is that the system under consideration should be at equilibrium. http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c220/ Reversible
Thermal Systems. What and How? Physical Mechanisms and Rate Equations Conservation of Energy Requirement Control Volume Surface Energy Balance
Introduction to Heat Transfer What and How? Physical Mechanisms and Rate Equations Conservation of Energy Requirement Control Volume Surface Energy Balance Thermal Resistance Thermal Capacitance Thermal
Thermodynamics I Spring 1432/1433H (2011/2012H) Saturday, Wednesday 8:00am - 10:00am & Monday 8:00am - 9:00am MEP 261 Class ZA
Thermodynamics I Spring 1432/1433H (2011/2012H) Saturday, Wednesday 8:00am - 10:00am & Monday 8:00am - 9:00am MEP 261 Class ZA Dr. Walid A. Aissa Associate Professor, Mech. Engg. Dept. Faculty of Engineering
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics E int = Q + W other state variables E int is a state variable, so only depends on condition (P, V, T, ) of system. Therefore, E int only depends on initial and final states
11/13/2003 PHY Lecture 19 1
Announcements 1. Schedule Chapter 19 macroscopic view of heat (today) Chapter 20 microscopic view of heat (Tuesday 11/18) Review Chapters 15-20 (Thursday 11/20) Exam 3 (Tuesday 11/25) 2. Physics colloquium
Energy Transport by. By: Yidnekachew Messele. Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.
Energy Transport y Heat, ork and Mass By: Yidnekachew Messele Energy of a System Energy can e viewed as the aility to cause change. Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic,
Chapter One Reviews of Thermodynamics Update on 2013/9/13
Chapter One Reviews of Thermodynamics Update on 2013/9/13 (1.1). Thermodynamic system An isolated system is a system that exchanges neither mass nor energy with its environment. An insulated rigid tank
Introduction to thermodynamics
Chapter 6 Introduction to thermodynamics Topics First law of thermodynamics Definitions of internal energy and work done, leading to du = dq + dw Heat capacities, C p = C V + R Reversible and irreversible
Some properties of the Helmholtz free energy
Some properties of the Helmholtz free energy Energy slope is T U(S, ) From the properties of U vs S, it is clear that the Helmholtz free energy is always algebraically less than the internal energy U.
ESO201A: Thermodynamics
ESO201A: Thermodynamics First Semester 2015-2016 Mid-Semester Examination Instructor: Sameer Khandekar Time: 120 mins Marks: 250 Solve sub-parts of a question serially. Question #1 (60 marks): One kmol
ME Thermodynamics I
Homework - Week 01 HW-01 (25 points) Given: 5 Schematic of the solar cell/solar panel Find: 5 Identify the system and the heat/work interactions associated with it. Show the direction of the interactions.
Chapter 12 PROPERTY RELATIONS. Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 12 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS Dr Ali Jawarneh Department of Mechanical Engineering Hashemite University it Objectives Develop fundamental relations between commonly encountered thermodynamic
Thermal Properties of Matter (Microscopic models)
Chapter 18 Thermal Properties of Matter (Microscopic models) PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Twelfth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by James Pazun Modified by P. Lam 6_18_2012
Ch. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Ch. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases In this chapter we consider the physics of gases. If the atoms or molecules that make up a gas collide with the walls of their container, they exert a pressure p on
The word thermodynamics is derived from two Greek words Therm which means heat Dynamis which means power
THERMODYNAMICS INTRODUCTION The word thermodynamics is derived from two Greek words Therm which means heat Dynamis which means power Together the spell heat power which fits the time when the forefathers
Consequences of Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy. Clausius Inequity
onsequences of Second Law of hermodynamics Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & echnology BUE Dhaka-000, Bangladesh zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
Chapter 9. Preview. Objectives Defining Temperature. Thermal Equilibrium. Thermal Expansion Measuring Temperature. Section 1 Temperature and
Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Preview Objectives Defining Temperature Thermal Equilibrium Thermal Expansion Measuring Temperature Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Objectives
Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry
General Chemistry Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry 박준원교수 ( 포항공과대학교화학과 ) 이번시간에는! Systems, states, and processes The first law of thermodynamics: internal energy, work, and heat Heat capacity,
Rate of Heating and Cooling
Rate of Heating and Cooling 35 T [ o C] Example: Heating and cooling of Water E 30 Cooling S 25 Heating exponential decay 20 0 100 200 300 400 t [sec] Newton s Law of Cooling T S > T E : System S cools
Heat, Work, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 2 Heat, Work, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy (U) Translational energy of molecules Potential
7.3 Heat capacities: extensive state variables (Hiroshi Matsuoka)
7.3 Heat capacities: extensive state variables (Hiroshi Matsuoka) 1 Specific heats and molar heat capacities Heat capacity for 1 g of substance is called specific heat and is useful for practical applications.
Thermodynamic Variables and Relations
MME 231: Lecture 10 Thermodynamic Variables and Relations A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Thermodynamic relations derived from the Laws of Thermodynamics Definitions
OCN 623: Thermodynamic Laws & Gibbs Free Energy. or how to predict chemical reactions without doing experiments
OCN 623: Thermodynamic Laws & Gibbs Free Energy or how to predict chemical reactions without doing experiments Definitions Extensive properties Depend on the amount of material e.g. # of moles, mass or
Matter exchange - type of wall Yes - permeable - absence of wall. Energy exchange - type of wall. - diathermic - moving wall. Yes
I. The concept of work, expansion and additional (useful) work. II. The concept of heat. III. Definition of internal energy and its molecular interpretation. I. Different forms of the first law of thermodynamics..
What is thermodynamics? and what can it do for us?
What is thermodynamics? and what can it do for us? The overall goal of thermodynamics is to describe what happens to a system (anything of interest) when we change the variables that characterized the
Practice Examinations Chem 393 Fall 2005 Time 1 hr 15 min for each set.
Practice Examinations Chem 393 Fall 2005 Time 1 hr 15 min for each set. The symbols used here are as discussed in the class. Use scratch paper as needed. Do not give more than one answer for any question.