UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS

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1 UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS

2

3 UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS Student Guide David Cassidy Gerald Holton James Rutherford 123

4 David Cassidy Gerald Holton Professor of Natural Science Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and History Natural Science Program of Science, Emeritus Hofstra University 358 Jefferson Physical Laboratory Hempstead, NY Harvard University USA Cambridge, MA USA James Rutherford Education Advisor American Association for Advancement of Science Washington, DC USA Series Editors John P. Ertel Robert C. Hilborn Cindy Schwarz Department of Physics Department of Physics Department of Physics and United States Naval Academy Amherst College Astronomy 572 Holloway Road Amherst, MA Vassar College Annapolis, MD USA Poughkeepsie, NY USA USA David Peak Thomas Rossing Department of Physics Department of Physics Utah State University Northern Illinois University Logan, UT De Kalb, IL USA USA Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN X Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America SPIN Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg A member of BertelsmannSpringer Science Business Media GmbH

5 Acknowledgments The following laboratory activities were adapted in whole or in part from the indicated sources: Our Place in Space : Part A of this exploration is adapted from the activity Scale Model of the Solar System in Project Physics Handbook, p. 88. How Do We Know That Atoms Really Exist? The Brownianscope : Based on instructions suggested by Frey Scientific, Beckley Cardy Group, Mansfield, OH. Radioactivity and Nuclear Half-Life : This investigation follows the suggestions provided by Frey Scientific, Beckley Candy Group, Mansfield, OH. Investigating Measurements and Uncertainty : This exploration is adapted from Project Physics Handbook, Experiments 1-3 and 1-4, and from L.C. McDermott et al., Physics by Inquiry, Vol. 1, Uncertainty, pp Exploring the Heavens : Parts B and D of this exploration are adapted from Project Physics Handbook, Experiment 1-1, pp Part E of this exploration is adapted from L.C. McDermott et al., Physics by Inquiry, Vol. 2, p Exploring Forces : This exploration is adapted from Project Physics Handbook, Experiment 1-8, pp Finding the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat : This exploration is adapted from the activity Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, in Project Physics Handbook, p Exploring Heat Transfer and the Latent Heat of Fusion : This exploration is adapted from Project Physics Handbook, Experiment 3-11, pp Spacetime: A Computer Excursion into Relativity Theory : This exploration follows suggestions accompanying the program, Spacetime by Professor Edwin F. Taylor, Physics Academic Software, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD. Exploring Electric Charges, Magnetic Poles, and Gravitation : The electrostatic portion of this exploration is adapted from Project Physics Handbook, Experiment 4-3, pp It was further inspired by the suggestions in A.B. Arons, A Guide to Introductory Physics Teaching (New York: Wiley, 1990), Chapter 6. Investigating Electric Currents I : Parts A and B of this exploration were inspired by L.C. McDermott et al., Physics by Inquiry, Vol. 2, pp v

6 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Investigating Waves : This exploration is adapted from Project Physics Handbook, Experiments 3-15 and 3-16, pp Avogadro s Number and the Size and Mass of a Molecule : This exploration is adapted from S.E. Kennedy et al., Ideas, Investigation, and Thought: A General Chemistry Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., R.S. Wagner et al. (Garden City Park, NY: Avery, 1996), pp

7 Contents Acknowledgments v Explorations ix Laboratory Work for Each Part of the Course xi Introduction 1 A Word to Future and Current Teachers 5 Reviewing Units, Mathematics, and Scientific Notation 7 Geometry Review 12 Review of Basic Trigonometry 14 Reviewing Graphs 16 Further Reading and Web Sites 21 Some Further Chapter Materials 25 Part One 25 Part Two 59 Laboratory Explorations 73 Suggested Mini-Laboratory Explorations 75 Suggested Major Laboratory Explorations 89 vii

8 Explorations SUGGESTED MINI-LABORATORY EXPLORATIONS 1 Our Place in Space (Sections P.2, 14.4) 75 2 Reviewing Graphs (Chapter 1 and Major Laboratories) 77 3 Falling Objects (Section 1.9) 80 4 Kepler s Third Law (Section 2.10) 80 5 Relative Motion (Chapter 2, Sections 3.9, 9.3) 81 6 Galileo and Inertia (Sections 3.1, 3.8, 3.9, 5.9, 5.10) 82 7 Finding the Centripetal Acceleration Vector (Sections 3.3, 3.12) 83 8 Three States of Matter (Chapter 7, Section 16.2, Major Laboratory Heat Transfer and Latent Heat of Fusion ) 85 9 How Do We Know That Atoms Really Exist? The Brownianscope (Section 7.8, Chapter 13) Light and Color (Chapter 8, Part 2; Section 14.1) Spectroscopy (Chapter 14) Radioactivity and Nuclear Half-Life (Chapter 17) 88 SUGGESTED MAJOR LABORATORY EXPLORATIONS 1 Investigating Measurements and Uncertainty 89 2 Exploring Motion (Chapter 1) 94 3 Exploring the Heavens (Chapter 2) Skyglobe: A Computer Planetarium (Chapter 2) Exploring Forces (Section 3.4) Exploring Force, Work, Energy, and Power (Chapters 3, 5, Section 6.3) Finding the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (Section 6.1) Exploring Heat Transfer and the Latent Heat of Fusion (Chapter 7, Section 16.2) 128 ix

9 x EXPLORATIONS 9 Investigating Waves (Chapter 8, Part 1) Spacetime: A Computer Excursion into Relativity Theory (Chapter 9) Exploring Electric Charges, Magnetic Poles, and Gravitation (Chapter 10) Investigating Electric Currents I (Chapters 10, 16) Investigating Electric Currents II (Chapter 10) Avogadro s Number and the Size and Mass of a Molecule (Chapters 7, 13) 161

10 Laboratory Work for Each Part of the Course Part One (Chapters 1 9) SUGGESTED MINI-LABORATORY EXPLORATIONS 1 Our Place in Space (Sections P.2, 14.4) 75 2 Reviewing Graphs (Chapter 1 and Major Laboratories) 77 3 Falling Objects (Section 1.9) 80 4 Kepler s Third Law (Section 2.10) 80 5 Relative Motion (Chapter 2, Sections 3.9, 9.3) 81 6 Galileo and Inertia (Sections 3.1, 3.8, 3.9, 5.9, 5.10) 82 7 Finding the Centripetal Acceleration Vector (Sections 3.3, 3.12) 83 8 Three States of Matter (Chapter 7, Section 16.2, Major Laboratory Heat Transfer and Latent Heat of Fusion ) 85 9 How Do We Know That Atoms Really Exist? The Brownianscope (Section 7.8, Chapter 13) Light and Color (Chapter 8, Part 2; Chapter 14.1) 86 SUGGESTED MAJOR LABORATORY EXPLORATIONS 1 Investigating Measurements and Uncertainty 89 2 Exploring Motion (Chapter 2) 94 3 Exploring the Heavens (Chapter 2) Skyglobe: A Computer Planetarium (Chapter 2) Exploring Forces (Section 3.4) Exploring Force, Work, Energy, and Power (Chapters 3, 5, Section 6.3) Finding the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (Section 6.1) 123 xi

11 xii LABORATORY WORK FOR EACH PART OF THE COURSE 8 Exploring Heat Transfer and the Latent Heat of Fusion (Chapter 7, Section 16.2) Investigating Waves (Chapter 8, Part 1) Spacetime: A Computer Excursion into Relativity Theory (Chapter 9) 139 Part Two (Chapters 10 18) SUGGESTED MINI-LABORATORY EXPLORATIONS 1 Our Place in Space (Sections P.2, 14.4) 75 2 Reviewing Graphs (Chapter 1 and Major Laboratories) 77 8 Three States of Matter (Chapter 7, Section 16.2, Major Laboratory Heat Transfer and Latent Heat of Fusion ) 85 9 How Do We Know That Atoms Really Exist? The Brownianscope (Section 7.8, Chapter 13) Light and Color (Chapter 8, Part 2, Section 14.1) Spectroscopy (Chapter 14) Radioactivity and Nuclear Half-Life (Chapter 17) 88 SUGGESTED MAJOR LABORATORY EXPLORATIONS 1 Investigating Measurements and Uncertainty 89 8 Exploring Heat Transfer and the Latent Heat of Fusion (Chapter 7, Section 16.2) Exploring Electric Charges, Magnetic Poles, and Gravitation (Chapter 10) Investigating Electric Currents I (Chapters 10, 16) Investigating Electric Currents II (Chapter 10) Avogadro s Number and the Size and Mass of a Molecule (Chapters 7, 13) 161 In addition, one or more mini-laboratories might be joined together or expanded upon for use as a major laboratory on the later material.

Springer UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS. Series Editors John P. Ertel Robert C. Hilborn David Peak Thomas Rossing Cindy Schwarz

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