PHYSICS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Transcription

1 PHYSICS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

2 Summary 1 Mechanics 1.1 Measurement Techniques Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time 1.2 Statics Moments Modulus of elasticity Mechanical hysteresis 1.3 Dynamics Hooke s law Hooke s law with Cobra /05 Newton s second law / Air track or Demonstration track /15 Newton s second law with Cobra3 / Air track or Demonstration track /05 Laws of collision / Air track or Demonstration track /15 Laws of collision with Cobra3 / Air track or Demonstration track Free fall Free fall with Cobra Determination of the gravitational constant with a Cavendish balance Projectile motion Ballistic Pendulum Moment of inertia and angular acceleration Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra Moment and angular momentum Centrifugal force Centrifugal force with Cobra Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell s wheel Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope Laws of gyroscopes / cardanic gyroscope Mathematical pendulum Reversible pendulum Pendulum oscillations / variable g pendulum Pendulum oscillations with Cobra Coupled Pendula Coupled Pendula with Cobra Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs Springs linked in parallel and series Forced Oscillations Pohl s pendulum Forced Oscillations Pohl s pendulum; Determination of resonance frequencies by Fourier analysis Moments of inertia of different bodies / Steiner s theorem Moments of inertia of different bodies / Steiner s theorem with Cobra Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations The propagation of a periodically excited continuous transverse wave Phase velocity of rope waves 1.4 Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies Density of liquids Surface of rotating liquids Viscosity of Newtonian and non-newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer) Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method) Surface tension by the pull-out method with Cobra Barometric height formula Lift and drag (resistance to flow) 1.5 Mechanical Vibration Acoustics Vibration of strings Velocity of sound in air with Cobra /11 Acoustic Doppler effect Chladni figures with FG-Module /15 Velocity of sound using Kundt s tube /15 Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with Cobra Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves and diffraction at a slot with Cobra Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids Temperature dependence of the Velocity of sound in liquids Stationary ultrasonic waves, determination of wavelength Absorption of ultrasonic in air Ultrasonic diffraction at different single and double slit systems Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a pin hole and a circular obstacle Diffraction of ultrasound at a Fresnel zone plate / Fresnel s zone construction Interference of two identical ultrasonic transmitters Interference of ultrasonic waves by a Lloyd mirror Determination of the velocity of sound (sonar principle) Ultrasonic Michelson-Interferometer Ultrasonic diffraction by a straight edge Ultrasonic Doppler effect 1.6 Handbooks Physics Experiments Linear Motion Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics 1 Magnet Board Mechanics 2 2 Optics 2.1 Geometrical Optics Measuring the velocity of light Laws of lenses and optical instruments Dispersion and resolving power of the prism and grating spectroscope 2.2 Interference Interference of light Newton s rings Interference at a mica plate according to Pohl Fresnel s zone construction / zone plate Michelson interferometer Coherence and width of spectral lines with Michelson interferometer Refraction index of air and CO 2 with Michelson interferometer 8 Laboratory Experiments Physics

3 Summary 2.3 Diffraction Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg s uncertainty principle Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular obstacles Diffraction intensity for multiple slits and grids Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit systems Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire Babinet s theorem 2.4 Photometry Photometric law of distance Photometric law of distance with Cobra Lambert s law 2.5 Polarisation Polarisation by quarterwave plates Polarimetry Fresnel s equations theory of reflection Malus law 2.6 Applied Optics Faraday effect Kerr effect Recording and reconstruction of holograms CO 2 -laser LDA Laser Doppler Anemometry with Cobra Helium Neon Laser Optical pumping Nd-YAG laser Fibre optics Fourier optics 2f Arrangement Fourier optics 4f Arrangement Filtering and reconstruction 2.7 Handbooks Advanced Optics and Laser Physics Handbook 1 3 Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Optics 33.1 Thermal Expansion Thermodynamics Thermal expansion in solids and liquids 3.2 Ideal and Real Gases Equation of state of ideal gases Equation of state of ideal gases with Cobra Heat capacity of gases Heat capacity of gases with Cobra Maxwellian velocity distribution Thermal equation of state and critical point Adiabatic coefficient of gases Flammersfeld oscillator Joule-Thomson effect 3.3 Calorimetry, Friction Heat Heat capacity of metals Heat capacity of metals with Cobra Mechanical equivalent of heat PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D Göttingen 3.4 Phase Transitions Vapour pressure of water at high temperature Vapour pressure of water below 100 C / Molar heat of vaporization Boiling point elevation Freezing point depression 3.5 Transport and Diffusion /15 Stefan-Boltzmann s law of radiation Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals 3.6 Applied Thermodynamics Solar ray Collector Heat pump Heat insulation / Heat conduction /15 Stirling engine 3.7 Handbooks Glas jacket system Demonstration Experiments Physics Magnetic Board Heat 44.1 Stationary Currents Electricity Measurement of small resistance Ohm s Law with FG-Module Wheatstone Bridge Internal resistance and matching in voltage source /15 Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes /15 Current balance/ Force acting on a current-carrying conductor Semiconductor thermogenerator Peltier heat pump Characteristic curves of a solar cell Characteristic curves of semiconductors with FG-Module Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser Faraday s law Second order conductors. Electrolysis with FG-Module 4.2 Electric Field Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor Charging curve of a capacitor Switch-on behaviour of a capacitor and an inductivity with FG-Module Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor Coulomb s law / Image charge Coulomb s law with Cobra Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres Dielectric constant of different materials 4.3 Magnetic Field Earth s magnetic field /15 Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart s law /15 Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement Magnetic moment in the magnetic field Laboratory Experiments Physics 9

4 Summary Magnetic field outside a straight conductor Magnetic field inside a conductor Ferromagnetic hysteresis Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer 4.4 Electrodynamics Transformer /15 Magnetic induction /11 Inductance of solenoids /11 Coil in the AC circuit with Cobra /15 Capacitor in the AC circuit /11 RLC Circuit with Cobra Rectifier circuits RC Filters /15 High-pass and low-pass filters RLC measuring bridge Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits Induction impulse 4.5 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Waves Coupled oscillating circuits Interference of microwaves Diffraction of microwaves Diffraction and polarization of microwaves Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves 4.6 Handbooks Demonstration Experiments Physics Electricity/Electronics on the Magnetic Board Physics of the Electron Physical Structure of Matter Elementary charge and Millikan experiment Specific charge of the electron e/m Franck-Hertz experiment with Hg-tube Franck-Hertz experiment with Ne-tube /05 Planck s quantum of action from photoelectric effect (line separation by interference filters) /05 Planck s quantum of action from the photoelectric effect (line separation by defraction grating) Fine structure, one-electron and two-electron spectra Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg s constant Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg Zeeman effect Stern-Gerlach experiment Electron spin resonance Electron diffraction 5.2 Radioactivity Half-life and radioactive equilibrium Half-life and radioactive equilibrium with Cobra Poisson s distribution and Gaussian distribution of radioactive decay with Cobra3 Influence of the dead time of the counter tube Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber Alpha-Energies of different sources with MCA /11/15 Rutherford experiment /11/15 Fine structure of the -spectrum of 241 Am /11/15 Study of the -energies of 226 Ra /11/15 Energy loss of -particles in gases Electron absorption spectroscopy /11 Law of distance and absorption of gamma or beta rays /11/15 Energy dependence of the -absorption coefficient /11/15 Compton effect /11/15 Internal conversion in 137m Ba /11/15 Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section /11/15 X-ray fluorescence and Moseley s law 5.3 Solid-state Physics Hall effect in p-germanium Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra /11 Hall effect in n-germanium Hall effect in metals Band gap of germanium Band gap of germanium with Cobra3 5.4 X-ray Physics Characteristic X-rays of copper Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum Characteristic X-rays of iron The intensity of characteristic X-rays as a function of anode current and anode voltage Monochromatization of molybdenum X-rays Monochromatization of copper X-rays K doublet splitting of molybdenum X-rays / fine structure K doublet splitting of iron X-rays / fine structure Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action Characteristic X-ray lines of different anode materials / Moseley's Law; Rydberg frequency and screening constant Absorption of X-rays K- and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley's Law and the Rydberg constant Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations /15-00 X-ray investigation of different crystal structures / Debye-Scherrer powder method X-ray investigation of crystal structures / Laue method Compton scattering of X-rays X-ray dosimetry Contrast medium experiment with a blood vessel model Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with the three cubic Bravais lattices Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with diamond structure (germanium and silicon) Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with a hexagonal lattice structure Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with a tetragonal lattice structure Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with a cubic powder sample Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets 5.4 Handbooks X-Ray Experiments Interface-System Cobra3 Physics and Chemistry/Biology 10 Laboratory Experiments Physics

5 Mechanics Contents 1.1 Measurement Techniques Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and time 1.2 Statics Moments Modulus of elasticity Mechanical hysteresis 1.3 Dynamics Hooke s law Hooke s law with Cobra /05 Newton s second law / Air track or Demonstration track /15 Newton s second law with Cobra3 / Air track or Demonstration track /05 Laws of collision / Air track or Demonstration track /15 Laws of collision with Cobra3 / Air track or Demonstration track Free fall Free fall with Cobra Determination of the gravitational constant with a Cavendish balance Projectile motion Ballistic Pendulum Moment of inertia and angular acceleration Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra Moment and angular momentum Centrifugal force Centrifugal force with Cobra Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell s wheel Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope Laws of gyroscopes / cardanic gyroscope Mathematical pendulum Reversible pendulum Pendulum oscillations / variable g pendulum Pendulum oscillations with Cobra Coupled Pendula Coupled Pendula with Cobra Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs Springs linked in parallel and series Forced Oscillations Pohl s pendulum Forced Oscillations Pohl s pendulum; Determination of resonance frequencies by Fourier analysis Moments of inertia of different bodies / Steiner s theorem Moments of inertia of different bodies / Steiner s theorem with Cobra Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus Moment of inertia and torsional vibrations The propagation of a periodically excited continuous transverse wave Phase velocity of rope waves 1.4 Mechanics of Liquids and Gaseous Bodies Density of liquids Surface of rotating liquids Viscosity of Newtonian and non-newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer) Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer Surface tension by the ring method (Du Nouy method) Surface tension by the pull-out method with Cobra Barometric height formula Lift and drag (resistance to flow) 1.5 Mechanical Vibration Acoustics Vibration of strings Velocity of sound in air with Cobra /11 Acoustic Doppler effect Chladni figures with FG-Module /15 Velocity of sound using Kundt s tube /15 Wavelengths and frequencies with a Quincke tube Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz resonators with Cobra Interference of acoustic waves, stationary waves and diffraction at a slot with PC interface Optical determination of velocity of sound in liquids Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids Temperature dependence of the Velocity of sound in liquids Stationary ultrasonic waves, determination of wavelength Absorption of ultrasonic in air Ultrasonic diffraction at different single and double slit systems Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a pin hole and a circular obstacle Diffraction of ultrasound at a Fresnel zone plate / Fresnel s zone construction Interference of two identical ultrasonic transmitters Interference of ultrasonic waves by a Lloyd mirror Determination of the velocity of sound (sonar principle) Ultrasonic Michelson-Interferometer Ultrasonic diffraction by a straight edge Ultrasonic Doppler effect 1.6 Handbooks Physics Experiments Linear Motion Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics 1 Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Mechanics 2 12 Laboratory Experiments Physics

6 2 Optics Contents 2.1 Geometrical Optics Measuring the velocity of light Laws of lenses and optical instruments Dispersion and resolving power of the prism and grating spectroscope 2.2 Interference Interference of light Newton s rings Interference at a mica plate according to Pohl Fresnel s zone construction / zone plate Michelson interferometer Coherence and width of spectral lines with Michelson interferometer Refraction index of air and CO 2 with Michelson interferometer 2.3 Diffraction Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg s uncertainty principle Diffraction of light at a slit and an edge Intensity of diffractions due to pin hole diaphragms and circular obstacles Diffraction intensity of multiple slits and grids Determination of the diffraction intensity at slit and double slit systems Diffraction intensity through a slit and a wire Babinet s theorem 2.5 Polarisation Polarisation by quarterwave plates Polarimetry Fresnel s equations theory of reflection Malus law 2.6 Applied Optics Faraday effect Kerr effect Recording and reconstruction of holograms CO 2 -laser LDA Laser Doppler Anemometry with Cobra Helium Neon Laser Optical pumping Nd-YAG laser Fibre optics Fourier optics 2f Arrangement Fourier optics 4f Arrangement Filtering and reconstruction 2.7 Handbooks Advanced Optics and Laser Physics Physics Demonstration Experiments Magnet Board Optics 2.4 Photometry Photometric law of distance Photometric law of distance with Cobra Lambert s law 86 Laboratory Experiments Physics

7 3 Thermodynamics Contents 3.1 Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion in solids and liquids 3.2 Ideal and Real Gases Equation of state of ideal gases Equation of state of ideal gases with Cobra Heat capacity of gases Heat capacity of gases with Cobra Maxwellian velocity distribution Thermal equation of state and critical point Adiabatic coefficient of gases Flammersfeld oscillator Joule-Thomson effect 3.3 Calorimetry, Friction Heat Heat capacity of metals Heat capacity of metals with Cobra Mechanical equivalent of heat 3.4 Phase Transitions Vapour pressure of water at high temperature Vapour pressure of water below 100 C / Molar heat of vaporization Boiling point elevation Freezing point depression 3.5 Transport and Diffusion /15 Stefan-Boltzmann s law of radiation Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals 3.6 Applied Thermodynamics Solar ray Collector Heat pump Heat insulation / Heat conduction /15 Stirling engine 3.7 Handbooks Glas jacket system Demonstration Experiments Physics Magnetic Board Heat 124 Laboratory Experiments Physics

8 4 Electricity Contents 4.1 Stationary Currents Measurement of small resistance Ohm s Law with FG-Module Wheatstone Bridge Internal resistance and matching in voltage source /15 Temperature dependence of different resistors and diodes /15 Current balance / Force acting on a current-carrying conductor Semiconductor thermogenerator Peltier heat pump Characteristic curves of a solar cell Characteristic curves of semiconductors with FG-Module Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser Faraday s law Second order conductors. Electrolysis with FG-Module 4.2 Electric Field Electrical fields and potentials in the plate capacitor Charging curve of a capacitor Switch-on behaviour of a capacitor and an inductivity with FG-Module Capacitance of metal spheres and of a spherical capacitor Coulomb s law / Image charge Coulomb s law with Cobra Coulomb potential and Coulomb field of metal spheres Dielectric constant of different materials 4.3 Magnetic Field Earth s magnetic field /15 Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart s law /15 Magnetic field of paired coils in Helmholtz arrangement Magnetic moment in the magnetic field Magnetic field outside a straight conductor Magnetic field inside a conductor Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer 4.4 Electrodynamics Transformer /15 Magnetic induction /11 Inductance of solenoids /11 Coil in the AC circuit /15 Capacitor in the AC circuit /11 RLC Circuit Rectifier circuits RC Filters /15 High-pass and low-pass filters RLC measuring bridge Resistance, phase shift and power in AC circuits Induction impulse 4.5 Electromagnetic Oscilations and Waves Coupled oscillating circuits Interference of microwaves Diffraction of microwaves Diffraction and polarization of microwaves Radiation field of a horn antenna / Microwaves Frustrated total reflection / Microwaves 4.6 Handbooks Demonstration Experiments Physics Electricity/Electronics on the Magnetic Board Laboratory Experiments Physics

9 5 Physical Structure of Matter Contents 5.1 Physics of the Electron Elementary charge and Millikan experiment Specific charge of the electron e/m Franck-Hertz experiment with Hg-tube Franck-Hertz experiment with Ne-tube /05 Planck s quantum of action from photoelectric effect (line separation by interference filters) /05 Planck s quantum of action from the photoelectric effect (line separation by defraction grating) Fine structure, one-electron and two-electron spectra Balmer series / Determination of Rydberg s constant Atomic spectra of two-electron systems: He, Hg Zeeman effect Stern-Gerlach experiment Electron spin resonance Electron diffraction 5.2 Radioactivity Half-life and radioactive equilibrium Half-life and radioactive equilibrium with Cobra Poisson s distribution and Gaussian distribution of radioactive decay with Cobra3 Influence of the dead time of the counter tube Visualisation of radioactive particles / Diffusion cloud chamber Alpha-Energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer /11/15 Rutherford experiment /11/15 Fine structure of the -spectrum of 241 Am /11/15 Study of the -energies of 226 Ra /11/15 Energy loss of -particles in gases Electron absorption spectroscopy /11 Law of distance and absorption of gamma or beta rays /11/15 Energy dependence of the -absorption Coefficient /11/15 Compton effect /11/15 Internal conversion in 137m Ba /11/15 Photonuclear cross-section / Compton scattering cross-section /11/15 X-ray fluorescence and Moseley s law 5.3 Solid-state physics Hall effect in p-germanium Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra /11 Hall effect in n-germanium Hall effect in metals Band gap of germanium Band gap of germanium with Cobra3 5.4 X-ray Physics Characteristic X-rays of copper Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum Characteristic X-rays of iron The intensity of characteristic X-rays as a function of anode current and anode voltage Monochromatization of molybdenum X-rays Monochromatization of copper X-rays K doublet splitting of molybdenum X-rays / fine structure K doublet splitting of iron X-rays / fine structure Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action Characteristic X-ray lines of different anode materials / Moseley's Law; Rydberg frequency and screening constant Absorption of X-rays K- and L-absorption edges of X-rays / Moseley's Law and the Rydberg constant Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations /15-00 X-ray investigation of different crystal structures / Debye-Scherrer powder method X-ray investigation of crystal structures / Laue method Compton scattering of X-rays X-ray dosimetry Contrast medium experiment with a blood vessel model Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with the three cubic Bravais lattices Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with diamond structure (germanium and silicon) Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with a hexagonal lattice structure Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with a tetragonal lattice structure Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of powder samples with a cubic powder sample Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets 6.4 Handbooks X-Ray Experiments Interface-System Cobra3 Physics, Chemistry/Biology 200 Laboratory Experiments Physics

10 Index