Applications of passive remote sensing using extinction and scattering: Remote sensing of ozone in the UV region
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1 Lectue 11. Appliction of pive emote ening uing extinction nd ctteing: Remote ening of ozone in the UV egion Obective: 1. Detemintion of totl ozone concenttion fom gound bed meuement. Dobon method. 2. The pinciple of intection. 3. Theoeticl foundtion of the TOMS ozone etievl lgoithm. 4. TOMS Aeool Index. Requied eding: G: 6.2, 6.5 Additionl/dvnced eding: G: 3.6; TOMS Dt Poduct Ue Guide i vilble t 1. Detemintion of totl ozone concenttion fom gound bed meuement. Dobon method. Dobon method ue the meuement of diect ol dition fo pi of wvelength in the Hltley-Huggin UV ozone bnd (ee Figue 7.5, one whee ozone UV boption i tong nd econd whee boption i we. At ech wvelength, the meued diect ol dition obey the Extinction lw (ee Lectue 1 whee τ * I di, = I, µ * exp( τ / i the opticl depth of the entie tmopheic column τ + τ * M = τ, + τ, A [11.1] 1
2 The diffeence between two dcent wvelength i = log( M A I di, 1 / I di, 2 log( I, 1 / I, 2 = [ τ + τ + τ ]/ µ o [11.2] In Eq.[11.2], the diffeentil eool opticl depth i the mot uncetin => ubtct the diffeence fo two pi of wvelength AD A D = [11.3] Auming tht diffeence of eool opticl depth e the me fo ech pi, we hve AD A, D, A, M D, M [ τ τ ]/ µ [ τ τ ]/ µ [11.4] The ozone opticl depth i the poduct of the ozone boption coefficient nd the column integted ozone mount, X, then fom Eq.[11.4] we hve o X AD A, M D, M A, D, = [ µ ( τ τ ]/[ ] [11.5] X µ = AD b [11.6] whee the coefficient nd b e detemined fom nown boption coefficient nd the Ryleigh ctteing. Dodon pectomete opeting t the WMO netwo h two pi of wvelength: A=(.355 µm,.3254 µm nd D= (.3176 µm,.3398 µm Fo thee two pi: A, D, = 1.388( tm cm b. 9P u 1 [11.7], whee P u id the ufce peue (in tm X fom Eq.[11.6] i in Dobon unit (milli tm cm Dobon Unit (DU i veticl thicne of tmophee in thoundth of centimete tht i occupied by when concentted into unifom lye of pue g t the STP. 2
3 2. The pinciple of intection. Conide n tmopheic lye tht cn eflect nd tnmit the incident dition. Reflection R ( Ω, Ω nd tnmiion T ( Ω, Ω function of diffue dition e defined I eflected ( Ω, Ω = R( Ω, Ω I( Ω dω I ( Ω, Ω = T( Ω, Ω I( Ω dω tnmitte d whee I (Ω i the incident intenity in the diection Ω ( µ, φ. [11.8] [11.9] If the tmopheic lye illumitted by mny ouce of dition fom below nd bove with I ( Ω of the -th ouce below nd I ( Ω of the -th ouce bove, then the intenity emeging fom the lye in the diection Ω i I( Ω = R( Ω, Ω I( Ω dω + T( Ω, Ω I( Ω dω [11.1] 3
4 Pinciple of intection: The eulting intenity emeging fom the ufce of the lye i upepoition of eflected nd tnmitted intenitie. NOTE: Eq.[1.14]-[1.15] fo the fit ode ctteing wee deived fo non-eflecting ufce (clled blc ufce. The pinciple of intection enble the incopotion of dince eflected fom the ufce. NOTE: See n exmple fo the ce of two lye in G Theoeticl foundtion of the TOMS ozone etievl lgoithm. Totl Ozone Mpping Spectomete (TOMS : TOMS on bod of the NIMBUS-7 Stellite (TOMS/ NIMBUS-7: dt fom Octobe 1978 to My 1993 TOMS on bod of the Eth Pobe Stellite (EP TOMS: dt fom July 1996 to peent NOTE: TOMS lo h flown on the ADEOS nd Meteo-3 Stellite EP TOMS meue both incoming ol enegy nd bcctteed UV dition t ix diffeent chnnel: 36.4 ±.2 nm, ±.1 nm, ±.1 nm, ±.1 nm, 312.6±.1 nm, nd 38.6 ±.1 nm. Cuent obitl chcteitic ( of 12/13/97: Altitude : 74 m; Inclintion : Peiod : min, EP-TOMS FOV t ndi: 39 m ltitude x 39 m longitude, IFOV vie. TOMS ozone etievl lgoithm: Conide n tmophee bounded below by Lmbetin ufce of eflectivity R u. The dince meued by TOMS intument t the top of the tmophee (TOA, I TOA, i the um of puely tmopheic bcctteed dince, I A, nd eflection fom the incident dition fom the eflecting ufce, I, 4
5 I I TOA A (, θ, ϕ, u (, θ, ϕ, u, P, R, P + I u = (, θ, ϕ, u, P, R u [11.11] whee i the wvelength (centl vlue of pticul TOMS chnnel; ( ϕ i the tellite viewing ngle; (θ, ϕ i ol ngle; P o i the ufce peue nd u 3 i the column ozone mount. The ufce eflection tem cn be expeed follow I (, θ, ϕ, u, P, R u RuIdd(, uo 3, P f (, P = [11.12] 1 R S (, u, P whee S b i the fction of dition eflected fom ufce tht tmophee eflect bc to pce; I dd i the totl mount of diect nd diffue dition eching the ufce t P o ; f i the fction of dition eflected towd tellite in the diection ( ϕ tht eche the tellite. NOTE: The denominto in the bove eqution ccount fo multiple eflection between the gound nd the tmophee. u b The N-vlue i defined N = I TOA 1 log [11.13] 1 F Step of TOMS ozone etievl lgoithm: Uing ditive tnfe code, pe-clculte N-vlue t TOMS chnnel tht hould be meued fo diffeent ozone mount, given the loction of the meuement, viewing condition, nd ufce popetie. b The initil etimte of O 3 i deived fom N-vlue of pi of wvelength (one with tong O 3 boption nd nothe without O 3 boption. c Contuct the eidue N= N me - N clc. Uing the eidue t popely choen tiplet wvelength, it i poible to imultneou olve fo the ozone 5
6 mount nd fo contibution to the dince tht i line with wvelength (e.g., fom wvelength dependence of the ufce eflectivity o intument clibtion. Tble 11.1 Pi/tiplet wvelength of EP-TOMS Pi/Tiplet deigntion enitive Wvelength (nm inenitive Wvelength (nm Reflectivity wvelength (nm A B C To cy out the bove clcultion ( i.e., to clculte I TOA, I A, I dd, f nd S b in Eq.[11.11]-[11.12], the following infomtion i equied: 1 Ozone boption coefficient function of tempetue t the TOMS wvelength; 2 Ryleigh ctteing coefficient; 3 Climtologicl tempetue pofile; 4 Climtologicl ozone pofile (ech tndd pofile epeent yely vege fo given totl ozone nd ltitude bed on gound-bed nd ozoneonde dt; Pofile hve been contucted fo thee ltitude bnd: low ltitude (15-6 pofile, mid-ltitude (45-1 pofile, nd high ltitude (75 1 pofile (totl 26 O 3 pofile. 5 Sol poition, tellite viewing ngle nd IFOV (EP/TOMS me 35 meuement evey 8 econd, tung long line pependicul to the motion of the tellite. Thi eult in n intntneou tellite field of view (o footpint of 39x39 m t ndi to 7x14 m t the exteme off-ndi 6 Peue t the eflecting ufce (TOMS lgoithm ume tht eflected dition cn come fom two level: gound nd cloud. The vege gound tein height e fom NOAA NMC povided in m fo 6
7 .5x.5 degee ltitude nd longitude gid. Height e conveted to the ufce peue nd intepolted to TOMS IFOV. Alo the lgoithm ue monthly now/ice climtology. Fo cloud height, climtology bed upon ISCCP. Effect of cloud on etievl Recent tudie (Newchuch et l., JGR, 21 how: ignificnt totl-ozone-column exce of 1-15 DU ove topicl high-ltitude, highly eflecting cloud comped to cle obevtion. Poible cue: Aumption on the cloud Lmbetin eflectnce. (The non-iotopic effect vie with viewing geomety, cloud opticl thicne, diffeent type of cloud (diffeent phe function, cloud-top height, nd ozone bove cloud. Fo mot condition, the non-iotopic effect i within ±4 DU, indicting the umption of iotopic cloud ctteing i fily good fo cloud with opticl thicne > 2 The ozone boption enhncement i due to the in-cloud multiple ctteing, which intect with ozone boption. The enhnced ozone depend ignificntly on zenith ngle, ozone mount in cloud, ozone ditibution in cloud, nd cloud opticl thicne. It lo depend omewht on diffeent cloud type nd cloud loction. Poitive ozone etievl eo occu without coecting the enhnced ozone. Comped to the noniotopic effect, the ozone enhncement in cloud i the dominting ouce of etievl eo in the umption of opticlly thic cloud Lmbetin ufce. 7
8 TOMS convective cloud diffeentil (CCD method fo deiving topopheic ozone TROPOSPHERIC = TOMS (entie column- TOMS (ove the cloud NOTE: Cuent ix TOMS-bed method to etieve topopheic O 3 hve ignificnt method-to-method diffeence with nge of 1-2DU. Effect of eool on etievl Atmopheic eool cn ctte nd bob the UV-dition in ddition to molecul ctteing nd hence ffect the ozone etievl. UV-bobing eool: dut, cbonceou, ome ognic, volcnic h Aeool effect on UV dition depend on eool type (efctive index nd pticle ize ditibution, opticl depth, nd eool lye height. The peence of UV-bobing eool eult in the undeetimtion of the TOMS etieved ozone Aeool Coection Scheme (Toe nd Bhti, 1999, JGR: Aume the line eltionhip between ozone etievl eo nd TOMS Aeool Index 8
9 4. TOMS Aeool Index. TOMS eool poduct i epoted in tem of n Aeool Index (AI defined AI I 331 I 331 1[log 1 log 1 ] I 36 I = [11.14] 36 me cl AI i defined in uch wy tht poitive vlue coepond to bobing eool, while mll poitive nd negtive fo nonbobing eool nd cloud. AI i qulittive chcteitic to detect the peence of eool bobing in the UV (uch dut nd oot. Exmple: Dut tom nd biom buning of Apil 13, 21 SeWiFS imge TOMS AI Othe poduct fom TOMS: Volcnic SO2 (ee Kuege A.J. et l., Volcnic ulfu dioxide meuement fom the totl ozone mpping pectomete intument, Jounl of Geophyicl Reech (1995, v. 1, 14,57-14,76. 9
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