AP PHYSICS SUMMER ASSIGNMENT

Transcription

1 AP PHYSICS SUMMER ASSIGNMENT Welcome to AP Physics! To put it in very broad strokes, physics is the science of, well, everything. That maybe makes physics sound pretty daunting so instead, let's say that physics is the study of matter and energy and the many ways in which they interact. Light, heat, motion, gravity, electromagnetism: these are just a few of the many, many things that fall under the purview of physics and they are some good examples of the kinds of things that we will be examining throughout this year. This course will hopefully provide for some fun experiences with high-level science but in order to do so, it is going to have to be fairly intense and require some strong commitment on the part of you, the student. Because we have a tight deadline to meet in order to cover all the material of the course by the time of the AP test in May, 2018, it will be necessary to do some summer work for the class. This work will consist of several parts that help to bring you up to speed with some of the basics of physics that will be needed for the start of the school year. This includes a review of the math that will be needed, as well as an introduction to one-dimensional Newtonian mechanics and an at-home experiment that will require a subsequent lab write-up. If you need any help or have any questions while over the summer, feel free to me at any time or contact me through Schoology and I will get back to you as soon as I can; I'm always glad to help! 1. Go to Khan Academy and find the AP Physics 1 series of videos, specifically the one dimensional motion section ( Watch the lessons from the intro to physics through the last part of the acceleration section, and read the associated text pages to become familiar with the terms and concepts involved in one dimensional motion. The content in Part 1 of this packet is covered in those videos (you won t see the same problems or questions, but the concepts are the same, so you should be able to do the work. 2. Part 2 of this packet is an assessment/review of your algebra and geometry skills, which are fundamental to your success in this course. Should you need to review any of these skills, Khan Academy, Physics Classroom, and several other websites have terrific review videos. 3. Part 3 of this packet is a review of accuracy and precision and an introduction to calculating uncertainty, random error, and systematic error. You will need to view the following video: 4. Part 4 is a project that you will have to carry out at home, involving building a device of your own design. A laboratory write-up will be required for this part. Supplemental Videos: These following are not strictly necessary but you may find them useful to watch Quick Algebra Review Data and Graphing pnflyut Linearization of graphs Kinematics

2 Name AP Physics Summer Assignment-Part 1 What is Physics, Vectors and Scalars, etc. 1. What is the difference between a vector and a scalar? 2. Give 3 examples of vectors and 3 examples of scalars. Vectors: Scalars: 3. What is meant by magnitude as it is used to describe physical quantities? 4. Using the scale 1cm = 10 m, draw a vector diagram for each of the following (do not neglect to define your coordinate system in each- meaning, draw a set of axes that clearly indicate direction): a. 20 meters south b. 45 meters 20 below the x-axis c. 17 meters at A bird flies 12 km south, then 5 km east and finally 12 km north. a. What is the distance traveled by the bird? b. What is the bird s displacement? 1 Dimensional Kinematics- Uniform Motion (Calculating Average Velocity What Are Position Time Graphs) 1. Define kinematics: 2. What do each of the following represent? a. Δt b. Δx c. v 3. Calculate the average velocity, in meters per second, for each of the following: a. A train travels 5200 m east in 45 minutes. b. A giraffe moves from a location 5 meters south of a tree to a location 25 meters north of the tree in 15 minutes.

3 4. Examine the graph below. It represents the motion of a particle over a period of 12 seconds. Determine the answers to items A through G. a. average velocity between points A and B b. average velocity between points B and C c. average velocity between points G and H d. total displacement from time 0 to time 11 s Postition (m) Postition vs Time Time (s) e. What is the particle doing between points B and C? f. What is it doing between F and G? g. When is the particle s speed the greatest? 1 Dimensional Kinematics- Non-uniform (Accelerated) Motion (Acceleration What Are Acceleration Time Graphs) 1. Calculate the average acceleration: a. A rocket has a starting velocity of 5 m/s and a velocity of 200 m/s after 40 s. b. A train, traveling at 40 m/s south changes its velocity to 12 m/s north over a period of 15 s. 2. A runner is initially moving at +2.5 m/s and accelerates at the rate of -0.9 m/s 2 for 2 s. What is the velocity of the runner after the 2 s? 3. A car traveling with a velocity of +7 m/s accelerates at +2 m/s 2 for 10 s. How far does the car travel in the 10 s? 4. What happens to the speed of a car which, having an initial negative velocity, undergoes a positive acceleration? (Will it increase, decrease, or stay the same?) 5. Explain why it is that your car has 3 accelerators. What/where are they?

4 6. Examine the graph below, which represents the motion of a particle over six seconds. (Note that this is a position vs. time graph.) a. Calculate the average velocity between points A and C. b. How could you calculate the instantaneous velocity at point B? c. What is the particle doing between t=3s and t=4 s? d. What does the particle do between 5 s and 6 s? How can you tell? 7. Examine the graph below, which represents the motion of a particle. (Note that this is a velocity vs. time graph.) a. What is the velocity of the particle between t=0 and 4 s? b. What is the average acceleration between t=5 s and t= 15 s? c. What does the particle do at t=10 s? d. What is the total displacement of the particle (from t=0s to t=20s)? Explain.

5 AP Physics Summer Assignment-Part 2 Significant Figures and Scientific Notation Review 1.) How many significant figures do the following numbers have? a.) 3.01 Answer: d.) Answer: b.) Answer: e.) /2 Answer: c.) 315,000 Answer: Directions: Solve the following. Final answers should be in scientific notation with the correct number of significant figures. 2.) ) x ) ) Unit Conversions Review 6.) Finish the SI prefix table below. Follow the example of the shown. You will need to memorize these. Symbol Name Numerical Equivalent n m c centi 10-2 k M G 7.) kilograms = many grams? 8.) 760 nm = meters? 9.) 25 years = seconds? 10.) m/s = miles per hour?

6 Trigonometry Review Directions: Use the figure below to answer problems Simplify as much as you can. a b c 12.) Find c if given a and b. 13.) Find a if given b and c. 14.) Find if given a and b. 15.) If a = 6.0 and c = 10.0, what is b? 16.) If c = 20.0 and = 80, what is b? 17.) If a = 15.0 and = 30, what is b? Algebra Review Directions: Solve the following equations for the given variable and conditions. Simplify if needed. Example: 2 x + xy = z. Solve for x. x(2 + y) = z z x = 2 + y ) v + v = 0. Solve for v. a = v. Solve for t. t 19.) v ) f = v i + 2ad solve for vi. 21.) a c = v 2 Solve for v. r. 22.) Ft = mv f - mv i. Solve for m. 23.) m 1v i,1 + m 2 v i,2 = (m 1 + m 2 )v f. Solve for vi,2. 24.) - kx + m(- g) = 0. Solve for m. F g = G 25.) m 1 m 2 r 2. Solve for r.

7 Relationships from equations 26.) Consider z y and x a bc, a.) As x increases and y stays constant, z. b.) As y increases and x stays constant, z. c.) As x increases and z stays constant, y. d.) As a increases and c stays constant, b. e.) As c increases and b stays constant, a. f.) As b increases and a stays constant, c Systems of equations Use the equations in each problem to solve for the specified variable in the given terms. Simplify. 27.) F f = mf N and F N = mgcosq. Solve for in terms of Ff, m, g, and. 28.) F 1 + F 2 = F T and F 1 d 1 = F 2 d 2. Solve for F1 in terms of FT, d1, and d2. Graphing Equations 29.) On the y vs. x graphs below, sketch the relationships given. a.) y = mx + b, if m > 0 and b = 0. b.) y = x 2

8 c.) y = x d.) y = 1/x e.) y = 1/x 2 f.) y = 1 x AP Physics Summer Assignment-Part 3 1. What is meant by uncertainty in a measurement? Why do you think it is important to include an indication of uncertainty when you report experimental results? 2. What is systematic (or systemic) error in an experiment? In what ways would it affect the data? Give one example. 3. How are analog measuring devices different from digital devices? 4. What is random error in an experiment? In what ways would it affect the data? Give one example. 5. How is uncertainty represented on a graph? 6. Suppose you are measuring the length and the width of a piece of paper with a metric ruler, on which the smallest division is the millimeter (0.001 m). You measure the length to be m and the length to be m. a. What would be the appropriate way to report each measurement, including the uncertainty? b. What would be the area of the piece of paper, with the correct uncertainty value included in your answer? 7. Briefly describe an acceptable method for determining the uncertainty when using multiple repeated measurements. 8. In your own words, compare and contrast precision and accuracy.

9 AP Physics Summer Assignment-Part 4 Your task is to build, troubleshoot, and optimize a device that can time an interval of exactly ten seconds, using whatever materials you can find around your house. You will bring this timer into school on the first day of class and compete against your classmates to see whose timer comes closest to exactly ten seconds. A portion of your grade will depend on you being as close as possible and the devices will be ranked for grading. You are also responsible to turn in a lab report describing the design, building, and operation of your timer. Requirements: 1. Your timer may not use electricity (this includes batteries) or any kind of clock. 2. Your timer must perform a minimum of two separate and distinct actions. For example, a marble that rolls down a ramp and pushes a lever, which rings a bell would count as two distinct actions. 3. Your timer may not be an unmodified off the shelf item. If you use a premade device or object as part of your timer, you need to modify it in some substantial way that affects how you use it to measure ten seconds. 4. If your timer does something repetitive, you may count a specific number of repetitions. For example, if the final action of your timer is a wheel that spins around, you may measure ten seconds by how long it takes the wheel to rotate a specific number of times. 5. Your timer may not require human interaction after it has started (except for counting repetitions of some action, as described in rule #4 above). 6. You must declare in advance how your timer will indicate when ten seconds has elapsed. For example, having a gadget that flops around on the floor randomly while you count in your head one Mississippi, two Mississippi... is not acceptable. 7. You have a maximum of two (2) minutes to set up your timer. 8. Students may help each other, but each student must have his/her own timer and write-up. 9. Mr. Snell, using a hand-held stopwatch, will measure elapsed time. Because of the limits of human reaction time, results within 0.1 s of each other will be considered equivalent. (This may result in multiple equal grades.)

10 Pre-Laboratory Write-Up Writing Guidelines for a Scientific Paper: Title Page Running Head Background Purpose/Question Should describe what is to be gained from the investigation. Background Information Should describe major ideas already known or researched about the topic being studied. In-text citations are necessary to show the source(s) of this information. Prediction/Hypothesis A researched guess to the outcome of the experiment based on the background information. This is intended to be a prediction statement along with a paragraph describing rationale for the prediction. In-text citations are necessary to show the source(s) of the information used to develop the prediction. Methods Safety Describe all applicable safety concerns for this experiment. Variables Describe the variables that will affect the experiment and how they will be controlled. Procedure Describe, in paragraph form, the procedure you will use to collect data. The procedure should be detailed and should describe all major steps in the data collection process. Data Collection All experiments involve collecting data and/or observations. Describe the following: o Apparatus If you are performing an experiment that includes equipment, describe the setup of the materials. Include an illustration of the setup that clearly shows all relevant components of the equipment. o Data Collection Tools If you are using some other method for collecting data/observations such as surveys, written responses, book research, etc., describe the tool and show an example either in the text of the write-up or as an appendix. Results Data Table(s) Should be attached to report, but does not have to be embedded in written report. Data table(s) should show all collected data in investigation. Graph (if needed) should include all data and should have a short description. Data Analysis Written description of the significance of the results and how this experimental data compares with what you described in your background or what you predicted in your hypothesis. Error Analysis Outline sources of error relevant to investigation with a short statement of how the investigation could be improved to reduce experimental error. Representations of Nature In detail, describe the chemical system being studied on a macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic level. Discussion Reflection on Hypothesis Was your prediction/hypothesis correct? Use your data and analysis to describe and support your hypothesis. Reflection on Knowledge What did you learn in this experiment? Describe all learning including knowledge about the topic being studied and knowledge about the process of science. Further Questions What questions did this experiment raise? Are there questions you still have about the topic? If you were to study this topic in further depth, what would you want to know? References Give credit in APA format for all information cited. Additional Notes Use 12-point Times New Roman font for the bulk of your paper. Always write in third person. Avoid unsupported opinion (e.g., poor equipment, good lab, etc.). Write to make ideas clear using appropriate vocabulary.

11 Writing Guidelines for a Scientific Paper: All APA style guidelines should be followed and can be found at the Purdue Online Writing Lab. A scientific paper should be in APA format, including the following portions not discussed on the first page: o Title Page that includes your running head, your title (descriptive of what was observed and how the investigation was carried out, e.g., The Effect of Heating on Phase Changes for Water ), your name(s), and your institutional affiliation (MOT Charter High School) o Running Head on every page that is a shortened version of your title that does not exceed 50 characters (including spaces and punctuation). o Abstract that is a 250-word, 1-paragraph summary of your entire experiment including purpose of the investigation, essential background information, hypothesis, summary of methods, results, summary of data analysis, summary of your discussion, and implications for future research. o In-Text Citations where appropriate. See the Purdue Online Writing Lab for formatting specifics. o Table Headings should be above the table and labeled using numbers and given a title (e.g., Table 1. Temperature vs. time data ). o Figure Headings should be below the graph, drawing, picture, model, etc., and also include figure numbers and titles (e.g., Figure 1. Graph of temperature vs. time data ). The pre-laboratory write-up (pre-lab) is designed to give your instructor an idea about what you are going to do in your investigation, if it is safe, and if it will give you the desired results. The pre-lab should describe the purpose of the investigation, the theory or theories that you are investigating, a hypothesis with supporting evidence, a brief description of your procedure, and a drawing/picture of your set-up. This should not be copied from any written laboratory papers from other sources. Drawings/Pictures are intended to show your set-up and important stages in your entire experiment. Do not just draw/take pictures of all lab equipment being used. Show the set-up as it was used in your experiment. Drawing/Pictures should also show major relevant steps in the experiment. Embedded videos of relevant information may better show portions, but should be used only where appropriate. Drawings/Pictures should be done on the computer and should not be copied and pasted from the Internet. All data should be included in your write-up. Sometimes, a summary of data will be more important than seeing all of your data. In that case, include all of your data as an appendix and present a summary of your data in the body of your paper. Although the entire paper is an important document, the analysis and explanation of your data is crucial. Data should be discussed in detail. At least one sample of each type of calculation should be included. Do not just present numbers and calculations and expect your idea to be clear. Use the Equation function in Google Docs or Microsoft Word (under the INSERT tab in both programs) to clearly show all math work. All data should be typed. All calculations should be typed. All graphs should be typed. The entire paper should be typed. Error is another crucial part of the paper. This section describes probable sources of error that affected the outcome of your experiment. Error does not mean that you did something wrong, but generally that there was a variable that you did not (or could not) control. The following are not considered possible sources of error: o Balance does not work o Did not measure something properly o Human error o Too much (or too little) of a chemical was added The discussion section helps show that you got the big picture of the investigation. It should be linked to the purpose and hypothesis and draw on your data. For grading purposes, it is important that you thoroughly discuss how your investigation shows evidence that you understand the specified content. All sources should be properly cited in APA format. In-text citations are expected in the background (both portions background information and hypothesis), but should also be placed where appropriate throughout.