The role of plant volatiles on predators performance

Transcription

1 The role of plant volatiles on predators performance Diego Bastos Silva September, 5

2 Biological control Chemical ecology

3 Eggs

4 Performance Preference Growth rate Development Feeding behavior Host plant selection

5 Secondary metabolites: Nicotine or furanocoumarins Defense proteins Physical defenses:

6 Below ground Plant-plant communication

7 We argue that theory on insect-plant interactions cannot progress realistically without consideration of the third trophic level CHEMICAL CUES Price et al ATRACTIVITY/EMIGRATION RATES

8 Common name of predators Green lacewings Predatory mite Predatory beetle Ladybird beetle Predatory bugs Predatory beetle Predatory thrips Bigeyed bugs Plant bug Two-spotted stinkbug Ladybeetle Minute pirate bug Bigeyed bug Fruit fly Two-lined collops Scientific name of Predators Chrysoperla lucasina; Chrysoperla carnea Phytoseiulus persimilis; Amblyseius andersoni; Amblyseius finlandicus; Amblyseius californicus; Amblyseius womerleyi Schicha Oligota kashmirica benefica Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant Macrolophus caliginosus; Nesidiocoris tenuis Thanasimus dubius (F.) Scolothrips takahashii Geocoris spp. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter Perillus bioculatus Fabricius Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri; Aiolocaria hexaspilota Hope; Coccinella septempunctata L.; Stethorus punctum picipes; Orius tristicolor; Orius laevigatus (Fieber) Geocoris pallens Thaumatomyia glabra Collops vittatus (Aljbory and Chen, 2018)

9 Campyloneuropsis infumatus Engytatus varians Macrolophus basicornis Doru luteipes

10 Nesidiocoris tenuis Macrolophus pygmaeus Dicyphus hesperus Campyloneuropsis infumatus Engytatus varians Macrolophus basicornis Family: Miridae 40,000 known heteropteran species more than 4,000 species are predatory Size: 3 7 mm Life cycle: 20 to 60 days Heteroptera 8 % of all arthropod natural enemies used in pest management

11 Pests Feeds on insects Bemisia tabaci ++ Helicoverpa armigera ++ Macrosiphum euphorbiae + Myzus persicae + Neoleucinodes elegantalis ++ Phthorimaea operculella + Tuta absoluta +++ Plutella xylostella in evaluation Tetranychus urticae in evaluation Helicoverpa zea? Liriomyza spp.? Spodoptera spp.? Trichoplusia ni? Thrips spp.? + < 10 individuos/24hrs; ++ > 10 and < 60/24hrs; +++ > 60/24hrs The three mirids accept a wide range of preys

12 Search efficiency of predators studies on tritrophic interactions allow to estimate whether predators are able to find pest-infested plants in order to effectively reduce pest numbers. Are they attracted to HIPVs?

13 60 cm Olfactometer assays T. absoluta B. tabaci Headspace collection of plant volatiles 30 cm Analysis by GC-FID Analysis by GC-MS

14 (Silva et al., 2018) Uninfested Infested plant plant (T. vs absoluta clean air eggs) vs uninfested plant Infested plant (T. absoluta larvae) vs uninfested plant Infested plant (B. tabaci) vs uninfested plant Double infestation (BT + TA) vs single infestation (TA) Double infestation (BT + TA) vs single infestation (BT) Number Number of M. basicornis of M. choice basicornis choices Infested plant (T. absoluta eggs) vs uninfested plant Uninfested plant vs clean air Infested plant (T. absoluta larvae) vs uninfested plant Infested plant (B. tabaci) vs uninfested plant Double infestation (BT + TA) vs single infestation (TA) Double infestation (BT + TA) vs single infestation (BT) Infested Uninfested plant plant (T. vs absoluta clean air eggs) vs uninfested plant Number Number of E. varians of choice E. varians choices Infested plant (T. absoluta larvae) vs uninfested plant Infested plant (B. tabaci) vs uninfested plant Double infestation (BT + TA) vs single infestation (TA) Double infestation (BT + TA) vs single infestation (BT) Number of C. infumatus of C. infumatus choice choices

15 (Silva et al., 2018) N Compound Chemical Class Uninfested plant Treatments (N = 6) T. absoluta B. tabaci Double infestation (E)-2-hexenal GLV ** 0.4 ± 0.1 b 5.2 ± 1.1 a 2.1 ± 0.9 b 4.1 ± 1.5 ab (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol GLV 0.4 ± 0.1 b 2.5 ± 0.9 a 1.7 ± 0.8 a 3.3 ± 1.2 a α-pinene Monoterpene 1.3 ± 0.4 c 51.9 ± 26.9 a 13.8 ± 4.9 b 11.1 ± 1.8 b β-myrcene Monoterpene 0.3 ± 0.1 b 4.5 ± 2.2 b 2.4 ± 0.4 b 10.7 ± 3.0 a Carene Monoterpene 13.3 ± 5.3 b ± a ± 56.1 ab ±145.6 a α-terpinene Monoterpene 4.6 ± 1.8 c ± 58.6 a 12.5 ± 4.8 b 85.2 ± 22.5 a Limonene Monoterpene 0.7 ± 0.3 c 53.6 ± 18.4 b 3.7 ± 0.9 c 94.7 ± 23.9 a β-phellandrene Monoterpene 13.3 ± 5.3 c ± 69.1 a 68.0 ± 23.5 b ± 19.5 a β-ocimene Monoterpene 0.0 ± 0.0 c 6.6 ± 2.6 a 2.1 ± 0.8 b 6.6 ± 1.7 a γ-terpinen Monoterpene 1.4 ± 0.5 c 4.2 ± 0.8 b 5.0 ± 1.2 b 20.2 ± 5.0 a Terpinolene Monoterpene 1.8 ± 0.5 c 9.2 ± 2.1 b 72.9 ± 40.4 a 75.4 ± 40.6 a δ-elemene Sesquiterpene 1.8 ± 0.4 b 4.4 ± 1.3 a 0.0 ± 0.0 b 5.0 ± 1.6 a β-elemene Sesquiterpene 0.0 ± 0.0 c 2.8 ± 1.2 b 3.1 ± 0.9 b 8.3 ± 1.0 a Caryophyllene Sesquiterpene 1.2 ± 0.3 c 34.5 ± 19.6 a 26.2 ± 7.2 a 24.6 ± 6.7 a Humulene Sesquiterpene 0.0 ± 0.0 c 10.2 ± 3.8 a 3.8 ± 1.4 b 8.2 ± 1.3 a

16 Doru lineare Doru luteipes Doru taeniatum Family: Forficulidae Forficula auricularia 490 known species Size: 12 mm Life cycle: 200 days Preys - lepidopteran eggs/caterpillars and aphids Doru luteipes - Spodoptera frugiperda; Diatrea saccharalis; Helicovera zea

17 (Naranjo-Guevara et al., 2017)

18 1-3h 6-8h (Naranjo-Guevara et al., 2017)

19 (Naranjo-Guevara et al., 2017)

20 GC-EAG Eletroantenography- Puff Sample Gc detector Dual-trace readout Gas spliter antenna Saline-filed eletrode Humidified air

21 Benzaldehyde; Caryophyllene; Dimethyl disulfide; 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6- octatriene; Trans-2-hexen-1-al; (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol; (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate; Indole; Isopropanol Squalene Orius tristicolor MeSa Stethorus punctum picipes Limonene; Methyl eugenol; Methyl salicylate; Nonanal; Octanal; Octyl aldehyde; Phenylacetaldehyde; 2 Phenylethanol; a-terpineol; MeSa Increased the predation rates of Manduca sexta by Podisus maculiventris (Kelly et al., 2014) Caryophyllene increases the oviposition of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Kunkel and Cottrell 2007) Limonene Increases the oviposition of Harmonia axyridis (Alhmed et al., 2010) 7 57 Kaplan et al., 2012

22 GREENHOUSE VS OPEN FIELD Dispersal of augmented natural enemies beyond the targeted area Only 15% of experimental field studies effectively reduced pest abundance to target densities, whereas 64% failed. ( Kelly et al., 2014)

23 Synthetic HIPVs Genetic manipulation Exogenous application of elicitors Push Pull system Habitat manipulation

24 Infochemical cues for the location of prey Innate Associatively learned Lins et al., (2014)

25 o o Alternative diet Artificial diet Ephestia kuehniella - eggs Solution: Associative learning High reliability Low detectability Low reliability High detectability Pre-release training: CONDITIONING

26 HIPVs play an important role on predators performance Researchers should give more attention on insect plant predator relationships Field studies are urgently needed Volatiles increase predation rates in the field

27 Support: