Quantum dot display technology and market outlook

Transcription

1 IHS Emerging Display Technologies Report Quantum dot display technology and market outlook November 2013 ihs.com Michelle Park, Research Analyst, , EDDB-TA-A

2 Contents. I Overview 5 1. Research background 6 2. Research methodology 9 II. Quantum dot properties and display application technology Quantum dot properties Applications of quantum dots Other applications of quantum dots Bio applications Solar cell applications Photodetector applications Lighting applications Transistor applications Development and issues of quantum dot phosphor-based LED Outlook for of quantum dot phosphor-based LED technology 36 IV. Application technology of quantum dot phosphors for LCD BLU Technology overview LCD BLU technology Quantum dot applications in LCD BLU Structure and characteristics of quantum dot phosphors for LCD BLU On-edge type quantum dot component On-surface type quantum dot component (film) Development status and issues of quantum dot phosphors for LCD BLU Outlook for quantum dot phosphor technology for LCD BLU 47 III. Quantum dot phosphor-based LED application technology Technology overview LED technology Quantum dot phosphor-based LED applications Characteristics and fabrication of quantum dot phosphorbased LED Quantum dot phosphor-based LED structure Application technology of quantum dot phosphor-based LED 30 V. Quantum dot LED technology Overview of thin film-based LED technology OLED technology QLED technology (vs. OLED) Properties and manufacturing methods of QLED Driving principle and device structure of QLED QLED manufacturing process QLED development status and issues 60 Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

3 Contents QLED technology outlook VI Manufacturing methods of quantum dots Quantum dot structure and composition Physical characteristics of quantum dots Quantum dot synthesis methods Cd-free quantum dots 75. VII Development trend by quantum dot maker Development trend by quantum dot materials provider Nanosys QD Vision Nanoco Technologies Ocean NanoTech Nanosquare QD Solution Evident Technologies NN-Labs Quantum Materials Corporation Life Technologies NanoAxis Bayer Material Science Development trend of quantum dot phosphor application by company LG Innotek (+ Nanosys) QD Vision Nexxus Lighting (Currently, Revolution Lighting Technologies, Inc.) M (+ Nanosys) Sony Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology LG Display Philips Hangzhou Najing Technology Development trend of QLED application technology by company Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology QD Vision NanoPhotonica 101 VIII. Quantum dot display market forecast Overall demand forecast Unit Sales Weight Average selling price Market share By application 108 Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

4 Contents 2.1. Unit Sales Weight By type Unit Sales Weight TV Demand by size Demand by type Monitor Demand by size Demand by type Notebook Demand by size Demand by type Tablet Demand by size Demand by type Smartphone Demand by type 133 Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

5 I. Overview Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology ihs.com

6 II. Quantum dot properties and display application technology Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

7 1. Quantum dot properties Nanotechnology enabled the manufacturing and inspection of a three-dimensional bulk semiconductor at the nanoscale. In particular, if a three-dimensional bulk material in a certain direction is confined in very small, two spatial dimensions, it will form a quantum well structure like nanosheet. Further, when the three-dimensional bulk material is confined in one tiny spatial dimension toward another direction, it will have a quantum wire structure like nanowire. In addition, when the semiconductor material is confined close to a zero spatial dimension toward the other direction, it is called a quantum dot. In other words, quantum dot is a semiconductor in nanometers with a crystal structure composed of more than two elements. If a semiconductor material becomes diminutive and confined in more than one direction (generally, less than the exciton Bohr radius), it shows unique physical, chemical, electrical and optical properties including discontinuous changes in energy distribution as shown below, which are different from the conventional bulk semiconductors. Energy distribution and quantization depending on dimension of semiconductor materials Source: Professor Jeonghun Kwak, Dong-A University Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

8 III. Quantum dot phosphor-based LED application technology Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

9 When the white LED is used in lighting, it has a lower CRI than the conventional fluorescent lamp and tungsten light bulb and deeper blue color that results in the CCT reading of higher than 6,000 K. When used in a LCD backlight, green and red forms a spectrum with slightly wider full width at high maximum (FWHM) than blue, degrading the color purity and color gamut. Despite low power consumption and small size, the white LED still falls short of expectations Quantum dot phosphor-based LED applications Recently, the color change technology using quantum dots as LED s phosphor has been drawing attention. The existing phosphor has good luminescence efficiency, but has just 100 nm FWHM because of the emission tail that is extended long towards the long wavelength after passing the main peak. It is hard to adjust the phosphor size and manufacture an uniform film using the phosphor. In addition, a large number of phosphors are made of rare-earth elements, of which supply and price are unstable. Because of such disadvantages, there are many difficulties to extract dark color with high purity from phosphor-used LED and minutely adjust the color space. Even though a phosphor is packaged on LED, their uneven size and non-uniform distribution cause the light scattering and degrade transmittance. Transmittance of packaged LED according to phosphor type Source: Jan Ziegler, Silica-Coated InP/ZnS Nanocrystals as Converter Material in White LEDs, Advanced Materials, 20 : Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

10 IV. Application technology of quantum dot phosphors for LCD BLU Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

11 4. Outlook for quantum dot phosphor technology for LCD BLU Using quantum dots for LCD BLUs is regarded as the optimal technology to mass produce quantum dots, grabbing attention from the relevant industry. Applying quantum dots on LCD BLUs has many advantages. R&D has been ongoing actively on the materials and processes for the past three to four years, and the prototypes showcased by some companies have proven that there is no technological problem in commercialization. Even from the market side, quantum dots have been applied on large LCD TVs for mass production since 2013, so it seems that there is enough potential for quantum dot-based BLUs. As the quantum dot technology has continuously advanced, there is room for further improvement and development in quantum dot performance. There are three types of applying quantum dots on BLUs: on-chip, on-edge and on-surface. Each of the type s characteristics are shown in the chart below. Although the three types seem to compete with each other, they each have different pros and cons, so they each can have their own suitable areas for application. Currently, quantum dot technology will most likely be competing with the existing forms of technologies used for BLUs, rather than engage in a competition among the different types within quantum dot technology. Comparison of quantum dot BLU application technologies On-chip On-edge On-surface Size occupancy in BLU Light flux to QD Heat to QD Required QD quantity Best display size Source: Professor Jeonghun Kwak, Dong-A University Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

12 V. Quantum dot LED technology Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

13 The fact that the wavelength domain that QLED can express via synthesis of quantum dots isn t limited to the visible light domain, but can expand to the infrared light domain is also a factor QLED is superior to OLED. Infrared light-emitting diode is mainly used in telecommunications or sensor sectors. But recently, most devices from mobile phones to large-sized ones require for touch sensor embedded displays. Using infrared light can be a way to make touch screen panels. Infrared light-receiving elements can also be made with quantum dots, so integration of displays, infrared light emitting/receiving elements will become feasible by using quantum dots. Comparison of major properties of QLED and OLED Efficiency Emission bandwidth (color saturation) Color tunability Manufacturing process Large area display Transparent & flexible display Cost of emitter Color range Feature QLED OLED Source: Professor Changhee Lee, Seoul National University Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

14 VI. Manufacturing methods of quantum dots Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

15 3. Quantum dot synthesis method Synthesis of colloidal quantum dots has developed in many ways after it was first developed by Louis E. Brus. In particular, studies on colloidal quantum dots kicked into high gear after MIT University s M. G. Bawendi group developed in 1993 a synthesis method that enables obtaining high uniformity and adjusting size of cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals. Synthesis process of quantum dots involves supersaturated precursors going through a nucleation process and with this as a seed, quantum dots grow. At that time, nucleation must occur within a short period of time to generate uniform-sized quantum dots (mono-disperse). If not, size of quantum dots can vary during the growth process (poly-disperse). If the size of quantum dots varies, its typical characteristics weaken, for instance, the peak location of quantum dot s light-emitting spectrum could change or the FWHM could widen. After nucleation stops, size dispersion is controlled by undergoing a size-focusing process, and quantum dots grow on the density of solvent and solute (Ostwald Ripening). By adjusting time for this process, QD size will be determined. Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

16 VII. Development trend by quantum dot maker Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

17 QD Vision. 1.2 QD Vision has been developing quantum dot materials and related technology since its inception in It branched off from MIT, the leading research group in the area of quantum dot synthesis and application. It was founded by the students and professors of MIT, and its Advisory Board owns a lot of related patents and technology. In particular, it can synthesize quantum dots with high luminous efficacy. With its technological competence in ligand manufacturing and process, the company has developed a quantum dot film that lowers the color temperature of LED light, thereby commercializing the quantum dots for the first time in the world. In addition, it also stands out in the electroluminescence-type QLED area, as demonstrated by the technological advances it has made annually, including the active matrix-based QLED display prototype. Indeed, it is a leader in the application of quantum dot display. Spectrum and color gamut before and after application of QD Vision s Color IQ TM Source: Information Display Website (SID) Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

18 VIII. Quantum dot display market forecast Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

19 1. Overall demand forecast 1.1. Unit Eight-year demand forecast for QD LCD display (by unit) Source: IHS Demand for LCD display incorporating quantum dots is forecast to reach 7.8 million units in Demand for the QD LCD display is projected to jump to 87.3 million units by 2020, increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 109% between 2013 and Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

20 Average selling price. 1.4 Eight-year ASP forecast for QD used in display ($) ASP forecast for QD used in display by application ($) Source: IHS Source: IHS Average selling price (ASP) of QD employed in LCD display is forecast to decline steadily to $2.21 in 2020 from $7.77 in ASP of QD used in TV is projected to plunge to $7.28 in 2020 from $31.91 in ASP of QD for tablet PC is anticipated to drop to $1.41 in 2020 from $2.53 in Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

21 Market share. 1.5 Forecast for QD display s share by application (by unit) Source: IHS The graph above shows shares of QD-using LCD display with an LED backlight unit in each application market. Shares of QD-using TV, monitor, notebook PC, tablet PC, and smartphone in each application market are forecast to reach 6%, 3%, 4%, 6%, and 2%, respectively in Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

22 2. By application 2.1. Unit Forecast for QD LCD display by application (Kpcs) Source: IHS Beginning 2014, QD technology is anticipated to be applied to monitor and notebook PC, while its application to smartphone will likely start in The number of applications using QD LCD displays is forecast to amount to 87.3 million units by Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

23 3. By type Unit. 3.1 Forecast for QD display by QD type (Kpcs) Forecast for QD display by QD type (%, by unit) Source: IHS Source: IHS Shipments of displays using surface- and edge-type QD started in 2013, and those using chip-type QD will begin in Shipments of tablet PC using surface-type QD amounted to 194,600 units in 2013, and they are forecast to amount to 52.4 million units in Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

24 4. TV Demand by size. 4.1 Forecast for QD TV by size (Kpcs) Source: IHS TVs incorporating with QD LCD display were first shipped in 2013 and they were 40 inches or larger. Shipments of QD technology-applied TVs with smaller screens are forecast to begin in Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

25 Forecast for QD TV by size (Kpcs) Size (inch) Total Source: IHS Table of contents Report Emerging Displays Report - Quantum Dot Display Technology

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