Thermodynamics: The First Law and Heat Transfer
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1 Thermodynamics: The First Law and Heat Transfer
2 From Warmup I would love to work problems in class. I think a synthesis problem might be useful. I try to make the best use of our very limited class time. Class is the only chance I get to identify and correct misconceptions, so we have to have conceptual discussions. Some days, however, we will be more mathematical (today somewhat, and even more on Friday). The text was very abstract, it would help to have a concrete situation to visualize. For a lot of these problems you can imagine a gas in a piston. The PV diagram is rather confusing to me, I don't quite understand what the significance of it is. It is a useful tool that let s us think about arbitrary, ideal processes. Check the other box I guess? It seems kind of redundant to have two question/comment boxes. Just a little. Sorry about that.
3 The First Law of Thermodynamics What is the first law of thermodynamics in words? Where have you seen this principle before?
4 Work vs Heat
5 Work vs Heat
6 From Warmup Are Q, W, and DE positive, negative, or zero for: A. Rapidly pumping up a bicycle tire (the system in question is the air in the pump) B. Luke warm water in a pan on a hot stove (the system in question is the water in the pan) C. Air quickly leaking out of a balloon (the system in question is the air that was originally in the balloon)
7 From Warmup What is a state variable? They characterize what state the gas is in. They are about the state the gas is in at that time, and don't worry about any changes occurring to the system at that time or the changes that were made to get the system to where it is. They fully describe the behavior of an ideal gas at that time. Basically, they are called "state variables" because they refer to a condition that happens at a moment in time where the conditions are stable. Transfer variables are variables that arise while the system is changing. At least that is what I am getting out of the text... Note: Does not necessarily refer to solid/liquid/gas states of matter What are some variables that are NOT state variables? What are they called?
8 PV Diagrams Which of the following is NOT true of the work done on a gas as it goes from one point on the PV diagram to another? A. It cannot be calculated without knowing n and T. B. It depends on the path taken. C. It equals minus the integral under the curve. D. It has units of Joules. E. It is one of the terms in the First Law of Thermodynamics.
9 PV Diagram practice 1. One cubic meter of an ideal gas at 300 K supports a weight on a piston such that the pressure in the gas is 200,000 Pa (about 2 atm). The gas is heated up. It expands to 3 cubic meters. 2. Plot the change on a graph of pressure vs volume (a PV diagram) 3. How much work did the gas do as it expanded? 4. How do you know it did work?
10 PV Diagram practice A gas expands, doing work on a piston. Consider two different processes shown by paths 1 and 2 in the PV diagram. On which path did the gas do more work? A. Path 1 B. Path 2 C. Same on both paths D. No work was done.
11 PV Diagram practice A gas expands, doing work on a piston. Consider two different processes shown by paths 1 and 2 in the PV diagram. On which path did the gas absorb the most heat from the outside world? A. Path 1 B. Path 2 C. No heat was absorbed. D. I don t know.
12 Types of processes Which path in the figure corresponds to the following processes? Isobaric Isovolumetric (aka isochoric) Isothermal Adiabatic
13 More on processes For an ideal gas, what type of processes occurs when: DE = 0? (and therefore Q = -W) Isothermal W = 0? (and therefore DE = Q) Isochoric Q = 0? (and therefore DE = W) Adiabatic
14 Heat Transfer 1. Conduction 2. Convection (No equations) 3. Radiation
15 Conduction
16 Convection Demo From warmup: The text mentioned energy transfer from convection but didn't describe it mathematically. Is there any model we can use to describe this? There are models of this, but they are very complicated, mathematically (partial differential equations describing compressible fluids responding to temperature.)
17 Radiation, Black Bodies, Emissivity
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