SUMMER STUDENTS LECTURE PROGRAMME 1st : WHAT IS CERN? Luciano Maiani. CERN. Geneva July 4, 2001
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1 SUMMER STUDENTS LECTURE PROGRAMME 1 st : WHAT IS CERN? Luciano Maiani. CERN. Geneva July 4, 2001
2 A few facts : H. Yukawa predicts the π-meson, M π 1/7 M P 1937: Street & Stevenson, Anderson & Neddermeyer discover the mesotron (µ- lepton) in cosmic ray: µ e Feb. 1947: Conversi, Pancini, Piccioni: µ π May 1947 : Lattes, Occhialini, Muirhead and Powell discover the π - meson: 2 events with π µ Dec. 1947: Rochester & Butler: observe the V-particles (strange particles) THE NEED TO STUDY THE NEW PARTICLES GAVE IMPETUS TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MORE POWERFUL ACCELERATORS 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 2
3 The first proposal (De Broglie, 1949)...a laboratory or institution where it would be possible to do scientific work, but somehow beyond the framework of the different participating states. this body could be endowed with more resources than national laboratories and could, consequently, undertake tasks beyond their scope Collaboration could be easier due to the true nature of science This kind of cooperation would serve also other disciplines 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 3
4 The twenty Member States of CERN (2001) Left to Right: Pierre Auger, Edoardo Amaldi and Lew Kowarski, at the first session of the provisional CERN Council (1952) OBSERVERS: UNESCO, EU, Israel, Turkey, USA, Japan, Russia 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 4
5 CERN STRUCTURE OBSERVER STATES CERN COUNCIL COMMITTEE OF COUNCIL OBSERVER STATES ASSOCIATED TO LHC PROJECT (US, Japan, Russia) FINANCE COMMITTEE SCIENTIFIC POLICY COMMITTEE DIRECTOR-GENERAL RESEARCH BOARD DIRECTORS DIVISION LEADERS MANAGEMENT BOARD
6 What is CERN? Summary The CERN accelerator menu The LHC project Cold antiprotons & Long base neutrinos The LHC computing challenge Technology Transfer Why science? 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 6
7 Accelerator chain of CERN P-P, very high energy Cold P-bar P, high energy P, low energy n_tof Nuclear physics 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 7
8 Distribution of CERN users, May 1, /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 8
9 Age Distribution of CERN Users (May, 2001) Age Distribution of CERN Users All Countries Age May /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 9
10 PhD thesis in LEP experiments (over ten years): ALEPH: 210 DELPHI: 227 L3: 250 OPAL: /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 10
11 The Large Hadron Collider in the LEP Tunnel Proton- Proton Collider 7 TeV + 7 TeV first targets: Higgs boson (s) Luminosity = cm -2 sec -1 Supersymmetric Particles Quark-Gluon Plasma CP violation in B 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 11
12 The LHC dipole n /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 12
13 Training Quench History at 1.8K MBP2N1.V1 MBP2N1.V Prototypes Magnetic Field at Quench B [Tesla] Quench without protection by quench heaters MBP2N1.V1.T1 Thermal cycle 1 Modification (V2) MBP2N1.V2.T1 Capilary problem MBP2N1.V2.T2 Thermal Cycle 4 MBP2N1.V2.T Tmax ~ 800K 6.00 Training Quenches at 1.8K Quench Number Magnetic Field at Quench B [Tesla] No quench Training Stories Quench Number Dipole n HCMBB-A T1 Ultimate Field = 9T Nominal Field = 8.34 Tesla 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 13
14 International Collaboration for LHC construction Cost sharing for LHC (BCHF): MS, Material: 2.1 MS, Personnel: 1.1 (approx.) Host States: 0.2 USA, Japan, Russia: participate in the decision process for LHC in Committee of Council NMS (net): 0.6 ( 15%) Free access to LHC experiments /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 14
15 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 15
16 ATLAS shaft and service cavern 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 16
17 The ATLAS Cavern and Building 60 You are here 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 17
18 making the ATLAS coils B0 prototype (1/3 lenght) 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 18
19 Magnet Yoke YE-1 & nose trial assembly Nov 00 In Kawasaki (Japan) YB-2, YB-1, YB0 ready, YB1 started. Central wheel YB0, supporting the vacuum tank. Web camera!!! 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 19
20 LHC commissioning schedule /08 28/02 an-04 Apr-04 Jul-04 Oct-04 Jan-05 Apr-05 Jul-05 Oct-05 Jan-06 Apr-06 Jul-06 Oct-06 Jan-07 Apr-07 Jul-07 Oct-07 Octant test 01/04 to 31/08 Last dipole delivered 31/03 Ring closed and cold 31/12 Shutdown 3 months Physics run 7 months L>2x10 33 Pb-Pb run 6 weeks First beam Pilot run 01/02 01/04 to 30/04 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 20
21 ATRAP: cooling antiprotons with positrons 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 21
22 Long-Baseline Neutrino Programme: CNGS To observe the appearance of tau leptons; complementary to the lower-energy K2K (Japan) and to MINOS (US) focussed on ν µ disappearance; OPERA approved by the CERN Research Board and by INFN (Jan. 2001); CERN will support a in-house group in OPERA, building on the experience accumulated in CHORUS and NOMAD. 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 22
23 Computing in LHC experiments (+30 minimum bias events) The data transmitted in ONE SECOND of LHC running is equivalent to: Reconstructed tracks with pt > 25 GeV All charged tracks with pt > 2 GeV the information exchanged by WORLD TELECOM ( 100 million phone calls) Higgs decay in 4 muons 1 in events 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 23
24 World Wide Collaboration distributed computing & storage capacity CMS: 1800 physicists 150 institutes 32 countries 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 24
25 Complex Data = More CPU Per Byte K SI95 Estimated CPU Capacity required at CERN 5,000 4,000 3,000 LHC Moore s law some measure of the capacity technology advances provide for a constant 2,000 1,000 Other experiments number of processors or investment 0 Jan 2000: 3.5K SI /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 25 les.robertson@cern.ch
26 Past CERN performance: computing for LEP experiments 120 CERN Centre Physics Computing Capacity Thousands of CERN Units Mainframes decomissioned First PC services CERN RD47 project RISC decomissioning agreed Continued innovation 20 Moore's law 0 (based on 1988) year 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 26
27 Processor farms : the 90's supercomputer Mainframe Mini- Computer vector Supercomputer 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 27
28 After commodity farms what next? Fusion of data communication, data processing and data archive global resources : Grid approach? 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 28
29 Five Emerging Models of Networked Computing From The Grid Distributed Computing synchronous processing High-Throughput Computing asynchronous processing On-Demand Computing dynamic resources Data-Intensive Computing databases Collaborative Computing scientists Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman, editors, The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufmann, 1999, 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 29
30 CERN offline computing Regional Centres - a Multi-Tier Model CERN Tier 1 RC Japan full data full ESD 622 Mpbs links?. Tier 1 RC Tier 1 RC Tier 2: University/ Italy Tier 1 RC US Department cluster full ESD France full ESD full ESD 622 Mpbs links Tier 2: University/ Department cluster desktop Tier 2: University/ desktop Department cluster.. desktop desktop 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 30
31 Three ways to Technology Transfer Student Formation widely done at CERN Orders to Industry Transfer of new technologies developed for basic research new opportunities with the LHC WWW, Hadron-Therapy, Crystals. 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 31
32 Gas Electron Multiplier The Gas Electron Multiplier consists of a thin polymer foil, metal-clad on both sides, and pierced by a high density of holes (typically 70 µm in diameter at 140 µm pitch). On application of a potential difference between the two sides, electrons from a drift region are collected into the holes, multiply in avalanche and emerge on the lower region X-ray absorption radiography of a bat, recorded with a GEM detector. The insert shows the details of the bat s claw (picture size nine by eleven millimetres). 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 32
33 The WWW 04/07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 33
34 "If this importance (of Science) has been cast sometime into doubts, it is because the efforts of mankind toward its most beautiful aspirations have been imperfect, as everything which belongs to the human sphere, and have been distracted from their path by the forces of national egoism and social regression. Above all, it is by this daily effort toward more science that mankind has reached the exceptional place that she occupies on Earth. We must belong to those who... believe, invincibly, that science will triumph over ignorance and war." Marie Curie, /07/2001 L. Maiani_What is CERN? 34
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