S T A N D A R D. ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving

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1 ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 Method of Determiig ad Expressig Fieess of Feed Materials by Sievig S T A N D A R D ASABE is a professioal ad techical orgaizatio, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advacemet of egieerig applicable to agricultural, food, ad biological systems. ASABE Stadards are cosesus documets developed ad adopted by the America Society of Agricultural ad Biological Egieers to meet stadardizatio eeds withi the scope of the Society; pricipally agricultural field equipmet, farmstead equipmet, structures, soil ad water resource maagemet, turf ad ladscape equipmet, forest egieerig, food ad process egieerig, electric power applicatios, plat ad aimal eviromet, ad waste maagemet. NOTE: ASABE Stadards, Egieerig Practices, ad Data are iformatioal ad advisory oly. Their use by ayoe egaged i idustry or trade is etirely volutary. The ASABE assumes o resposibility for results attributable to the applicatio of ASABE Stadards, Egieerig Practices, ad Data. Coformity does ot esure compliace with applicable ordiaces, laws ad regulatios. Prospective users are resposible for protectig themselves agaist liability for ifrigemet of patets. ASABE Stadards, Egieerig Practices, ad Data iitially approved prior to the society ame chage i July of 2005 are desigated as ASAE, regardless of the revisio approval date. Newly developed Stadards, Egieerig Practices ad Data approved after July of 2005 are desigated as ASABE. Stadards desigated as ANSI are America Natioal Stadards as are all ISO adoptios published by ASABE. Adoptio as a America Natioal Stadard requires verificatio by ANSI that the requiremets for due process, cosesus, ad other criteria for approval have bee met by ASABE. Cosesus is established whe, i the judgmet of the ANSI Board of Stadards Review, substatial agreemet has bee reached by directly ad materially affected iterests. Substatial agreemet meas much more tha a simple majority, but ot ecessarily uaimity. Cosesus requires that all views ad objectios be cosidered, ad that a cocerted effort be made toward their resolutio. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE ad ANSI stadards may be revised or withdraw at ay time. Additioally, procedures of ASABE require that actio be take periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each stadard. Copyright America Society of Agricultural ad Biological Egieers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI , USA ph , fax , hq@asabe.org

2 ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 Revisio approved February 2008 as a America Natioal Stadard Method of Determiig ad Expressig Fieess of Feed Materials by Sievig Proposed iitially by a subcommittee of the America Feed Maufacturers Associatio; approved by the ASAE Electric Power ad Processig Divisio Techical Committee; adopted by ASAE December 1968; recofirmed December 1973, December 1978, December 1983; revised March 1985; revised by the ASAE Food ad Grai Processig ad Storage Committee; approved by the Food ad Process Egieerig Istitute Stadards Committee December 1989; revised editorially November 1990; reaffirmed December 1994, December 1995; revised October 1996; approved as a America Natioal Stadard July 1997; reaffirmed December 2001, February 2003; reaffirmed by ANSI February 2003; Editorially revised March 2003; reaffirmed by ASABE February 2008; revised February 2008; revisio approved by ANSI February Keywords: Feed, Particle size, Sievig 1 Purpose ad scope 1.1 The purpose of this Stadard is to defie a test procedure to determie the fieess of feed igrediets ad to defie a method of expressig the particle size of the material. Surface area ad umber of particles per uit mass ca be calculated from the determied particle size. 1.2 This Stadard should be used to determie the fieess of feed igrediets where the reductio process yields particles which are primarily spherical or cubical the approximate ratio of major to mior axes is approximately 1.0. It is ot adequate to defie the particle size of materials such as steamed ad rolled grais, which are a flaked product, or products such as chopped hay ad fibrous biomass where a substatial fractio cosists of elogated particles. 1.3 This Stadard is compatible with ISO 565, ISO 2395, ISO , ISO , ad ISO Normative refereces The followig stadards cotai provisios which, through refereces i this text, costitute provisios of this Stadard. At the time of publicatio, the editios idicated were valid. All stadards are subject to revisio, ad parties to agreemets based o this Stadard are ecouraged to ivestigate the possibility of applyig the most recet editios of the stadards idicated below. Stadards orgaizatios maitai registers of curretly valid stadards. 2.1 ASTM E11-95 Specificatio for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testig Purposes 2.2 ASTM D Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Aalysis) of Plastic Materials 2.3 ASTM D Test Method for Performig the Sieve Aalysis of Coal ad Desigatig Coal Size 2.4 ASTM D Test Methods for Rubber Chemicals Determiatio of Particle Size of Sulfur by Sievig (Dry) 2.5 ISO 565:1990 Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate ad electroformed sheet Nomial sizes of opeigs 2.6 ISO 2395:1990 Test sieves ad test sievig Vocabulary 2.7 ISO :1988 Test sievig Part 1: Methods usig test sieves of wove wire cloth ad perforated metal plate 2.8 ISO :1990 Test sieves Techical requiremets ad testig Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth 2.9 ISO :1990 Represetatio of results of particle size aalysis Part 1: Graphical represetatio 3 Defiitios The followig is a list of the defiitios for the terms related to this Stadard. Refer to ISO 2395 for more geeral termiology of test sievig. 3.1 aperture size: Dimesio defiig a opeig. 3.2 blidig: Obstructio of the apertures of a sievig medium by particles of material beig sieved. 3.3 charge: A test sample, or part of a test sample, placed o a test sieve or a est of test sieves. 3.4 cumulative oversize distributio curve: A curve obtaied by plottig the total percetages by mass retaied o each of a set of sieves of descedig aperture size agaist the correspodig aperture sizes. 3.5 cumulative udersize distributio curve: A curve obtaied by plottig the total percetages by mass passig through each of a set of sieves of descedig aperture size agaist the correspodig aperture sizes. 3.6 dispersio aget: No-toxic chemicals that help break up agglomerates. 3.7 ed-poit: The poit i time after which further sievig fails to pass a amout sufficiet to chage the result sigificatly. 3.8 frame: A rigid framework that supports the sievig medium ad limits the spread of the material beig sieved. 3.9 log-ormal stadard deviatio: The stadard deviatio of the logarithm of particle diameters i a log-ormal size distributio curve (refer to equatio 2) media size: Particle diameter at 50% probability of a size distributio curve. Equivalet to geometric mea diameter (see equatio 1) est of test sieves: A set of test sieves assembled together with a lid (cover) ad a receiver (pa) oversize: That portio of the charge that has ot passed through the apertures of a stated sieve sample: A represetative part take from a quatity of material sievig: The process of separatig a mixture of particles accordig to their size by meas of oe or more sieves size distributio curve: A graphical represetatio of the results of a size aalysis test sieve: A sieve, iteded for the particle size aalysis of the material to be sieved, that coforms to a test sieve stadard specificatio udersize: That portio of the charge that has passed through the apertures of a stated sieve wove wire cloth: A sievig medium of wires that cross each other to form the apertures. 4 Test equipmet 4.1 A set of wove wire-cloth sieves havig a frame diameter of either 200 mm (ISO 565) or 203 mm (8 i.) (ASTM Stadard E11) are used. With the most commo shakig equipmet, sieves havig a height of 25 mm (1 i.) or half-height sieves are most suitable to avoid the ecessity of resievig the fier fractio. These sieves should cosist of the aperture sizes show i table 1. ASABE STANDARDS 2008 ANSIÕASAE S319.4 FEB2008 1

3 Table 1 Aperture sizes for test sieves ISO supplemetary sizes R40/3 US sieve o. US sieve opeig Tyler desigatio (mm) (mm) (i.) (µm) (µm) Pa 4.2 A sieve shaker, such as a Tyler Ro-Tap 1), Retsch 1), or equivalet uit, is required. 4.3 A balace that ca weigh to a accuracy better tha 0.1% of the charge mass should be used. 4.4 Sieve agitators such as plastic or leather rigs, or small rubber balls may be required to break up agglomerates o fier sieves, usually those smaller tha 300 mm i opeig (ISO ) or US sieve No A dispersio aget 2) ca be used to facilitate sievig of high-fat or other materials proe to agglomeratio. 4.6 Sieve opeigs must be kept free of feed particles so that ormal sievig ca be accomplished. A stiff bristle sieve cleaig brush, or compressed air, is useful for cleaig sieves clogged due to blidig. Sieves must be cleaed periodically to remove oil. Oil ca be removed by washig with water cotaiig a deterget. Sieves must be dried before use. 5 Method of sievig 5.1 A charge of 100 g should be used, although larger or smaller charges may be used if ecessary. Extra care shall be take to recover all material from the sieves whe smaller charges are used. 5.2 Place the charge o oe sieve or the top sieve of the est of test sieves ad shake util the mass of material o ay oe sieve reaches ed-poit. Ed-poit is decided by determiig the mass o each sieve at 1-mi itervals after a iitial sievig time of 10 mi. If the mass o the smallest sieve cotaiig ay material chages by 0.1% or less of the charge mass durig a 1-mi period, the sievig is cosidered complete. For idustrial applicatios, the ed-poit determiatio process ca be omitted, ad the ed-poit is set to be the sievig time of 15 mi. 5.3 For had-sievig, take the test sieve or est of test sieves i oe had, or cradle it i the crook of the arm if too heavy. Iclie the sieve (or the est) at a agle of about 20 with the poit at which the sieve is held i the lower positio, ad tap the sieve (or est) approximately 120 times a miute with the other had. After tappigs, retur the test sieve to a horizotal positio, tur 90 ad give a hard tap by had agaist the sieve frame. From time to time the sieve may also be shake vertically. 1) Registered trade ame. 2) Dispersio agets iclude Cab-O-Sil MS available from the Cabot Corp., Bosto; Ziolex 23A ad Zeofree 80 available from the J. M. Huber Corp., New York; ad Flo-Gard available from the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., St. Louis, calcium carboate, magesium carboate, ad zeolyte. 5.4 Mass of material o all sieves should be determied ad recorded. 5.5 If a dispersig aget is required, it should be added at a level of 0.5% relative to total charge mass, ad its effect o particle size eed ot be cosidered. 5.6 If 20% or more of the material by mass passes the smallest sieve, the fie material should be subjected to a o-sievig particle size aalysis, such as microscopic measuremet or sedimetatio testig, ad such aalysis should be reported separately. 6 Data aalysis 6.1 Particle size data ca be preseted i histograms, desity distributios ad cumulative distributios. The procedures ad omeclature specified i ISO apply to this Stadard. 6.2 Calculatio of particle size, surface area, ad umber of particles by mass calculatios is based o the assumptio that particle sizes of all groud feeds ad feed igrediets are logarithmic-ormally distributed The size of particles ca be reported i terms of geometric mea diameter (or media size) ad geometric stadard deviatio by mass Calculatio formulas, based o the derivatios by Pfost ad Headley (1976) 1 ad Sokhasaj ad Yag (1996), are as follows: W i log d i i1 d gw log (1) W i i1 S log i1 W i log d i log d gw 2 i1 W i 1/2 S l 2.3 S gw 1 2 d gwlog 1 S log (log 1 S log ) 1 ] (3) d i is omial sieve aperture size of the i th sieve, mm d i1 is omial sieve aperture size i ext larger tha i th sieve (just above i a set), mm d gw is geometric mea diameter or media size of particles by mass, mm, or is geometric mea diameter or media size of particles o i th sieve, mm, or is (d i d i1 ) 1/2, which is d i S log is geometric stadard deviatio of log-ormal distributio by mass i te-based logarithm, dimesioless S l is geometric stadard deviatio of log-ormal distributio by mass i atural logarithm, dimesioless S gw is geometric stadard deviatio of particle diameter by mass, mm W i is mass o i th sieve, g is umber of sieves +1 (pa) S log ca, i additio to equatio 2, also be determied by graphical method as: S log log d 84 d 50 log d 50 d 16 (4) S gw 1 2 d 84d 16 (5) (2) 2 ANSIÕASAE S319.4 FEB2008 ASABE STANDARDS 2008

4 d 84 is particle diameter at 84% probability d 50 is particle diameter at 50% probability d 16 is particle diameter at 16% probability Material passig a 53-µm sieve (ISO ) or US sieve No. 270 should be cosidered to have a mea diameter of or mm, respectively, ad di is equal to mm or mm, respectively. The geometric mea diameter (or media size) of particles larger tha the aperture size of 4.75 mm (ISO ) or US sieve No. 4 is determied by usig the 6.70 mm sieve (ISO ) or US sieve No. 3 with a sieve aperture size of 6.73 mm (4.76 &) as the i th 1 sieve The equatio for estimatig the total surface area of particles i a charge is: A st sw t v exp4.5 l 2 l gw (6) A st is estimated total surface area of a charge, cm 2 s is shape factor for calculatig surface area of particles. Cubical, s 6; Spherical, s v is shape factor for calculatig volume of particles. Cubical, v 1; Spherical, v /6 is particle desity of the material, g/cm 3 l is log-ormal geometric stadard deviatio of paret populatio by mass i atural logarithm, use S l as a estimate gw is geometric mea particle diameter of paret populatio by mass, cm, use d gw as a estimate (Note: gw is expressed i cm ad d gw i mm) W t is mass of a charge, g Similarly the umber of particles i a charge is calculated as: N t W t v exp4.5 l 2 3 l gw (7) N t is the umber of particles i a charge Table 1 shows a typical data sheet used for tabulatio of sievig data ad calculatio of log-ormal particle size distributio parameters by mass where sieves of 203-mm frame diameter (ASTM Stadard E11) are used Sample calculatios. Usig equatios 1 1 through 3, the followig ca be obtaied: d gw log W i log d i log W i mm (8) 96.3 S log W i log d i log d gw / (9) Wi 1/2 S gw 1 2 d gwlog 1 S log log 1 S log mm (10) The geometric mea diameter (or media size) (d gw ) ad log-ormal geometric stadard deviatio (S log ) may also be obtaied graphically by plottig the summed percetages i table 2 (P i, %<) o logarithmic probability paper i relatio to particle diameter (figure 1). From figure 1, d gw d mm (11) S log log d 84 d 50 log 0.59log 1.3 d 50 d 16 log (12) Note: S l S log Table 2 Typical data sheet used for tabulatio of sievig data ad calculatio of log-ormal particle size distributio parameters by mass 2) ISO Size R40/3 (mm) US Sieve No. US Sieve Size (d i ) (mm) Test No: ASAE-11 Date: 5-16 Material: Groud cor Wi (g) P i * 1) (%) P i (%<) log d i W i log d i (log d i log dgw ) W i (log d i log dgw ) pa Summatio ) P i is equal to the mass of the particles o the i th sieve divided by the total charge mass (W i summatio) ) d i [d i xd i1 ] 1/2 ASABE STANDARDS 2008 ANSIÕASAE S319.4 FEB2008 3

5 S gw 1 2 d 84d (13) 2 Assumig that a groud cor particle is spherical ad has 1.4 g/cm 3 average particle desity, 96.3 A st exp /6 1.4 l0.0591/10111, cm 2 (14) N t 96.3 exp / l0.0591/1010,200,804 particles (15) Figure 1 Cumulative udersize distributio by mass for a groud cor sample. Aex A (iformative) Bibliography The followig documets are cited as referece sources used i developmet of this Stadard. Pfost, H. ad V. Headley. Methods of determiig ad expressig particle size, i: Feed Maufacturig Techology. America Feed Idustry Coucil, Arligto, VA, pp ;1976. Sokhasaj, S., ad W. Yag. Revisio of ASAE stadard: ASAE S Method of determiig ad expressig fieess of feed materials by sievig. ASAE Paper No , St Joseph, MI ; ANSIÕASAE S319.4 FEB2008 ASABE STANDARDS 2008

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