CMS: Priming the Network for LHC Startup and Beyond
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1 CMS: Priming the Network for LHC Startup and Beyond 58 Events / 2 GeV arbitrary units Chapter 3. Physics Studies with Muons f sb ps pcore ptail pb Nb bw mean bw gamma Ns m4µ [GeV] m4µ [GeV] Figure 3.9: (Left) Example of the shapes of the different contributions to fsb. (Right) Data-like distribution expected for a Higgs boson signals of mh = 250 GeV/c2, for an integrated luminosity of 30 fb 1, together with the result of the fit (solid line) and the expected background (shaded area). This pseudo-experiment is selected randomly. this error around 170 GeV/c2 is due to the smaller signal statistics caused by the suppression of the H ZZ( ) decay at this mass. The increasing uncertainty at higher masses is due to the smaller production cross sections, the larger intrinsic width of the Higgs boson and, to a lesser extent, the worse resolution for high pt muons. The number of signal and background events is obtained from the fit. The relative error in the cross-section measurement is determined from the number of signal events (Ns ) and its statistical uncertainty ( Ns ) as Ns /Ns, shown in Figure 3.11 (left) as function of the Higgs boson mass. The contribution of the background is properly taken into account, as its normalisation is a free parameter in the fit. The cross section can be determined with a precision between 20% and 45%, except for masses below 130 GeV/c2, where the statistics is low. Summer 07 ESCC/Internet2 Joint Techs Workshop July 18, 2007 The measured width, together with its statistical error, is presented in Figure 3.11 (right) as function of the true mass. The width can be determined with an error between 35% and 45% above 190 GeV/c2. Below this mass there is no sensitivity to the Higgs boson width and upper limits at 95% confidence level (C.L.) are set. For the sake of comparison, the width obtained by fitting only a Gaussian for masses below 200 GeV/c2 and only a Breit-Wigner for masses above 200 GeV/c2 is also shown, together with the statistical uncertainty. The BreitWigner-only fits do not take into account the detector resolution, and therefore the intrinsic theoretical values are not recovered. The measurement of the parameters is affected by systematic uncertainties in the muon momentum resolution (determined from data), in the muon reconstruction efficiency (around 2%) and those associated to the selection cuts (close to 1%) [51]. These systematic uncertainties are mostly uncorrelated. The impact in the measured mass and width is small. The cross-section measurement is also affected by the uncertainty in the luminosity determination, which is around 3% (Figure 3.11 (left)). Oliver Gutsche CMS Center / Computing Division
2 LHC and CMS Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Proton-Proton collisions at 14 TeV Beam energy: 7 Terra Electron Volts! 40 t truck hitting wall at 90 MPH Circumference: 27 km In final year of construction Compact Muon Solenoid: One of 4 particle collision detectors at the LHC Width: 22m, Diameter: 15m Weight: 14,500 t International collaboration of 2000 physicist 07/18/07 Oliver Gutsche - CMS: Priming the Network for LHC Startup and Beyond 2
3 LHC Schedule LHC will have a commissioning phase beginning May 2008 followed by first collisions at 14 TeV starting July 2008 Machine luminosity will be low, but data volumes may be high as detectors try to take as much calibration data as possible There is no discovery potential during commissioning, but the data will be critical for calibration and preparations High Energy running begins in summer of 2008 Beams for 14 TeV collisions for the remainder of the year! Enormous commissioning work in the presence of the new energy frontier Luminosity and data volume increases in 2009 and 2010 Before staring the commissioning phase, CMS will have a preparation challenge CMS has a > 50% computing challenge for offline computing 07/18/07 Oliver Gutsche - CMS: Priming the Network for LHC Startup and Beyond 3
4 Data Volume and Distribution The detector is capable of producing a raw data sample of a 2PB-3PB in a nominal year of data taking A similar sized simulation sample of simulated events will be produced at Tier-2 computing centers The collaboration is one of the largest ever attempted with over 2000 scientists Large potential dynamic samples of data for analysis needs to get into a lot of hands in a lot of places Only ~20% of the computing capacity is located at CERN The detector and the distributed computing facility need to be commissioned concurrently Nearly all running high energy physics experiments have some distributed computing (some even have reached a majority offsite) Most started with a large local dedicated computing center for the start Data recording: 1.8 MB/evt. Simulation: 2.5 MB/evt. 4
5 CMS Tier Structure: Responsibilities CMS chose distributed computing model from early on Variety of motivating factors (infrastructure, funding, leverage) Primary reconstruction CERN Partial Reprocessing First archive copy of the raw data (cold) USA UK Italy France GER Spain Taiwan Share of raw data for custodial storage Data Reprocessing Analysis Tasks Data Serving to Tier-2 centers for analysis Archive Simulation From Tier-2 Monte Carlo Production Primary Analysis Facilities 1 Tier 0 7 Tier Tier 2 5
6 CMS Computing Model: Network Tier-0 to Tier-1: transfer of recorded data Flow Predictable High Priority CERN Tier-1 to Tier-1: transfer of rereconstruction Burst with Rereco Load Balancing USA UK Italy France GER Spain Taiwan Tier-1 to Tier-2: transfer of analysis data Burst with User Needs Tier-2 to Tier-1: transfer of simulated data for archiving Flow Predictable 1 Tier 0 7 Tier Tier 2 6
7 Transfer of recorded data (Tier-0 to Tier 1): Network Estimates Driven by the trigger rate and the event size (predictable, high priority) Estimates are ~2.5Gb for a nominal Tier-1 center The Tier-1 event share with a factor of 2 recovery factor and a factor of 2 provisioning factor Transfer or re-reconstruction (Tier 1 to Tier 1): synchronize re-reconstruction samples within a short period of time (burst) Required to replicate the newly created reconstructed events and AOD between Tier-1 centers in a week is 1Gb/s (before the safety and provisioning factors) Transfer of analysis data (Tier-1 to Tier-2): Less predictable, burst with user needs Driven by user activities. CMS model estimates this at MB/s (Includes safety factors) Transfer of simulated data for archiving (Tier-2 to Tier-1): Transfers are predictable in rate and low in volume (~1TB per day averaged over the entire) 7
8 LHC network puzzle - US side Tier-0 Tier-1: LHCOPN (blue), dedicated resource Tier-1 Tier-1 LHCOPN GEANT trans-atlantic links LHCOPN is alternate path Tier-1 Tier-2: Internet2, Regionals, ESnet, etc. (purple), normal backbones GEANT link(s) for trans-atlantic connections (red) Tier-3 Tier-2/1 Internet2, Regionals, ESnet, etc (purple), normal backbones 8
9 Tier-1 to Tier-2 Connectivity In the CMS model, the Tier-2 centers connect to the Tier-1 hosting the data (each Tier-2 has to be able to connect to all Tier-1s) About 50% of the data will be resident at FNAL The other 50% is hosted in 5 European Tier-1 and 1 Asian Tier-2 The European Tier-2s will also connect to FNAL for roughly half the connections The connectivity between the Tier-1 and Tier-2 centers can be substantially higher than the Tier-0 to Tier-1 rates Already in the past computing challenges the incoming rate to FNAL was half the outgoing rate to Tier-2 centers The network that carries the Tier-2 traffic is going to be instrumental to the experiment s success. The Tier-2 traffic is a more difficult networking problem The number of connections is large There are a diverse set of locations and setups A number of the US-Tier-2s either own connectivity to StarLight or participate in projects like UltraLight Connections to Europe will be over shared resources and peerings with european providers 9
10 FNAL Tier 1 Incoming Data Movement SRM disk-to-disk transfers to FNAL for last 30 days, up to 320 MB/s on average over one day 10
11 FNAL T1 Outgoing Data Movement SRM disk-to-disk transfers from FNAL to T1 and T2 for last 30 days, up to 1.04 GB/s on average over one day all traffic periodically saturates FNAL s first 10 GBit/s link for CMS 11
12 Tier-2 and Tier-3 Centers Tier-2 center in CMS - common resources for the physics community funded effort of the experiment, the central project has expectations of them ~1M SI2k of computing ~200TB of disk between 2.5 Gb/s and 10Gb/s of connectivity in the US supports ~40 Physicists performing analysis Tier-3 center in CMS Similar in analysis functionality to T2 but not in capacity Not resources for the whole experiment, can have lower priority for access to common resources expected to support ~4-8 Physicists performing analysis! Leads to smaller sustained network use! But similar network requirements to T2s to enable similar turn-around times/latencies for physics datasets copied to T3 sites for analysis 12
13 T2 Data Movement: Example Nebraska Data Movement from Nebraska, up to 50 MB/s on average over one day Data Movement to Nebraska, up to 500 MB/s on average over one day 13
14 Surviving the first years The computing for most experiments is hardest as the detector is being understood Given the experience of the previous generation of detectors, we should expect about 3 years to stabilize Standard running: Analysis object data (AOD) for CMS is estimated at 0.05MB, entire year s data and reconstruction only 300TB Data is divided into ~10 trigger streams and ~50 offline streams, physics analysis should rely on 1 trigger stream A Tier-2 could potentially maintain all the analysis objects for the majority of the analysis streams First years: Unfortunately, until the detector and reconstruction are completely understood the AOD is not useful for most analysis and access to the raw data will be more frequent The full raw data is 35 times bigger People working at Tier-2 centers can make substantial, but bursty requirements of the data transfers 14
15 Summary & Outlook Volume of data and the level of distribution presents new challenges for the LHC computing Distributed computing is an integral part of the experiment s success Making efficient use of the network to move large quantities of data is critical to the success of distributed computing The Tier-1 centers have custodial responsibility for raw data They are a natural extension of the online system and the network rates are predictable. The network for CERN to Tier-1 is dedicated The Tier-2 centers are resources for analysis CMS is exercising efficient data transfers Transfers are driven by user needs and demands can be high! A lot of work to do for the Startup and Beyond 15
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