Modeling and control of indirect powers of a doubly fed induction generator

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1 Jounal of Hyocabon Mine and Envionmental Reeach olume 2, ue 1, June 2011, Modeling and contol of indiect powe of a doubly fed induction geneato Naïma Mekkaoui, Saïd Did * and Mohamed-Saïd Naït-Saïd L.S.P..E Laboatoy, Electical Engineeing Depatment, Univeity of Batna, Rue M.E.H Boukhlof, Batna, Algeia Received: 06 July 2011 Accepted afte eviion: 23 Augut 2011 Publihed online: 24 Augut 2011 Abtact: Thi pape deal with a teady tate analyi and powe contol intended fo doubly fed induction geneato (DFG). n the aim to deteminate the active and eactive powe capability of the DFG with table opeation, a teady tate analyi i peented. The powe contol i caied out by the tato flux oientation and by ceating a decoupling between active and eactive tato powe. Thi decoupling powe contol let keeping the powe facto cloe to unity. The imulation eult attet favoably thi theoetical development. Keywo: Double-fed induction geneato, decoupling contol, vaiable peed, powe contol, teady tate, powe facto. Modéliation et Contôle ndiecte de Puiance d'une Généatice à nduction Double Alimentée Réumé : Cet aticle taite l analye en égime pemanent et la commande de puiance detinée au généateu à induction double alimenté. Dan le but de détemine la capacité généatice à induction double alimentée en puiance active et éactive avec un fonctionnement table, une analye en égime pemanent et péentée. La commande de puiance et éaliée pa l'oientation du flux tatoique et en céant un découplage ente le puiance active et éactive tatoique. Ce découplage pemet d avoi un facteu de puiance unitaie. Le éultat de la imulation attetent favoablement ce développement théoique. Mot clé: Généatice aynchone double alimentée, commande découplée. itee vaiable, commande de puiance, égime pemanent, facteu de puiance. Nomenclatue i, Stato and oto cuent (Ampee) φ, Stato and oto Fluxe (Webe) Lc Cyclic tato nductance (Heny) Lc Cyclic oto nductance (Heny) Cyclic mutual nductance (Heny) R, Stato and Roto eitance (Ω), Stato and oto voltage (olt) P, Stato and oto active powe (Watt) Q, Stato and oto eactive powe (AR: oltampeereactive) σ leakage flux total coefficient 2 M c * Coeponding autho: _id@yahoo.f (S. Did) σ 1 L cl c (dimenionle) δ Load angle (degee) g lip (dimenionle) co ϕ ; coϕ tato and oto powe facto (dimenionle) 1. ntoduction Wind geneation ten to play an impotant ole in the total geneation mix of the futue powe ytem due the need to deceae CO 2 emiion eulting fom electicity poduction. Thi i due to the exitence of no exploited wind eouce and to the fact that it i a clean and envionmental fiendly enegy ouce with a educed cot of intallation and maintenance (Pneumatico, 2002; El Aimani et al., 2003). The wind tubine baed on the double fed induction geneato (DFG) i an attactive olution fo the wind powe geneation. Becaue, whee the oto i fed by a vaiable ac voltage ouce which can be contolled in fequencie accoding to vaiable peed of the oto haft due to the vaiation of peed wind. Then the electic powe at contant fequency i imply povided fom the tato of the DFG. Thee machine ae a bit moe complex than the quiel cage induction machine. n pite of the peence of ubbing contact (ing buhe), A main advantage of the doubly fed induction machine i the acceibility of it both amatue fom which the powe flow contol can be eaily occued between machine and gid. With the SSN:

2 48 Mekkaoui et al. advent of vecto contol theoy, the eeach intended at contolling the tanfe of powe and the egulation of cuent, epecially in machine opeating geneato (Datta and Ranganathan, 2002). The objective of thi wok i the modeling, imulation and decoupled contol of active and eactive powe fo a DFG. The modeling will allow to (i) detemine theoetical opeating chaacteitic of the DFG and (ii) tudy the influence of the paamete on the opeation of the DFG. The main paamete ae the lip g (atio elative to the ynchonou peed), the magnitude of the oto voltage and the load angle δ (angle between tato and oto voltage vecto). Thi decoupling powe contol keeping the powe facto cloe to unity. 2. DFG Model DFG Steady State Model n the ynchonou efeence fame (d, q), the model of the DFG i given by the following ytem of equation: R i ( jω ) L c i ( jω ) i ( jgω ) L i ( jgω ) M i (1) R i c c The lip i defined a follow: ω g (2) ω whee ω and ω ae the tato and oto voltage pulation. Thi model decibe the opeation of the machine at tanient tate in teady tate mode. n teady tate, the tem involving the deivative of complex numbe aociated with the tato and oto cuent diappea (Laplace opeato: 0) fom the ytem of equation (1), o we can wite (Pneumatico, 2002): e j0 R i jωl c i jω i e jδ R i jgωl c i jgω i whee δ angle (load angle) i defined a the angle between tato and oto voltage vecto, and ae the magnitude value of tato and oto voltage. The tato and oto powe of the DFG ae detemined a follow: P Q P Q Steady tate chaacteitic (3) (4) The teady tate chaacteitic of the DFG ae obtained uing Eq. (3) and (4). Fig. 1, 2 and 3 peent the tato powe facto, tato powe and oto powe v. load angle δ fo lip g[ ] and 15, epectively. We obeve that fo a lip g 0.1, we can each the tato powe Fig. 1. The powe facto veu load angle (δ), with 15 and vaiable g. aiation de facteu de puiance en fonction de l'angle de chage (δ), avec 15 et (g) vaiable. Fig. 2. Stato powe veu load angle ( δ), with 22 and vaiable (g). aiation de puiance tatoique en fonction de l'angle de chage (δ), avec g vaiable et 22. Fig. 3. Roto powe veu load angle (δ), with 22 and vaiable (g). aiation de puiance otoique en fonction de l'angle de chage (δ), avec g vaiable et 22. facto equal 1, we thu can contolled the eactive powe in the gid. When the powe ae poitive it mean that they tanit fom gid to DFG and conveely. J. hyocab. mine envion. e., SSN: , olume 2, ue 1, June 2011, 47-51

3 Mekkaoui et al. 49 Fig. 4. The powe facto veu load angle (δ), with g-0.1 fo diffeent. aiation de facteu de puiance en fonction de l'angle de chage (δ), avec g 0.1 pou difféent. Fig. 4 how the tato powe facto v. load angle fo lip [15 40] and g0.1. We can obeve that the oto voltage i an impotant paamete. The DFG offe the poibility to opeate with tato powe facto equal 1 in a lage ange of load angle vaiation (δ [- 125, -80 ]). Fig. 6. The eactive powe veu lip (g), with 22 fo diffeent load angle (δ). aiation de la puiance éactive en fonction de (g), avec 22 pou difféent angle de chage (δ). chaacteitic. n ou cae, the vecto contol with tato flux oientation i ued to contol powe flow between DFG and the gid. The containt of the tato flux oientation ae φdφ and φq0, which conide the aumption of the contant tato flux (Debipaad et al., 2001). Thi conit in oienting the tato flux vecto on the d-axi a indicated in Fig. 7. Fig. 5. aiation of the global powe facto v. lip g, with 22 fo diffeent load angle (δ). aiation du facteu de puiance en fonction de (g), avec 22 pou difféent angle de chage (δ). t may be noted that with no-load opeation (active powe equal zeo), the DFG play the ole of a eactive powe compenato, which i illutated by the eactive powe vaiation a illutated in Fig. 5 and 6. Note that The DFG can opeate in both mode (ub-ynchonou and upe-ynchonou ). n ode to guaantee an optimum opeation of the DFG with a unity powe facto, it will be neceay to ue a vecto contol tategy fo allowing the decoupling between active and eactive tato powe. 3. The DFG vecto Contol The vecto contol technique i baed on a contol law leading to a imila DC machine egulation Fig. 7. ectoial diagam of tato flux oientation. Diagamme vectoiel de l oientation du flux tatoique. Whee θ i an abolute poition of the oto and θ i the tato flux poition. The expeion of the tato cuent can be given a: φ i i L c L c (5) i i L c n the cae of a medium powe machine ued in wind enegy conveion ytem, the tato eitance R i neglected (Bhowmik et al., 1999; Poitie, 2003). Taking into account of the flux oientation, the tato voltage can be witing a follow: dφ 0 (6) ω φ The expeion of active and eactive powe of the tato become a: J. hyocab. mine envion. e., SSN: , olume 2, ue 1, June 2011, 47-51

4 50 Mekkaoui et al. P i L c Q i L c 2 L c ω (7) The tato active powe poduced by the machine i contolled by the i component and the eactive powe by the i component. The expeion of oto voltage ae given a follow: di Ri Lcσ gωlcσi di Ri Lcσ gωlcσ i g Lc (8) Stating fom the ytem of E. (7) and (8), we can etablih the elationhip between tato powe and oto voltage. Thi elationhip can be ummaized by the block diagam (Fig. 8). Fig. 9. Diagam of the DFG indiect contol with powe and cuent cloe loop. Schéma de la commande indiecte de la DFG avec le boucle femée de puiance et de couant. Fig. 10. The efeence peed. itee de efeence. Fig. 8. Block diagam of DFG with the containt of flux and voltage oiented. Schéma de la DFG ou le containte du flux et de la tenion oienté. t can be obeved that Lc. ( gω σi ) and ( gω Lcσi g ), in Eq. (8) Lc ae the coupling tem. They epeent the coupling between d en q axe and they need to be compenated to obtain a decoupled contol. Fo thi pupoe, an indiect method of cloed loop contol i popoed: the coupling tem occu at the output of the oto cuent egulato with a etun of the ytem. t theefoe ditinguihe a contol loop by cacading powe and oto cuent fo each axi, ince it allow contolling epaately the cuent id and iq and Q and P cloed loop powe (o P-LC). The implified block diagam of the block contol togethe decoupling machine (Yamamoto and Motoyohi, 1991; Bhowmik et al., 1999; Poitie, 2003), i illutated on Fig. 9. Fig. 11. The tato active powe efeence. Puiance active tatoique de efeence. 4. Reult of imulation and dicuion The machine data ae given in the Appendix. n ode to validate ou appoach, imulation tet wee caied out uing the popoed contol cheme a illutated on Fig. 9. The teting condition wee a follow: Fig. 10 epeent the impoed vaiable peed on the geneato haft. The peed changed fom 157d/ to 170 d/ in 5. Fig. 11 illutate the efeence pofile of the tato active powe. t vaied between 0W to -3500W at ame time and peed. The eactive powe i fixed at 0AR. J. hyocab. mine envion. e., SSN: , olume 2, ue 1, June 2011, 47-51

5 Mekkaoui et al. 51 Fig. 12 and 13 how, the active and eactive powe epone v. time accoding to the pofile decibed above, epectively. 0 t 1: the peed tep i fixed at 157 d / and P ef 0W 1 t 2 : Ω eff 160 d / and P ef 1000W 2 t 3 : Ω i fixed at 165 d/, and P ef 2000W eff 3 t 5 : Ω eff i fixed at 170 d/, and P ef 3500W Compaed with othe tategie like Diect Powe Contol (DPC), the indiect powe contol i imple and eaie contol method. Concluion n thi wok, we peented the modeling and numeical imulation of the DFG in the teady tate. Thu, the detemination of many opeating chaacteitic of the DFG ha allowed u to highlight the complexity of the behavio of the machine, due to the inteaction between the diffeent paamete that goven it opeation. So that, the opeation point of the DFG will be optimal in achieving a unitay powe facto at the tato. The indiect vecto contol with flux oientation tategy i adopted becaue it peent good dynamic pefomance. Fig. 12. The tato active powe epone. Répone de la puiance active tatoique. Fig. 13. The tato eactive powe epone. Répone de la puiance éactive tatoique. We obeve that with the vecto contol, the active and eactive powe tack thei deied efeence epectively without any ecoded effect due to peed and the paamete vaiation. The eult obtained demontate that the popoed DFG ytem contol which opeate at the vaiable peed may be conideed a an inteeting olution in enewable enegy aea. Refeence El-Aimani, S.,. Fançoi, B., Robyn, B., Minne, F., Modeling and imulation of doubly fed induction geneato fo vaiable peed wind tubine integated in a ditibution netwok. The 10th Euopean Confeence on Powe Electonic and Application EPE, Touloue, Fance, Datta, R., Ranganathan,.T., 2002.aiable-Speed Wind Powe Geneation Uing Doubly Fed Wound Roto nduction Machine-A Compaion with Altenative Scheme. EEE Tanaction On Enegy Conveion, 17(3), Debipaad, P., Benedict, E.L., enkataamanan, G., Lipo, T.A., A Novel Contol Stategy fo the Roto Side Contol of a Doubly-Fed nduction Machine. Poceeding of Thity-Sixth AS Annual Meeting Confeence EEE, 3(30), Pneumatico, S., Le énegie enouvelable au Canada. Repot of intenational Agency of Enegy (.A.E). Rappot n M92-264/2002, SBN , Ottawa, Canada, 64p. Poitie, F., Etude d'un ytème éolien baé u une machine aynchone à double alimentation, JCGE'03 La ixième conféence de jeune checheu en Génie Electique, Saint-Nazaie, Fance, Bhowmik, S., Spée, R., Enlin, J.H.R., Pefomance Optimization fo Doubly Fed Wind Powe Geneation Sytem". EEE Tanaction on nduty Application, 35(4), Yamamoto, M., Motoyohi, O., Active and Reactive Powe Contol fo Doubly Fed Wound Roto nduction Geneato. EEE Tanaction on Powe Electonic, 6(4), Appendix The machine paamete ae: R 1.2 Ω, R 1.8 Ω, Lc H, Lc , 0.15 H, numbe of pai of pole P2 Mekkaoui et al., Licenee J. hyocab. mine envion. e., All ight eeved. Thi i an open acce aticle licened unde the tem of the Ceative Common Attibution Non-Commecial Licene ( which pemit uneticted, non-commecial ue, ditibution and epoduction in any medium, povided the wok i popely cited. Pièce 128/1, Géocience-Renne, CNRS UMR6118, Univeité de Renne 1, Bat.15, Campu de Beaulieu, Renne cedex, Fance Tél/Fax: 33 (0) /6097, jhme@univ-enne1.f, Web: J. hyocab. mine envion. e., SSN: , olume 2, ue 1, June 2011, 47-51