Mass (Energy) in the Universe:

Transcription

1 Mass (Energy) in the Universe: smooth (vacuum) clumping Parameters of our Universe present values H = (71±4)km/s/Mpc = 1.0±0.0 m = 0.7±0.0 incl. b = 0.044±0.004 and < photons r = dark energy = 0.75±0.0 age t = (13.7±0.) 9 a (from Sep. 005)

2 Cosmology: Evolution History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV sec 1cm GeV sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev msec 0 MeV K 3 K K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Leptons Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter

3 Planck scale use =c=1: F G mm r mm M r P mm r r P in ordinary units: M P c G GeV/c kg L P ct P G 3 c m t P s The Beginning of Time absolute starting point of every way north: the South Pole absolute starting point of time: the Big Bang years ago Planck time smallest meaningfull interval? t = s

4 Quantum Fluctuations E t -43 s corresponds to 300 kwh or 0.01g of matter History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV sec 1cm GeV sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev msec 0 MeV K 3 K K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Leptons Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter

5 Inflation age: -35 s to -34 s T ~ 7 K space is expanding exponentially: from -9 m to ca. cm every -36 s doubling its radius Inflation proposed by Alan Guth 191 exponential growth of Universe R~e Ht driven by negative pressure () regions separated by v > c became causally disconnected structure of universe = expansion of microscopic initial fluctuations

6 Scale-Invariant Structure Spectrum P(k) ~ k 1-n n = spectral index scale invariance: n = 1 (white noise) inflation models: n slightly below 1 n = 0.95±0.0 can exclude some specific models WMAP Inflation explains flatness 1

7 Inflation explains why our Universe is flat: small causally connected piece of possibly a large hypersphere size of structures of universe: was initially just quantum fluctuations but also its amazing homogeneity: inflation by dark energy is smooth without structure how energy comes out of Nothing: a small quantum fluctuation (Heisenberg s uncertainty) is amplified by inflation by a factor > 75 The Higgs-Field Field strength = Energy at built-up of a field energy is released! Higgs particle no field, symmetry, no energy field in universe, no symmetry, negative energy

8 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Quintessence, Kosmon, Inflaton is similar to but not identical to Higgs field produces energy to create matter produces negative pressure for inflation may still be the source called dark energy

9 History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era sec cm GeV Planck 35 sec 7 cm GeV Grand Unification 31 sec 1cm 13 GeV 6 Inflation >> km 13 1 sec km 1 GeV Desert Quarks + Leptons 0.1 msec 11 km 0 MeV 1 Hadrons sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev 9 3 K Leptons min 1 ly 30 kev 3 K Nucleosynthesis 000 yr 6 ly ev K Radiation yr 7 ly 0.35 ev 3500K Plasma yr ly -4 ev 3 K Matter sec 0 GeV Electroweak Symmetry Breaking by the Higgs field matter particles and weak-interaction bosons (W,Z) acquire a nonzero rest mass

10 Search for Higgs Particle Genf 00 CERN LHC CERN History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV sec 1cm GeV sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev msec 0 MeV K 3 K K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Leptons Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter

11 Building Blocks of Matter Q= 1 / 3 Q=+ / 3 Q= 1 Q=0 ddd 5MeV sss MeV bbb 5GeV Quarks uuu 3MeV ccc 1.5GeV ttt 170GeV e 0.5MeV 6MeV 1.7GeV e ~0 ~0 ~0 Leptonen Building Blocks of Matter and Antimatter Q= 1 / 3 Q=+ / 3 Q= 1 Q=0 ddd uuu e e 5MeV 3MeV 0.5MeV sss ccc Q=+ 1 / 3 Q=- / 3 MeV Q=+1 1.5GeV Q=0 anti-ddd 5MeV anti-sss MeV anti-bbb 5GeV anti-uuu 3MeV anti-ccc 1.5GeV anti-ttt 170GeV Anti-Quarks e bbb anti- ttt e ~0 Quarks anti- ~0 anti- ~0 0.5MeV 5GeV 6MeV 1.7GeV 170GeV Anti-Leptonen 6MeV 1.7GeV ~0 ~0 ~0 Leptonen 4 elements for matter + 4 for antimatter

12 Condensation of Nucleons 1s after the Big Bang T = K Quarks condense into Baryons the stable ones remaining are the Nucleons p (Proton uud) und n (Neutron udd) equilibrium of p + e n + n + e p + p + e n + n + e p + e + e photons n + n photons r n e e e e # mc / kt n e # p 1 3 History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV sec 1cm GeV sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev msec 0 MeV K 3 K K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Neutrinos Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter

13 Neutrinos Decoupling Cooling Down (like Background Radiation) E kin 0.3 mev Today: ca. 1/cm 3 cold neutrinos everywhere (cf. 400/cm 3 photons from CMB) r n decreasing due to n decay Within the 1 st Minute the Universe is cooled to K

14 due to a tiny excess of matter over antimatter we have 6 nucleons per photons (still now) History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era 43 sec 33 cm 19 GeV 35 7 sec cm GeV sec 1cm GeV sec km 0 GeV 1 sec km 1 GeV km sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev min 1 ly 30 kev 000 yr 6 ly ev yr 7 ly 0.35 ev yr ly -4 ev msec 0 MeV K 3 K K 3500K 3 K Planck Grand Unification Inflation >> Desert Quarks + Leptons Hadrons Neutrinos Nucleosynthesis Radiation Plasma Matter

15 History of the Universe Temperature: K >1min after Big Bang Reactions: p+n H+Photon H+n 3 H+Photon 3 H+p 4 He+Photon H+p 3 He+Photon 3 H+p 4 He+Photon 3 He+n 4 He+Photon H+ H 3 He+n H+ H 3 H+p H+ 3 H 4 He+n H+ 3 He 4 He+p H+ H 4 He+Photon H = Deuterium

16 Temperature: K min after Big Bang more nuclear reactions: 3 H+ 4 He 7 Li+photon 3 He+ 4 He 7 Be+photon neutrons continue to decay: n p + e + mean lifetime is ~900 s = min Binding energy per nucleon

17 p n 1 #(He) #( n) rn : #( p) 1 #( n), Nucleosynthesis of He 4 He #(H) #( p) #( n) 1 #( He) #( n) rn #( H ) #( p) #( n) (1 r ) consuming all n that do not decay n r n is determined by thermodynamics r n e at T = K and later by n decay (half life time = 614 s) #( He) 0.0 #( H ) mc r n / kt 1/ f He 4#( He) 4#( He) #( H ) 0.5 Nucleosynthesis =D 4 He : all mass fraction: 4% particle fraction: 7.4% He : H 0.0 most stable element, production depends (almost) not on density but production of other elements does!

18 Abundance of Elements in the Universe mostly hydrogen some Helium 4 He rest below 1% History of the Universe

19 History of the Universe Time Size Energy/part. Temperature Era sec cm GeV Planck 35 sec 7 cm GeV Grand Unification 31 sec 1cm 13 GeV 6 Inflation >> km 13 1 sec km 1 GeV Desert Quarks + Leptons 0.1 msec 11 km 0 MeV 1 Hadrons sec 0. 1 ly 300 kev 9 3 K Neutrinos min 1 ly 30 kev 3 K Nucleosynthesis 000 yr 6 ly ev K Radiation yr 7 ly 0.35 ev 3500K Plasma yr ly -4 ev 3 K Matter sec 0 GeV The Early Universe is not Transparent Plasma (nuclei + electrons + photons) e e e at age = years neutral atoms (gas)

20 Fluctuation generator Brief History of the Universe Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth 400 Cool Rarefied Clumpy (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) later % of Cosmic Background Radiation was re-scattered due to reionization by early stars (population III) at z = 11 or 400 million years after the Big Bang