Energy Transport by. By: Yidnekachew Messele. Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.

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1 Energy Transport y Heat, ork and Mass By: Yidnekachew Messele Energy of a System Energy can e viewed as the aility to cause change. Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and Nuclear Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system. In thermodynamic analysis, energy can e group in to two forms: Macroscopic Microscopic Microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames. The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a system and is denoted y U. Example:- Latent energy Chemical energy Nuclear energy Sensile energy 3 Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies. The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some reference frame is called kinetic energy (KE) and is expressed as KE m ( kj ) ke ( kj / kg) The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational field is called potential energy (PE) and is expressed as PE mgz ( kj ) pe gz ( kj / kg) 4

2 The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies and is expressed as E U KEPE euke pe E U m mgz eu gz Most closed systems remain stationary during a process and thus experience no change in their kinetic and potential energies. Closed systems whose velocity and elevation of the center of gravity remain constant during a process are frequently referred to as stationary systems. The change in the total energy E of a stationary system is identical to thechangeh in its internal energy U. Energy transport y heat and work Energy can cross the oundary of a closed system in two distinct forms: heat and work. 5 6 Energy transport y heat Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred etween two systems (or a system and its surroundings) y virtue of a temperature difference. A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an adiaatic process. There are two ways a process can e adiaatic: ell insulated Both the system and the surroundings are at the same temperature As a form of energy, heat has energy units, kj The amount of heat transferred during the process etween two states (states and ) is denoted y Q, or just Q Sometimes it is desirale to know the rate of heat transfer (the amount of heat transferred per unit time) Heat is transferred y three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat transfer per unit mass of asystem is denoted d q and is determined from Q q q m ( kj / kg) 7 8

3 Energy Transport y ork ork is also a form of energy transferred like heat and, therefore, has energy units kj. The work done during a process etween states and is denoted y, or simply. The work done per unit time is called power and is denoted y. The unit of power is kj/s, or k. The work done per unit mass of a system is denoted y w and is expressed as w ( / ) Example:- kj kg m A rising piston A rotating shaft 9 Sign convention for energy transported y heat and work Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the complete description of a heat or work interaction requires the specification of oth the magnitude and direction. The generally accepted formal sign convention for heat and work interactions is as follows: heat transfer to a system and work done y a system are positive; heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative work done y the system (positive) work done on the system (negative) 0 Boundary work The work associated with a moving oundary is called oundary work. The expansion and compression work is often called oundary work. Fd s F Ads A Pd Pd Some typical process Boundary work at constant volume process If the volume is held constant, =0 and the oundary work equation ecomes Pd 0 Area A da Pd

4 Boundary work at constant pressure If the pressure is held constant the oundary work equation ecomes Pd P d P ( ) Boundary work at constant temperature (Isothermal) If the temperature of an ideal gas system held constant, then the equation of state tt provides the pressure volume relation. mrt P mrt Pd d mrt C P C dv Cln mrtln P ln 3 4 Polytropic Process During actual expansion and compression processes of gases, pressure and volume are often related y P n =C.where n and C are constants n n n P P C n n Pd C d mr( T T) n For the special case of n = the system is isothermal process and the oundary work ecomes Spring ork hen the length of the spring changes y a differential amount dx under the influence of a force F, the work done is F kx spring Fdx spring k ( x x ) Pd C n d P ln 5 6

5 Energy transferred y Mass hen mass enters a control volume, the energy of the control volume increase ecause the entering mass carries some energy with ihit. when some mass leaves the control volume, the energy contained within the control volume decreases ecause some leaving mass takeout some energy within it. 7

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