Lecture # 12: Illumination, imaging, and particle image velocimetry
|
|
- Eustace Manning
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 AerE 344 Lecture Notes Lecture # 12: Illumination, imaging, and particle image velocimetry Dr. Hui Hu Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A Sources/ Further reading: Hecht, Optics 4 th ed. Raffel, Willert, Wereley, Kompenhans, Particle image velocimetry: A practical guide 2 nd ed.
2 Photon scattering: The nature of light as photons one finds experimentally that the frequency of the scattered wave is changed, which does not come out of a wave picture of light. However, when the light is viewed as a photon with energy proportional to the associated light wave, excellent agreement with experiment is found. The photoelectric effect: When light shines on a metal plate, electrons are ejected. These electrons are accelerated to a nearby plate by an external potential difference, and a photoelectric current is established, as below The photons hit an electron in the metal, giving up energy. If photon energy is sufficient to free the electron, it is accelerated towards the other side; hence, a flow of charges (current). The photoelectric current depends critically on the frequency of the light. This is a feature of the energy that the electrons gain when struck by the light. in the wave description, the energy of the light depends on the amplitude, and not on the frequency. however, in the photon description of light, the energy of the photon is proportional to the frequency of the associated wave, which provides a natural explanation of the frequency dependence of the photoelectric current. The explanation was first given by Einstein and won him the Nobel Prize. h Planck const Js
3 Light Scattering Scattering Scattering is a general physical process whereby some forms of radiation, such as light, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which it passes. Elastic Scattering Excited electron or atoms emits a photo have exact the same frequency as the incident one. Inelastic scattering Excited electron or atoms emits a photo have a frequency different from the incident one.
4 Elastic scattering Rayleigh Scattering Light scattering from particles that are smaller than 1/15 of the incident light wavelength (d< /15). Efficiency of the scattering from a particle is expressed in terms of scattering cross section. 0 2 R T ( ) 29 2 T m Mie Scattering 0 is the charateristic wavelength of the atom. Light scattering from a particles with its size close on bigger than the incident light wavelength (d > ). Conservation of polarization direction Angle dependent Forward scattering Back scattering a. d=1μm b. d=10μm c. d=30μm
5 Inelastic Scattering Raman Scattering Inelastic scattering from molecules. Chance to occur is about 10-5 ~ 10-2 of times lower than the Rayleigh scattering Scattering cross section is several orders smaller than the Rayleigh scattering Stoke transition : the energy of the emitted photon is higher than the absorbed photo. Anti-stoke transition: the energy of the emitted photon is lower than the absorbed photo. Time between the absorption and emission: s. Anti-stokes line will be stronger when the temperature is low.
6 Fluorescence and phosphorescence Rayleigh and Raman scattering occurs essentially instantaneously. Not allowing other energy conversion phenomena to occur. Fluorescence and phosphorescence Photoluminescence with time delay Fluorescence Emission when the excited from singlet state to ground, lifetime is about ~ 10-5 s. Rhodamine B
7 Relative intensity Fluorescence and phosphorescence Phosphorescence Emission when the excited atom or molecule from triplet state to ground, lifetime is about 10-4 ~ 10-5 s. Spectraphotometer Output vs Wavelength 5000 Phosphorescence T = 32.0 o C T= 25.4 o C T= 19.7 o C T= 14.5 o C T = 10.2 o C T= 3.40 o C fluorescence Wavelength (nm) MTV chemical: 1-BrNp M-CD ROH complex
8 Absorption Light is transmitted through a material, it will be absorbed by the molecules of the material Beer s law: I I 0 exp( L) is the absorption or attenuation coefficient Lc=1/ is called penetration depth. When L=L c, I/I 0 =1/e=37%, i.e., 63% energy was absorbed Metals have very small Lc=1/. Copper, Lc=0.6nm for 100 nm UV light Copper, Lc=6.0nm for 1000 nm infrared light. 2nm copper plate as a low pass filter. I 0 L
9 Light sources: Thermal source: Lamps: Continuous wave (CW) Flash lamps (Pulsed) Arc lamps Laser sources Continuous wave (CW) Pulsed laser Singe wavelength Point source: Plane source: Illumination
10 Thermal light source: Light source Emit electromagnetic radiation as a result of being heated to high-temperature Line sources: Continuum sources: Incandescent lamps: heated tungsten filament in a evacuated glass container. Electric discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps. Filled with mercury vapor at low pressure and utilize an electric discharge through it to produce light in ultraviolet (UV) range. Through fluorescent, it is convert to visible light. Flash lamps: tubes containing a noble gas such xenon, krypton or argon. For their operation, high voltage stored in a capacitor is discharged through the gas, producing a highly luminous corona discharge. Light pulse is about 1s to1 ms. Sparks: produced by the electric breakdown of a gas (helium, neo, argon or air) during an electric discharge between electrodes. The choice of different electrodes produces sparks of different shapes.
11 Laser Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Advantages of laser light over thermal light source: Coherent light (with all light wave front in phase) Collimated and concentrated (parallel light with small cross area) Monochromic (energy concentrated in a very narrow wavelength band) How a laser works: Radiation energy is produced by an activated medium( can be gas, crystal or semiconductor or liquid solution). The medium consists of particles (atom, ions or molecules). When a photo, having energy hv, approaching the particles, the photo may be absorbed cause an electron or atoms to be raised temporarily to high-energy level. When the excited electron or molecule to return ground level, spontaneous emission or stimulated emission would take place.
12 Laser Spontaneous emission: emit a photo with the same energy as that absorbed one, but in random direction. Stimulated emission: An electron or atom is already at a higher energy level could become excited by an incident photo, without absorb the photo, it will emission another photo with identical energy (frequency), phase, and direction as the incident photon. External power source is required to maintain the population of the atoms in higher energy level in order to make to stimulated emission taking place continuously. Optical cavity. Q-switch
13 Helium-neon (He-Ne) laser Active medium is helium neon atoms Continuous wave laser Power 0.3 ~15 mw =633nm (red) Commonly used Lasers Argon-ion (Ar-ion) laser Active medium is argon atoms maintained at the ion state. Continuous wave laser Power level: 100 mw ~10 W Have seven wavelengths =488n (blue) =514.5nm (green) LDV application LIF in liquid flows
14 Commonly used Lasers Nd-YAG laser Solid-state laser Active medium: neodymium (Nd+3) as active medium incorporated as an impurity into a crystal of Yattium- Aluminium-Garnet (YAG) as a host Flash lamp is used as external source pulsed laser: mJ/pulse or more Pulse duration: 100ps ~ 10ns Wavelenght of tube =1064nm (infrared) SHG: =532nm (green), THG: =355nm (UV), FHG: =266nm (deepuv) PIV, MTV, PLIF Repetition rate can be as high as 30 Hz.
15 Commonly used Lasers Copper Vapor laser Active medium: copper vapor Pulsed laser: 10mJ/pulse or more Pulse duration: 15 ~ 60ns =510.6nm (green), =578.2nm (yellow) Repetition rate can be as high as f=5,000~15,000 Hz. High-speed PIV, LIF and others Dye laser Active medium: complex multi-atomic organic molecules =200nm ~ 1500nm Excimer laser Gas laser KrF and Xecl High-energy UV wavelength Pulsed laser high repetition frequency
16 Light sensing and recording
17 Lenses Focal length: f f/#, F-number : defined as the ratio of focal distance of the lens and its clear aperture diameter. Depth of focus H = 2 f/# c Z/f
18 Photodetector Photo detector is a device to convert light to an electric current through photo electric effect. Quantum efficiency: Ne q N p Ne : Number of absorbed photons N : Number of emitted electrons p Noise: Shot noise: due to random fluctuation of the rate of photon collection and back ground illumination Thermal noise: caused by amplification of current inside the photo detector and by external amplifier. Dark current: the current produced by the photo detector even in the absence of a desirable light source. Two kinds of photo detectors: Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) photodiodes (PD) or photo electric cells
19 Photodetector photodiodes (PD) or photo electric cells P-n junctions of semiconductors, commonly silicon-silicon type. High quantum efficiency But not internal amplification
20 Interlaced Cameras The fastest response time of human being for images is about ~ 15Hz Video format: PAL (Phase Alternating Line ) format with frame rate of f=25hz (sometimes in 50Hz). Used by U.K., Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, China, India, most of Africa, and the Middle East NTSC format: established by National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) with frame rate of f=30hz. Used by U.S., Canada, Mexico, some parts of Central and South America, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. Old field (1,3,5 639) Even field (2,4,6 640) 1 frame F=30Hz Odd field 16.6ms 16.6ms time Even field 480 pixels by 640 pixels Interlaced camera
21 Progressive scan camera All image systems produce a clear image of the background Jagged edges from motion with interlaced scan Motion blur caused by the lack of resolution in the 2CIF sample Only progressive scan makes it possible to identify the driver
22 Mystery of flying rods
23 Electronic shutter modes Rolling shutter: The sensor is exposed line by line. Each of the pixels integrate light for the specified exposure time; however, not all pixels are exposing at the same time. The start time for each pixel s exposure is a function of sensor position. This mode is typical of large formate sensors, such as digital SLR cameras. Global shutter: Each pixel integrates light for the specified exposure time simultaneously. This method is preferred for capturing highly dynamic events. This mode is typical of high-speed CMOS cameras which can operate at frame rates beyond 1 million frames per second. Point Grey Cameras Rolling shutter Point Grey Cameras Gobal shutter
24 Particle-based Flow Diagnostic Techniques Seeded the flow with small particles (~ µm in size) Assumption: the particle tracers move with the same velocity as local flow velocity! Flow velocity V f = Particle velocity V p Measurement of particle velocity
25 Y (mm) Particle-based techniques: Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) To seed fluid flows with small tracer particles (~µm), and assume the tracer particles moving with the same velocity as the low fluid flows. To measure the displacements (L) of the tracer particles between known time interval (t). The local velocity of fluid flow is calculated by U= L/t. L t= t 0 +t t=t 0 U L t spanwise vorticity (1/s) m/s GA(W)-1 airfoil shadow region -60 A. t=t 0 B. t=t s C. Derived Velocity field X (mm)
26 PIV System Setup Particle tracers: track the fluid movement. Illumination system: illuminate the flow field in the interest region. Camera: capture the images of the particle tracers. Synchronizer: control the timing of the laser illumination and camera acquisition. Host computer: to store the particle images and conduct image processing. seed flow with tracer particles Illumination system (Laser and optics) camera Synchronizer Host computer
27 Tracer Particles for PIV Tracer particles should be neutrally buoyant and small enough to follow the flow perfectly. Tracer particles should be big enough to scatter the illumination lights efficiently. The scattering efficiency of trace particles also strongly depends on the ratio of the refractive index of the particles to that of the fluid. For example: the refractive index of water is considerably larger than that of air. The scattering of particles in air is at least one order of magnitude more efficient than particles of the same size in water. h Incident light Scattering light a. d=1μm b. d=10μm c. d=30μm
28 Tracer Particles for PIV 18 ); exp( (1 ) ( 18 ) ( 2 2 p p s s p p p P s d t U t U g d U U U U g d U p p g 18 ) ( 2 U P
29 Tracer Particles for PIV Tracers for PIV measurements in liquids (water): Polymer particles (d=10~100 m, density = 1.03 ~ 1.05 kg/cm 3 ) Silver-covered hollow glass beams (d =1 ~10 m, density = 1.03 ~ 1.05 kg/cm3) Fluorescent particle for micro flow (d=200~1000 nm, density = 1.03 ~ 1.05 kg/cm3). Quantum dots (d= 2 ~ 10 nm) Tracers for PIV measurements in gaseous flows: Smoke Droplets, mist, vapor Condensations. Hollow silica particles (0.5 ~ 2 μm in diameter and 0.2 g/cm3 in density for PIV measurements in combustion applications. Nanoparticles of combustion products
30 Illumination system The illumination system of PIV is always composed of light source and optics. Lasers: such as Argon-ion laser and Nd:YAG Laser, are widely used as light source in PIV systems due to their ability to emit monochromatic light with high energy density which can easily be bundled into thin light sheet for illuminating and recording the tracer particles without chromatic aberrations. Optics: always consist of a set of cylindrical lenses and mirrors to shape the light source into a planar sheet to illuminate the flow field. Laser beam Laser sheet laser optics
31 Double-pulsed Nd:Yag Laser for PIV
32 Optics for PIV
33 Cameras Types of cameras for PIV: Photographic film-based cameras (old) Charged-coupled device (CCD) cameras High speed Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras Advantages of digital cameras: It is fully digitized Various digital techniques can be implemented for PIV image processing. Conventional auto- or cross- correlation techniques combined with special framing techniques can be used to measure higher velocities. Disadvantages of digital cameras: Low temporal resolution (defined by the video framing rate): Low spatial resolution:
34 Synchronizer Function of Synchronizer: To control the timing of the laser illumination and camera acquisition Frame straddling strategy for two-frame single exposure recordings To laser To camera 1st pulsed 2nd pulsed Synchronizer From computer Timing of pulsed laser t 1 st frame exposure 33.33ms (30Hz) Timing of CCD camera 2nd frame exposure time
35 Host computer To send timing control parameter to synchronizer. To store the particle images and conduct image processing. Image data from camera Host computer To synchronizer
36 Single-frame technique V L=V*t particle Streak line single-pulse Multiple-pulse Particle streak velocimetry
37 Multi-frame technique a. T=t 0 b. T=t 1 c. T=t 2 a. T=t 3 L t= t 0 +t t=t 0 L U t
38 Example PIV raw data U Image: A B In-plane Δζ, Δz
39 Example PIV raw data U h Through-plane Trefftz plane In-plane
40 X/D Image Processing for PIV To extract velocity information from particle images. Image processing 5 t=t0 t=t0+4ms A typical PIV raw image pair Y/D Velocity U/U in
41 Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) 1. Find position of the particles at each images 2. Find corresponding particle image pair in the different image frame 3. Find the displacements between the particle pairs. 4. Velocity of particle equates the displacement divided by the time interval between the frames. t=t 0 t=t 0 +t Low particle-image density case
42 Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV)-2 1. Find position of the particles at each images 2. Find corresponding particle image pair in the different image frame 3. Find the displacements between the particle pairs. 4. Velocity of particle equates the displacement divided by the time interval between the frames. Search region for time step t=t 3 Search region for time step t=t 4 Search region for time step t=t 2 Particle position of time step t=t 1 Four-frame-particle tracking algorithm PTV results
43 Correlation-based PIV methods t=t 0 +t Corresponding flow velocity field high particle-image density
44 Correlation-based PIV methods t=t 0 t=t 0 +t dv g y x g dv f y x f dv g y x g f y x f q p R 2 2 ) ), ( ( ) ), ( ( ) ), ( )( ), ( (, Correlation coefficient function:
45 Cross Correlation Operation Signal A: Signal B: R u [ f ( x)* g( x u)] dx [ f ( x) 2 ] dx* [ g( x u) 2 ] dx
46 Correlation coefficient distribution R(p,q) Peak location S1 S10 S19 S28 R p, q ( f ( x, y) f )( g( x, y) g) dv ( f ( x, y) f ) 2 dv ( g( x, y) g) 2 dv
47 X/D Comparison between PIV and PTV Particle Tracking Velocimetry: Tracking individual particle Limited to low particle image density case Velocity vector at random points where tracer particles exist. Spatial resolution of PTV results is usually limited by the number of the tracer particles Correlation-based PIV: Tracking a group of particles Applicable to high particle image density case Spatial resolution of PIV results is usually limited by the size of the interrogation window size Velocity vector can be at regular grid points. PTV t=t 0 +t PIV Velocity U/U in Y/D
48 Y (mm) Estimation of differential quantities X (mm)
49 Estimation of differential quantities
50 Estimation of Vorticity distribution z V x U y
51 Estimation of Vorticity distribution Stokes Theorem: V dl da C S z x y da
52 Y mm U out Y (mm) Vorticity distribution Examples Spanwise Vorticity ( Z-direction ) spanwise vorticity (1/s) m/s water free surface Re =6,700 Uin = 0.33 m/s GA(W)-1 airfoil 0 X mm shadow region X (mm)
53 Ensemble-averaged quantities Mean velocity components in x, y directions: Turbulent velocity fluctuations: Turbulent Kinetic energy distribution: Reynolds stress distribution: N U u u N i i / ) ( ' 1 2 N i v i V v 1 2 ) ( ' N i u i N U 1 / N i v i N V 1 / ) ' ' ( v u TKE N i i i N U v U u v u 1 ) )( ( ' '
54 Y (mm) Y (mm) Y (mm) Y (mm) Ensemble-averaged quantities 10 m/s 60 vort: m/s 60 U m/s: GA(W)-1 airfoil 0 GA(W)-1 airfoil shadow region -40 shadow region X (mm) X (mm) T.K.E Normalized 60 Reynolds Stress GA(W)-1 airfoil 0 GA(W)-1 airfoil shadow region -40 shadow region X (mm) X (mm)
55 Pressure field estimation ) ( 1 ) ( y v x v y p y v v x v u y u x u x p y u v x u u
56 Y (mm) Integral Force estimation t C. V. V dv C. S. ~ ( V V ) da P da f C. S. C. V. dv F 10 m/s 60 U m/s: GA(W)-1 airfoil shadow region X (mm)
57 AerE344 Lab: Pressure Measurements in a de Laval Nozzle Tank with compressed air Test section Tap No. Distance downstream of throat (inches) Area (Sq. inches)
58 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd critical conditions Underexpanded flow 2 nd critical shock is at nozzle exit Flow close to 3 rd critical Over-expanded flow with shock between nozzle exit and throat Overexpanded flow 1 st critical shock is almost at the nozzle throat.
Lecture # 09: Technical Basis for Optical Instrumentation
AerE 344 Lecture Notes Lecture # 09: Technical Basis for Optical Instrumentation Dr. Hui Hu Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A The nature of light According
More informationSimultaneous Velocity and Concentration Measurements of a Turbulent Jet Mixing Flow
Simultaneous Velocity and Concentration Measurements of a Turbulent Jet Mixing Flow HUI HU, a TETSUO SAGA, b TOSHIO KOBAYASHI, b AND NOBUYUKI TANIGUCHI b a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan
More informationSIMULTANEOUS VELOCITY AND CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS OF A TURBULENT JET MIXING FLOW
Proceedings of International Symposium on Visualization and Image in Transport Phenomena, Turkey, -9 Oct. SIMULTANEOUS VELOCITY AND CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS OF A TURBULENT JET MIXING FLOW Hui HU a, Tetsuo
More informationBecause light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
More informationMaterialwissenschaft und Nanotechnologie. Introduction to Lasers
Materialwissenschaft und Nanotechnologie Introduction to Lasers Dr. Andrés Lasagni Lehrstuhl für Funktionswerkstoffe Sommersemester 007 1-Introduction to LASER Contents: Light sources LASER definition
More informationModern optics Lasers
Chapter 13 Phys 322 Lecture 36 Modern optics Lasers Reminder: Please complete the online course evaluation Last lecture: Review discussion (no quiz) LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
More informationLaboratory 3: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown, and Twiss Setup for Photon Antibunching
Laboratory 3: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown, and Twiss Setup for Photon Antibunching Jonathan Papa 1, * 1 Institute of Optics University of Rochester, Rochester,
More informationModel Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy
Model Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy Section I Q1. Answer (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (a) (vi) (b) (vii) (b) (viii) (a) (ix)
More informationIn a metal, how does the probability distribution of an electron look like at absolute zero?
1 Lecture 6 Laser 2 In a metal, how does the probability distribution of an electron look like at absolute zero? 3 (Atom) Energy Levels For atoms, I draw a lower horizontal to indicate its lowest energy
More informationQuantum Dots (DQ) Imaging for Thermal flow studies
AerE 545 class notes #43 Quantum Dots (DQ) Imaging for Thermal flow studies Hui Hu Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 511, U.S.A Quantum Dots Quantum dots are chemically
More informationRaman and stimulated Raman spectroscopy of chlorinated hydrocarbons
Department of Chemistry Physical Chemistry Göteborg University KEN140 Spektroskopi Raman and stimulated Raman spectroscopy of chlorinated hydrocarbons WARNING! The laser gives a pulsed very energetic and
More information25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry
25 Instruments for Optical Spectrometry 25A INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS (1) source of radiant energy (2) wavelength selector (3) sample container (4) detector (5) signal processor and readout (a) (b) (c) Fig.
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 5. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 5 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation High Intensities Narrow Bandwidths Coherent Outputs Applications CD/DVD Readers Fiber Optics Spectroscopy
More informationPASSIVE CONTROL ON JET MIXING FLOWS BY USING VORTEX GENERATORS
Proceedings of the Sixth Triennial International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization, Sherbrooke, Canada, August -7,. PASSIVE CONTROL ON JET MIXING FLOWS BY USING VORTEX GENERATORS
More informationInstrumental Analysis: Spectrophotometric Methods
Instrumental Analysis: Spectrophotometric Methods 2007 By the end of this part of the course, you should be able to: Understand interaction between light and matter (absorbance, excitation, emission, luminescence,fluorescence,
More informationLight Emission. Today s Topics. Excitation/De-Excitation 10/26/2008. Excitation Emission Spectra Incandescence
Light Emission Excitation Emission Spectra Incandescence Absorption Spectra Today s Topics Excitation/De-Excitation Electron raised to higher energy level Electron emits photon when it drops back down
More informationUnit-2 LASER. Syllabus: Properties of lasers, types of lasers, derivation of Einstein A & B Coefficients, Working He-Ne and Ruby lasers.
Unit-2 LASER Syllabus: Properties of lasers, types of lasers, derivation of Einstein A & B Coefficients, Working He-Ne and Ruby lasers. Page 1 LASER: The word LASER is acronym for light amplification by
More informationWhat do we study and do?
What do we study and do? Light comes from electrons transitioning from higher energy to lower energy levels. Wave-particle nature of light Wave nature: refraction, diffraction, interference (labs) Particle
More informationVisualization of high-speed gas jets and their airblast sprays of cross-injected liquid
Short communications Experiments in Fluids 27 (1999) 102 106 Springer-Verlag 1999 Visualization of high-speed gas jets and their airblast sprays of cross-injected liquid K. D. Kihm, T. K. Kim, S. Y. Son
More informationVisualization of Xe and Sn Atoms Generated from Laser-Produced Plasma for EUV Light Source
3rd International EUVL Symposium NOVEMBER 1-4, 2004 Miyazaki, Japan Visualization of Xe and Sn Atoms Generated from Laser-Produced Plasma for EUV Light Source H. Tanaka, A. Matsumoto, K. Akinaga, A. Takahashi
More informationInstructor: Welcome to. Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy. Fall How can we produce EM waves? Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation and Light
Welcome to Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy Fall 2007 Instructor: Andrei Sirenko Associate Professor at the Dept. of Physics, NJIT http://web.njit.edu/~sirenko 476 Tiernan Office hours: After the classes
More informationLecture 0. NC State University
Chemistry 736 Lecture 0 Overview NC State University Overview of Spectroscopy Electronic states and energies Transitions between states Absorption and emission Electronic spectroscopy Instrumentation Concepts
More information2001 Spectrometers. Instrument Machinery. Movies from this presentation can be access at
2001 Spectrometers Instrument Machinery Movies from this presentation can be access at http://www.shsu.edu/~chm_tgc/sounds/sound.html Chp20: 1 Optical Instruments Instrument Components Components of various
More informationIntroduction to Spectroscopic methods
Introduction to Spectroscopic methods Spectroscopy: Study of interaction between light* and matter. Spectrometry: Implies a quantitative measurement of intensity. * More generally speaking electromagnetic
More informationReference literature. (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters )
September 17, 2018 Reference literature (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters 13-14 ) Reference.: https://slideplayer.com/slide/8354408/ Spectroscopy Usual Wavelength Type of Quantum
More informationChem 434 -Instrumental Analysis Hour Exam 1
Do any 8 of the following 9 problems Name: Chem 434 -Instrumental Analysis Hour Exam 1 +2 1. A 25.0 ml sample containing Cu gave an instrument reading of 23.6 units (corrected for a blank). When exactly
More informationDensity Field Measurement by Digital Laser Speckle Photography
Density Field Measurement by Digital Laser Speckle Photography by M. Kawahashi and H. Hirahara Saitama University Department of Mechanical Engineering Shimo-Okubo 255, Urawa, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan ABSTRACT
More informationLasers & Holography. Ulrich Heintz Brown University. 4/5/2016 Ulrich Heintz - PHYS 1560 Lecture 10 1
Lasers & Holography Ulrich Heintz Brown University 4/5/2016 Ulrich Heintz - PHYS 1560 Lecture 10 1 Lecture schedule Date Topic Thu, Jan 28 Introductory meeting Tue, Feb 2 Safety training Thu, Feb 4 Lab
More informationSunlight. 1 radiation.
Sunlight The eye has evolved to see a narrow range of EM waves which we call 'visible light'. This visible range of frequency is due to the light comes from the Sun. The photosphere of the Sun is a blackbody
More informationOPAC 101 Introduction to Optics
OPAC 101 Introduction to Optics Topic 2 Light Sources Department of http://www1.gantep.edu.tr/~bingul/opac101 Optical & Acustical Engineering Gaziantep University Sep 2017 Sayfa 1 Light Sources: maybe
More informationAnalytical Spectroscopy Review
Analytical Spectroscopy Review λ = wavelength ν = frequency V = velocity = ν x λ = 2.998 x 10 8 m/sec = c (in a vacuum) ν is determined by source and does not change as wave propogates, but V can change
More informationChapter 24 Photonics Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5
Chapter 24 Photonics Data throughout this chapter: e = 1.6 10 19 C; h = 6.63 10 34 Js (or 4.14 10 15 ev s); m e = 9.1 10 31 kg; c = 3.0 10 8 m s 1 Question 1 Visible light has a range of photons with wavelengths
More informationInstrumentation. Dr. Hui Hu Dr. Rye Waldman. Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A
AerE 344 Lecture Notes Lecture # 05: elocimetry Techniques and Instrumentation Dr. Hui Hu Dr. Rye Waldman Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 500, U.S.A Sources/ Further
More informationAtomization. In Flame Emission
FLAME SPECTROSCOPY The concentration of an element in a solution is determined by measuring the absorption, emission or fluorescence of electromagnetic by its monatomic particles in gaseous state in the
More informationA system of two lenses is achromatic when the separation between them is
L e c t u r e 1 5 1 Eyepieces Single eye lens in a telescope / microscope produces spherical and chromatic aberrations. The field of view is also narrow. The eye lens is replaced by a system of lenses
More informationExperiment objectives: measure the ratio of Planck s constant to the electron charge h/e using the photoelectric effect.
Chapter 1 Photoelectric Effect Experiment objectives: measure the ratio of Planck s constant to the electron charge h/e using the photoelectric effect. History The photoelectric effect and its understanding
More informationLaser Physics OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS SIMON HOOKER COLIN WEBB. and. Department of Physics, University of Oxford
Laser Physics SIMON HOOKER and COLIN WEBB Department of Physics, University of Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The laser 1.2 Electromagnetic radiation in a closed cavity 1.2.1
More informationExcimer Lasers Currently best UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide which normally do not
Excimer Lasers Currently best UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide which normally do not bond But when excited/ionized these atoms attract Bound
More informationFLOW VISUALIZATION AND SIMULTANEOUS VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THE WAKE OF A HEATED CYLINDER
TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FLOW VISUALIZATION August -,, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA FLOW VISUALIZATION AND SIMULTANEOUS VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THE WAKE OF A
More informationAnswers to questions on exam in laser-based combustion diagnostics on March 10, 2006
Answers to questions on exam in laser-based combustion diagnostics on March 10, 2006 1. Examples of advantages and disadvantages with laser-based combustion diagnostic techniques: + Nonintrusive + High
More informationChapter 6. Fiber Optic Thermometer. Ho Suk Ryou
Chapter 6. Fiber Optic Thermometer Ho Suk Ryou Properties of Optical Fiber Optical Fiber Composed of rod core surrounded by sheath Core: conducts electromagnetic wave Sheath: contains wave within the core
More informationSingle Photon detectors
Single Photon detectors Outline Motivation for single photon detection Semiconductor; general knowledge and important background Photon detectors: internal and external photoeffect Properties of semiconductor
More informationIntroduction to laser-based combustion diagnostics
Introduction to laser-based combustion diagnostics (Lecture 1b) Lecture prepared for course in laser-based combustion diagnostics by Per-Erik Bengtsson and Joakim Bood Division of Combustion Physics at
More informationLASERS. Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam
LASERS Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam General Objective To understand the principle, characteristics and types
More informationLab 3-4 : Confocal Microscope Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Set Up, Photon Antibunching
Lab 3-4 : Confocal Microscope Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Set Up, Photon Antibunching Mongkol Moongweluwan 1 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of
More informationAr and Kr ion lasers
Types of Lasers Ar and Kr ion lasers Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF lasers CO 2 lasers Excimer lasers Dye lasers Transition metal lasers Optical parametric amplification Ar and Kr ion lasers Noble gas ions are created
More informationLecture # 16: Review for Final Exam
AerE 344 Lecture Notes Lecture # 16: Review for Final Exam Dr. Hui Hu Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 511, U.S.A Dimensional Analysis and Similitude Commonly used
More informationWhat can laser light do for (or to) me?
What can laser light do for (or to) me? Phys 1020, Day 15: Questions? Refection, refraction LASERS: 14.3 Next Up: Finish lasers Cameras and optics 1 Eyes to web: Final Project Info Light travels more slowly
More informationUnit I LASER Engineering Physics
Introduction LASER stands for light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The theoretical basis for the development of laser was provided by Albert Einstein in 1917. In 1960, the first laser
More informationChemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy
Topic 1: Atomic Spectroscopy Text: Chapter 12,13 & 14 Rouessac (~2 weeks) 1.0 Review basic concepts in Spectroscopy 2.0 Atomic Absorption and Graphite Furnace Instruments 3.0 Inductively Coupled Plasmas
More informationLight sources. Excited gas atoms are the primaty source of radiation in combustion and discharge lamps. lamps is not continuous!
Light sources Excited gas atoms are the primaty source of radiation in combustion and discharge lamps. Continuous spectrum: black body radiation Characteristic spectrum: emission lines Absorption lines
More informationConfocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss Photon Antibunching Setup
1 Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss Photon Antibunching Setup Abstract Jacob Begis The purpose of this lab was to prove that a source of light can be
More informationModern Physics- Introduction. L 35 Modern Physics [1] ATOMS and classical physics. Newton s Laws have flaws! accelerated charges radiate energy
L 35 Modern Physics [1] Introduction- quantum physics Particles of light PHOTONS The photoelectric effect Photocells & intrusion detection devices The Bohr atom emission & absorption of radiation LASERS
More information1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS
1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS 1. Introduction Types of electron emission, Dunnington s method, different types of spectra, Fraunhoffer
More informationChapter 7: Optical Properties of Solids. Interaction of light with atoms. Insert Fig Allowed and forbidden electronic transitions
Chapter 7: Optical Properties of Solids Interaction of light with atoms Insert Fig. 8.1 Allowed and forbidden electronic transitions 1 Insert Fig. 8.3 or equivalent Ti 3+ absorption: e g t 2g 2 Ruby Laser
More informationPHYSICS nd TERM Outline Notes (continued)
PHYSICS 2800 2 nd TERM Outline Notes (continued) Section 6. Optical Properties (see also textbook, chapter 15) This section will be concerned with how electromagnetic radiation (visible light, in particular)
More informationWhat Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationLaser heating of noble gas droplet sprays: EUV source efficiency considerations
Laser heating of noble gas droplet sprays: EUV source efficiency considerations S.J. McNaught, J. Fan, E. Parra and H.M. Milchberg Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland College
More informationPHYSICS. The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v)..
ABSORPTION of RADIATION : PHYSICS The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v).. of the radiation > P12 = B12 u(v) hv E2 E1 Where as, the
More informationEngineering Medical Optics BME136/251 Winter 2017
Engineering Medical Optics BME136/251 Winter 2017 Monday/Wednesday 2:00-3:20 p.m. Beckman Laser Institute Library, MSTB 214 (lab) Teaching Assistants (Office hours: Every Tuesday at 2pm outside of the
More informationLIDAR. Natali Kuzkova Ph.D. seminar February 24, 2015
LIDAR Natali Kuzkova Ph.D. seminar February 24, 2015 What is LIDAR? Lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser
More informationEUV lithography and Source Technology
EUV lithography and Source Technology History and Present Akira Endo Hilase Project 22. September 2017 EXTATIC, Prague Optical wavelength and EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) VIS 13.5nm 92eV Characteristics of
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationLasers E 6 E 4 E 3 E 2 E 1
Lasers Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Here the process of stimulated emission is used to amplify light radiation. Spontaneous emission: When energy is
More information-I (PH 6151) UNIT-V PHOTONICS AND FIBRE OPTICS
Engineering Physics -I (PH 6151) UNIT-V PHOTONICS AND FIBRE OPTICS Syllabus: Lasers Spontaneous and stimulated emission Population Inversion -Einstein s co-efficient (Derivation)- types of lasers-nd-yag,co
More information29:006 FINAL EXAM FRIDAY MAY 11 3:00 5:00 PM IN LR1 VAN
L 33 Modern Physics [1] 29:006 FINAL EXAM FRIDAY MAY 11 3:00 5:00 PM IN LR1 VAN Introduction- quantum physics Particles of light PHOTONS The photoelectric effect Photocells & intrusion detection devices
More information10/2/2008. hc λ. νλ =c. proportional to frequency. Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength And is directly proportional to wavenumber
CH217 Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry Module Leader: Dr. Alison Willows Electromagnetic spectrum Properties of electromagnetic radiation Many properties of electromagnetic radiation can be described
More informationLaser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Technique Part - 3
AerE 545 class notes #37 Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Technique Part - 3 Hui Hu Department o Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 500, U.S.A Introduction Instantaneous, quantitative,
More informationLC-4: Photoelectric Effect
LC-4: Photoelectric Effect Lab Worksheet Name In this lab you investigate the photoelectric effect, one of the experiments whose explanation by Einstein forced scientists into accepting the ideas of quantum
More informationLASERS AGAIN? Phys 1020, Day 17: Questions? LASERS: Next Up: Cameras and optics Eyes to web: Final Project Info
LASERS AGAIN? Phys 1020, Day 17: Questions? LASERS: 14.3 Next Up: Cameras and optics Eyes to web: Final Project Info 1 Group Exercise Your pennies will simulate a two state atom; tails = ground state,
More information08 - Miscellaneous and historical detectors
08 - Miscellaneous and historical detectors Jaroslav Adam Czech Technical University in Prague Version 2 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_08, Miscellaneous and historical detectors Version 2 1 / 25 Streamer
More informationLaserphysik. Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu. Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik
Laserphysik Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de Office: Heisenbergbau V 202, Unterpörlitzer Straße
More informationHigher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions o-o-o- 3.3 Photoelectric
Higher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions 1991-2010 -o-o-o- 3.3 Photoelectric 1996 Q36 The work function for sodium metal is 2.9x10-19 J. Light of wavelength 5.4x10-7 m strikes the surface of this metal. What
More informationHigher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions o-o-o- 3.4 Spectra
Higher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions 1991-2010 -o-o-o- 3.4 Spectra 1992 Q37 The diagram below shows the energy levels for the hydrogen atom. (a) Between which two energy levels would an electron transition
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
Main Requirements of the Laser Optical Resonator Cavity Laser Gain Medium of 2, 3 or 4 level types in the Cavity Sufficient means of Excitation (called pumping) eg. light, current, chemical reaction Population
More informationLASER. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser Fundamentals The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic, that is, it is of one color/wavelength. In contrast, ordinary white light
More informationCourse Details. Analytical Techniques Based on Optical Spectroscopy. Course Details. Textbook. SCCH 211: Analytical Chemistry I
SCCH 211: Analytical Chemistry I Analytical Techniques Based on Optical Spectroscopy Course Details September 22 October 10 September 22 November 7 November 17 December 1 Topic Period Introduction to Spectrometric
More informationEximer Lasers UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide When excited/ionized atoms attract
Eximer Lasers UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide When excited/ionized atoms attract Bound together separated by short distance Call this Excited
More informationPressure Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation
AerE 344 class notes Lecture # 04 Pressure Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation Hui Hu Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A Measurement Techniques for
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Information Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination Brandon Redding 1*, Michael A. Choma 2,3*, Hui Cao 1,4* 1 Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven,
More informationExcimer Lasers Currently best UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide which normally do not
Excimer Lasers Currently best UV laser sources Consist two atom types which repel each other eg nobel gas and halide or oxide which normally do not bond But when excited/ionized these atoms attract Bound
More informationQuantum Model Einstein s Hypothesis: Photoelectric Effect
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE MODULE 7 NATURE OF LIGHT Quantum Model Einstein s Hypothesis: Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect was discovered by Hertz in 1887 as he confirmed Maxwell s electromagnetic
More informationPhoton Instrumentation. First Mexican Particle Accelerator School Guanajuato Oct 6, 2011
Photon Instrumentation First Mexican Particle Accelerator School Guanajuato Oct 6, 2011 Outline The Electromagnetic Spectrum Photon Detection Interaction of Photons with Matter Photoelectric Effect Compton
More informationIR Spectrography - Absorption. Raman Spectrography - Scattering. n 0 n M - Raman n 0 - Rayleigh
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Scattering Mid-IR and NIR require absorption of radiation from a ground level to an excited state, requires matching of radiation from source with difference in energy states. Raman
More information25 years of PIV development for application in aeronautical test facilities
25 years of PIV development for application in aeronautical test facilities Jürgen Kompenhans and team Department Experimental Methods Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology German Aerospace Center
More informationTHE EFFECT OF SAMPLE SIZE, TURBULENCE INTENSITY AND THE VELOCITY FIELD ON THE EXPERIMENTAL ACCURACY OF ENSEMBLE AVERAGED PIV MEASUREMENTS
4th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry Göttingen, Germany, September 7-9, 00 PIV 0 Paper 096 THE EFFECT OF SAMPLE SIZE, TURBULECE ITESITY AD THE VELOCITY FIELD O THE EXPERIMETAL ACCURACY
More informationAS 101: Day Lab #2 Summer Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy Goals To see light dispersed into its constituent colors To study how temperature, light intensity, and light color are related To see spectral lines from different elements in emission and
More informationChapter 4 Scintillation Detectors
Med Phys 4RA3, 4RB3/6R03 Radioisotopes and Radiation Methodology 4-1 4.1. Basic principle of the scintillator Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors Scintillator Light sensor Ionizing radiation Light (visible,
More informationMolecular spectroscopy
Molecular spectroscopy Origin of spectral lines = absorption, emission and scattering of a photon when the energy of a molecule changes: rad( ) M M * rad( ' ) ' v' 0 0 absorption( ) emission ( ) scattering
More informationLaser Fundamentals and its Applications. Photonic Network By Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser Fundamentals and its Applications LASER LASER is acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. http://www.semicon.toshiba.co.jp Lasers Outline Introduction and Overview Theory
More information2. Discrete means unique, that other states don t overlap it. 3. Electrons in the outer electron shells have greater potential energy.
30 Light Emission Answers and Solutions for Chapter 30 Reading Check Questions 1. At these high frequencies, ultraviolet light is emitted. 2. Discrete means unique, that other states don t overlap it.
More informationAnalytical Chemistry II
Analytical Chemistry II L4: Signal processing (selected slides) Computers in analytical chemistry Data acquisition Printing final results Data processing Data storage Graphical display https://www.creativecontrast.com/formal-revolution-of-computer.html
More informationLasers and Electro-optics
Lasers and Electro-optics Second Edition CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS University of Maryland III ^0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface to the Second Edition page xv 1 Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 1
More informationUNIT 7 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1 UNIT 7 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHYS:1200 LECTURE 33 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (1) The physics that we have presented thus far in this course is classified as Classical Physics. Classical physics
More informationWhat makes the color pink? Black and white TV summary. Different color phosphors. Color TV. Different color pixels
Energy What makes the color pink? Black and white TV summary Picture made from a grid of dots (pixels) Dots illuminated when electron beam hits phosphor Beam scanned across entire screen ~ 50 times a second
More informationFigure 1 Relaxation processes within an excited state or the ground state.
Excited State Processes and Application to Lasers The technology of the laser (Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) was developed in the early 1960s. The technology is based on an understanding
More informationSpectroscopy: Introduction. Required reading Chapter 18 (pages ) Chapter 20 (pages )
Spectroscopy: Introduction Required reading Chapter 18 (pages 378-397) Chapter 20 (pages 424-449) Spectrophotometry is any procedure that uses light to measure chemical concentrations Properties of Light
More informationChemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling May 4, :30 -?? pm SES
Chemistry 524--Final Exam--Keiderling May 4, 2011 3:30 -?? pm -- 4286 SES Please answer all questions in the answer book provided. Calculators, rulers, pens and pencils are permitted. No open books or
More informationX-Rays From Laser Plasmas
X-Rays From Laser Plasmas Generation and Applications I. C. E. TURCU CLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK and J. B. DANCE JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester New York Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto Contents
More informationChem Homework Set Answers
Chem 310 th 4 Homework Set Answers 1. Cyclohexanone has a strong infrared absorption peak at a wavelength of 5.86 µm. (a) Convert the wavelength to wavenumber.!6!1 8* = 1/8 = (1/5.86 µm)(1 µm/10 m)(1 m/100
More information