Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft

Transcription

1 Benjamin Gal-Or Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft With 190 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong

2 Professor Benjamin Gal-Or Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautical Engineering Haifa Israel Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gal-Or, Benjamin. Vectored propulsion, supermaneuverability, and robot aircraft / by Benjamin Gal-Or. P. em. I. Airplanes - Jet propulsion. 2. Drone aircraft. 3. Jet planes, Military. 4. stealth aircraft. I. Title. TL685.3.G I 34'353-dc by Benjamin Gal-Or All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the copyright holder, except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset, Printed, and Bound by Keterpress, Jerusalem, Israel ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13:

3 Dedicated to my family; Leah, Amir and Gillad, who, by their respective professions, and by their encouragement, have given me invaluable help in preparing this volume, and to the members of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Team, Azar, B.; Cohen, Z.; Dekel, E.; Friedman, E.; Golijow, E.; Mashiach, E.; Rasputnis, A.; Soreq, I.; Turgemann M.; and Vorobeichik, S., to whom I am greatly indebted.

4 Mistakes!, Who may pretend to comprehend them? And for the unknown ones, please forgive me." Based on Psalms 19:12 "Our whole problem is to make the mistakes as fast as possible... " John Archibald Wheeler "All our knowledge grows only through the correcting of our mistakes." The Philosopher of Science Sir Karl R. Popper (Conjectures and Refutations; The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, K.R. Popper, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1972).

5 Foreword With the advent of digital flight control and digital engine control technologies, airframe and propulsion systems designers can now consider a much higher degree of coupling between the aircraft and its engine than ever before to achieve revolutionary new capabilities for high performance aircraft. Professor Gal-Or's landmark book is, in my opinion, the most complete and definitive treatment to date of the complex aerodynamic and control integration associated with vectored-thrust propulsion, aircraft agility enhanced by multi-axis thrust vectoring and reaction control systems, and provides valuable insight into applications for piloted and robotic aircraft. Although the military utility of enhanced agility using vectored propulsion is not fully understood, it is clear that a better experimental and analytical technology base is necessary to evaluate the concepts in realistic air combat scenarios. Professor Gal-Or's book is a valuable reference in this regard, although the reader should be cautioned that a text on such a rapidly-developing field may need to be updated as new information becomes available. Professor Gal~Or addresses the key questions in the Introduction, which are the subject of active research and development programs in all major aerospace establishments. The above comments should not be interpreted as an endorsement ofthis book, or its contents, by the United States Air Force. Dr. G. KEITH RICHEY Technical Director of the Wright Research and Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS G. Keith Richey: Foreword... 5 Preface... 9 Acknowledgements Glossary and Notation Introduction The main problems of thrust-vectored maneuverability Vectored Aircraft: Breaking the "Stall Barrier" The New Standard Technology Civil Applications Soviet and Western Concepts Research tools Cold propulsion The Fundamental Definitions of Pure Vectored Aircraft (PVA) Pure Sideslip Maneuvers (PSM) Combat Applications Partially-Vectored Aircraft Agility, Supermaneuverability and Supercontrollability Load factors "Energy" Vs. "Angles" Fights Time Lags The Overall Combat Picture Minimum Time Turns Low Observability Stealth RPVs The Time Gaps New Educational Shifts Concluding Remarks 53 Lecture I: Fundamental Concepts Revisited and Redefined New Missions and Modified Design Trends Early Conceptual Design Limitations Internal Thrust Vectoring Engine Nozzle Redefined Performance Comparisons Subsonic Yaw-Pitch-Roll Thrust Vectoring... 71

7 vii Lecture II: Vectored Aircraft and Supermaneuverability 78 Yaw-Pitch Vectoring and Supercirculation Pure J etborne Flight Control STOL or V/STOL Vectored Aircraft Dimensionless Numbers for Pure Vectored Aircraft Emergency Landing Air-to-Air Operations Air-to-Ground Operations Propulsion and Supermaneuverability Maneuver Analysis Controllability Limits High-Alpha Flight Envelopes The Non-Availability of a "Vectored Inlet" Lecture III: The Matrix of Unknown Variables of Vectored Aircraft 105 Reservations and Precautions Technology Limits Cooling Limits Nozzle Aspect Ratio Limits Aerodynamic Effects Nozzle Coefficients Revisited Thrust Vectoring Range Induced drag and Supercirculaton Lecture IV: Vectored Aircraft as R&D Tools, or as Super-Agile Robotic Flying Systems 133 Cruise Missiles, RPV s, etc Expanded Missions Vs. R&D tools Cost-Effectiveness of Flying Vectored RPV s Synergetic Studies Master Plan and New Programs Scaling Consideratons Lecture V: Partially Vectored Aircraft Canard-Configured Vectored Aircraft Upgrading extant Aircraft to Become Vectored Fighters - The Vectored F-15 Fighter

8 Upgrading F-18 and F-16 Fighters The Search for Design Philosophy in the Post-A TF Era Lecture VI: The Pros and Cons of Internal Thrust Vectoring Is ETV Effective in the RaNPAS-PST Domain? The Propulsion System of the Vectored X-31, X-29, etc Stability and Flight Control Power-Lift Aircraft Appendix A: A Brief Historical Survey Appendix B: Powerplant Technology Limits Beyond the Year 2000/RCC/STOVL Current-Technology Limits and Trends Whole-System Engineering Approach European Fighter Engines New Fighter Engines: The ATF and Other New Engines The MiG-29 and Su-27 Propulsion Systems Variable Cycle, Turbine Bypass, and Supersonic-Fan Engines Appendix C: Nozzle Performance (Data-Base-l] Appendix D Nozzle Synergetic Effects (Data-Base-2] Appendix E: Temperature Distribution Test Facility Appendix F: Limiting Engine-Inlet Envelopes and IFPC PST Inlet Design IFPC Transient Definitions 244 Appendix G: On Some Other Vectored/Stealth Aircraft Consideratons Appendix H: Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations References Index viii