Results for hypothesis tests of species and gender effects on control compounds in EAG data.

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1 Results for hypothesis tests of species and gender effects on control compounds in EAG data. Compound Species gender Species main Gender main interaction (F-val / P-val) (F-val / P-val) (F-val / P-val) (df=1,78) (df=1,78) (df=1,78) (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate / < / / 0.23 hexadecane / / / 0.48

2 Estimated variances for the different sources of variation of the random part of the Mixed Linear Model applied on EAG data (Additional file 7). Source of variation Estimated variance Intercept linear coefficient quadratic coefficient 1.56e-7 Day Residual 0.099

3 Statistical analysis of total VOC emission (percentages, Figure 2)* df Kruskall-Wallis P Mann-Whitney P isoprene IE-IEH H monoterpenes sesquiterpenes IE-IEH H other VOCs IE-IEH H *isoprene emitting: IE; isoprene non-emitting: NE; herbivory: H

4 Statistical analysis of individual VOC compounds and compound groups (Additional file 4)* df Kruskall-Wallis Mann-Whitney P Isoprene IE-IEH H Tricyclene IE-IEH H P Cyclofenchene α Thujene α -Phellandrene α Pinene β -Pinene Myrcene Sabinene ,8-Cineole Citronellal (E)- β -ocimene IE-IEH H

5 ,004,199,004 γ -Terpinene allo-ocimene IE-IEH H Borneol β -Cyclocitral Monoterpenes total IE-IEH H Bicyclogermacrene α -Ylangene α -Cubebene IE-IEH H α -Copaene

6 β -Elemene Aromadendrene IE-IEH H (Z)-caryophyllene (E)-caryophyllene β -Cubebene IE-IEH H α -Guaiene Calarene α-amorphene α-humulene Germacrene-d α-farnesene IE-IEH H d-cadinene

7 Nerolidol IE-IEH H Patchoulialcohol Sesquiterpenes total 3 0,001 IE-IEH H propanenitrile, 2-methyl methylbutanal 3 IE-IEH H 2-ethylfuran IE-IEH H (E)-1-Butyl-2- methylcyclopropane

8 (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol (E)-2-Hexenal (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol IE-IEH H Nonene Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (E,E)--2,4-Hexadienal IE-IEH H Cumene (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol acetate p-cymol Salicylaldehyde 3 IE-IEH H Methylphenol Acetophenone

9 o-isopropenyltoluene Methyl benzoate IE-IEH H (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7- nonatriene IE-IEH H Benzeneethanol IE-IEH H Benzeneacetonitrile 3 0 IE-IEH H (Z)-3-hexenyl iso-butyrate Methyl salicylate

10 1H-Indole Eugenol IE-IEH H ethyl-naphthalene Decyl acetate β-ionone dihydroactinidiolide IE-IEH H (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate n-hexyl benzoate Unknown compound IE-IEH H TOTAL other BVOCs IE-IEH H ,

11 *isoprene emitting: IE; isoprene non-emitting: NE; herbivory: H

12 Statistical analysis of adult and larvae choices (Figures 3 and 5B) n Z P value (Binomial test) Olfactometer (Fig. 3A) Female Male Choices of larvae (Fig. 3B) Raised on NE Raised on IE Choices of adults at hour (Fig. 5B) 0.5h h h h h h

13 Statistical analysis of adult and larvae feeding choices (Figure 4) Experience on NE n df U P value Larvae Adult Experience on IE Larvae Adult (Wilcoxon signed- rank test)

14 Statistical analysis of the weight gain of larvae on whole trees (Figure 5D)* df1 df2 F P value (ANOVA) Days *For normally distributed data natural logarithm was calculated before analysis.

15 Statistical analysis on the beetle behavior in the field experiment (Figure 6). df1 Wald Chi-Squared P value (General linear model) Beetle location Consumed leaf area Eggs

16 Statistical analysis on poplar biomass in field conditions. (Additional file 9). df1 t P value (t test) leaves stem total aboweground fine roots coarse roots total belowground

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