G e n e r a l I n s t r u c t i o n s

Transcription

1 hyscs (ll nda) G e n e a l n s u c n s. ll quesns ae cpulsy. Thee ae 6 quesns n all.. Ths quesn pape has fve secns: ecn, ecn, ecn C, ecn D and ecn. 3. ecn cnans fve quesns f ne ak each, ecn cnans fve quesns f w aks each, ecn C cnans welve quesns f hee aks each, ecn D cnans ne value based quesn f fu aks and ecn cnans hee quesns f fve aks each. 4. Thee s n veall chce. Hweve, an nenal chce has been pvded n ne quesn f w aks, ne quesn f hee aks and all he hee quesns f fve aks weghage. Yu have aep nly ne f he chces n such quesns. 5. Yu ay use he fllwng values f physcal cnsans wheeve necessay. c 3 8 s ; h J-s ; e C; 4 T ; C N 9 ; 9 N C ; Mass f elecn 9. 3 kg; 4 Te : 3 hus Max. Maks : 7 CTON Mass f neun kg; Mass f pn kg; vgad s nube pe ga le; lzann cnsan JK T- CTON. Nche and cppe wes f sae lengh and sae adus ae cnneced n sees. Cuen s passed hugh he. Whch we ges heaed up e? Jusfy yu answe.. D elecagnec waves cay enegy and enu? 3. Hw des he angle f nu devan f a glass ps vay, f he ncden vle lgh s eplaced by ed lgh? Gve easn. 4. Nae he phenenn whch shws he quanu naue f elecagnec adan. 5. edc he play f he capac n he suan descbed belw: N N 6. Daw he nensy paen f sngle sl dffacn and duble sl nefeence. Hence, sae w dffeences beween nefeence and dffacn paens. Unplased lgh s passed hugh a plad. When hs plased bea passes hugh anhe plad and f he pass axs f akes an angle wh he pass axs f, hen we he expessn f he plased bea passng hugh. Daw a pl shwng he vaan f nensy, when vaes f. 7. denfy he elecagnec waves whse wavelenghs vay as () < < 8 () 3 < < We ne use f each.

2 8. Fnd he cndn unde whch he chaged pacles vng wh dffeen speeds n he pesence f elecc and agnec feld vecs can be used selec chaged pacles f a pacula speed ev elecn bea s used exe a gaseus hydgen a a epeaue. Deene he wavelenghs and he cespndng sees f he lnes eed.. We w ppees f a aeal suable f akng () a peanen agne and () an elecagne. CTON C. () The penal dffeence appled acss a gven ess s aleed, s ha he hea pduced pe secnd nceases by a fac f 9. y wha fac des he appled penal dffeence change? () n he fgue shwn, an aee and a ess f 4 ae cnneced he enals f he suce. The ef f he suce s V havng an nenal essance f. Calculae he vlee and aee eadngs. =4 Ω. () Hw s aplude dulan acheved? () The fequences f w sde bands n an M wave ae 64 khz and 66 khz, especvely. Fnd he fequences f cae and dulang sgnal. Wha s he bandwdh equed f aplude dulan? 3. () n he fllwng daga, s he juncn dde fwad based evese based? V V Ω () Daw he ccu daga f a full wave ecfe and sae hw wks? 4. Usng phn pcue f lgh, shw hw nsen s phelecc equan can be esablshed. We w feaues f phelecc effec whch cann be explaned by wave hey. 5 V 5. () Mnchac lgh f wavelengh 589 n s ncden f a n a wae suface. f f wae s.33, fnd he wavelengh, fequency and speed f he efaced lgh. () duble cnvex lens s ade f a glass f efacve ndex.55 wh bh faces f he sae adus f cuvaue. Fnd he adus f cuvaue equed, f he fcal lengh s c. 6. Defne uual nducance beween a pa f cls. Deve an expessn f he uual nducance f w lng caxal slends f sae lengh wund ne ve he he. Defne self-nducance f a cl. Oban he expessn f he enegy sed n an nduc L cnneced acss a suce f ef. 7. () We he pncple f wkng f a ee bdge. () n a ee bdge, he balance pn s fund a a dsance l wh essance and as shwn n he fgue. l n unknwn essance X s nw cnneced n paallel he essance and he balance pn s fund a a dsance l. Oban a fula f X n es f l, l and. 8. Daw a blck daga f a genealsed cuncan syse. We he funcns f each f he fllwng: G () Tanse () Channel () eceve 9. () We he funcns f he hee segens f a anss. () The fgue shws he npu wavefs and f ND gae. Daw he upu wavef and we he uh able f hs lgc gae. (npu)

3 . () Daw a ay daga depcng he fan f he age by an asncal elescpe n nal adjusen. () Yu ae gven he fllwng hee lenses. Whch w lenses wll yu use as an eyepece and as an bjecve cnsuc an asncal elescpe? Gve easn. Lenses we (D) peue (c) L 3 8 L 6 L 3. () ae - ava s law and expess hs law n he vec f. () Tw dencal ccula cls, and each f adus, cayng cuens and 3 especvely, ae placed cncencally and pependcula each he lyng n he XY and YZ planes. Fnd he agnude and decn f he ne agnec feld a he cene f he cls.. Tw dencal paallel plae capacs and ae cnneced a baey f V vls wh he swch s clsed. The swch s nw pened and he fee space beween he plaes f he capacs s flled wh a delecc f delecc cnsan K. Fnd he a f he al elecsac enegy sed n bh capacs befe and afe he nducn f he delecc. CTON D 3. sha s he ead an acle n he newspape abu a dsase ha k place a Chenbyl. he culd n undesand uch f he acle and asked a few quesns f sha egadng he acle. sha ed answe he he s quesns based n wha she lean n Class X hyscs? () Wha was he nsallan a Chenbyl whee he dsase k place? Wha, accdng yu, was he cause f hs dsase? () xplan he pcess f elease f enegy n he nsallan a Chenbyl. () Wha, accdng yu, wee he values dsplayed by sha and he he? CTON 4. () Deve an expessn f he elecc feld due a dple f lengh l a a pn dsan f he cene f he dple n he axal lne. () Daw a gaph f vesus f a. () f hs dple s kep n a unf exenal elecc feld, dagaacally epesen he psn f he dple n sable and unsable equlbu and we he expessns f he que acng n he dple n bh he cases. () Use Gauss s hee fnd he elecc feld due a unfly chaged nfnely lage plane hn shee wh suface chage densy. () n nfnely lage hn plane shee has a unf suface chage densy. Oban he expessn f he aun f wk dne n bngng a pn chage q f nfny a pn, dsan, n fn f he chaged plane shee. 5. devce X s cnneced an C suce, V V sn. The vaan f vlage, cuen and pwe n ne cycle s shwn n he fllwng gaph. Y () denfy he devce X. π () Whch f he cuves, and C epesen he vlage, cuen and he pwe cnsued n he ccu? Jusfy he answe. () Hw des s pedance vay wh fequency f he C suce? hw gaphcally. (v) Oban an expessn f he cuen n he ccu and s phase elan wh C vlage. () Daw a labelled daga f an C genea. Oban he expessn f he ef nduced n he ang cl f N uns each f css-secnal aea, n he pesence f a agnec feld. () hznal cnducng d lng exendng f as Wes s fallng wh a speed 5. s a gh angles he hznal cpnen f he eah s agnec feld,. 3 4 Wb. Fnd he nsananeus value f he ef nduced n he d. C π ω

4 6. () Defne wavefn. Use Huygens pncple vefy he laws f efacn. () Hw s lnealy plased lgh baned by he pcess f scaeng f lgh? Fnd he ewse angle f a-glass neface, when he efacve ndex f glass 5.. () Daw a ay daga shw he age fan by a cbnan f w hn cnvex lenses n cnac. Oban he. F sae lengh and sae adus, essance f we ( : essvy) s nche cppe Hence, essance f nche secn s e. n sees, sae cuen flws hugh bh secns and hea pduced., e hea s pduced n nche secn f we.. Yes, elecagnec waves cay enegy and enu. Menu, p h and enegy densy 3. Wavelengh f vle lgh s salle han ha f ed lgh. ls, angle f nu devan, ( ) s, V ( ) ( ) V s, devan s less f ed lgh, hence, angle f devan deceases. 4. helecc effec s he phenen whch shws quanu naue f elecagnec adan. 5. The play f he capac shwn belw. NW expessn f he pwe f hs cbnan n es f he fcal lenghs f he lenses. () ay f lgh passng f a hugh an equlaeal glass ps undeges nu devan when he angle f ncdence s 3 4 h f he angle f ps. Calculae he speed f lgh n he ps. nensy paen f duble sl nefeence paen s shwn. nensy 4 λ λ λ λ ah dffeence Dffeence beween dffacn and nefeence paens ae () n nefeence paen, all axas and all nas ae f sae wdh bu n dffacn paen, wdh f cenal axa s axu and f successve axas, ges n deceasng. () n nefeence paen, each axa have sae nensy whle n dffacn paen, nensy f cenal axa s lages and deceases apdly f successve axas. The fgue when unplased lgh bea s passed hugh plad lgh s shwn belw. Unplased lgh lased lgh N N F Lenz's law, nduced cuen pduces sae play as ha f appachng ple., plae wll have ve play and plae wll have ve play. 6. nensy paen f sngle sl dffacn s shwn belw nensy y law f Malus, θ nensy eceved afe cs. Vaan f nensy wh angle s shwn belw. nensy cs θ = cs θ ax θ= º θ= π θ= π θ= 3 π θ=π ngle ( θ) a λ λ a θ ngula psn

5 7. (a) - 8.Å-Å _(X-ay). s used n cysallgaphy. (b) 3 -. c - c_ (ad waves). s used n ad cuncan. 8. daga n whch pacle ves n agnec and elecc feld s shwn belw V v > v= ( ) c( ) c[ ( )] Message sgnal s supepsed ve cae n f f aplude vaan Fces n a chaged pacle ae F e elecc fce q F agnec fce qv F a pacle g sagh whu any deflecn; Fe F q qv v n hs way, pacles havng speed, v ae sepaaed. 9. Gven, enegy f elecn bea, 5. ev hc Cpang wh, we ge ( 4 ev-n) 5. ev [ hc 4 ev n] Wavelengh, 4 n 99. n 99Å 5. Ths wavelengh cespnds Lyan sees f hydgen a.. () F akng peanen agnes, we need hgh cecvy and hgh eenvy n aeal. () F elecagne, we need a feagnec subsance f lw eenvy and lw cecvy.. () Hea pduced pe secnd V, when vlage s ade hee es, hea pduced ncease nne es f sae. () Cuen n he ccu s, 4 ls, enal vlage acss he cell, V 8V, aee eadng and vlee eadng 8V. () F aplude dulan, a essage sgnal s used dulae aplude f a hgh fequency wave n npu anss f aplfe. v< n hs way, a dulaed wave s baned The upu vlage s cae sgnal vayng n aplude n accdance wh basng dulan vlage. () Gven, U fequency 66 khz and L fequency 64 khz s U f c f 66 khz and L f c f 64 khz f c , cae fequency Message fequency s, f khz f c 65 khz and f khz andwdh f fequences equed U L khz 3. () The gven daga shwn belw. 5 V The ccu abve can be edawn as fllws s he p-secn s cnneced negave enal f he baey, he dde shwn s evese based. () Dung he fs half f npu cycle, he uppe end f he cl s a psve penal and lwe end a negave penal. The funcn dde D s fwad based and D n evese based. Cuen flws n upu lad n he decn shwn n fgue. Dung he secnd half f npu cycle, D s fwad based. n hs way, cuen flws n he lad n he sngle decn as shwn n fgue.

6 4. T explan phelecc effec, nsen psulaed ha essn f phelecn was he esul f he neacn f a sngle phn wh an elecn, n whch he phn s cpleely absbed by he elecn. The nu aun f enegy equed ejec an elecn u f he eal suface s called wk funcn f he eal ( W ). Hence, when phn f enegy h s absbed by an elecn, he aun f enegy W s used up n lbeang he elecn fee and he dffeence hv W beces avalable he elecn n he f f knec enegy v. Hence, v h W h W v Feaues n explaned by wave hey.. The nensy f ncden adan des n change he knec enegy f he ejeced elecn.. The ejecn f elecn s nsananeus when a adan f fequency abve heshld s used. 5. () n efacn, fequency eans sae s, fefaced bea f ncden bea v f ls, [ v f ] v f v 8 v s n, wavelengh f efleced bea 443 n and s speed. 5 8 s () F a bcnvex lens, usng lens ake s fula, ( ) f Hee, f c, 55. and We have, ( ) f D D Oupu Ccu daga f full wave ecfe ( ) f ( 55. ) c adus f c s equed. 6. Muual nducance When w cls ( slends) ae uually cupled, hen change n cuen f fs cl causes a change n flux f secnd cl and as a esul, an ef s nduced n secnd cl. Ths pcess s called uual nducn. Muual nducance s he nube f flux lnkages f secnd cl pe un cuen n fs cl. ( N M M M ) ( ) s un s Heny. F lng slends, assung pefec cuplng, Tw lng c-axal slends f sae lengh l s, flux lnked wh nd slend cuen n s slend. N N cnsan M uual nducance f nd cl w.. s., we have M M N n n ( ) n n l Hee, ls, (hey ae wund ve sae ce). Hence, M n n (Heny) We can e-we he abve eq. as, N N M elf nducance s he ppey f a cl by vue f whch cl ppses any change n he sengh f he cuen flwng hugh by nducng an ef n self. s defned as f a slend cl as he nube f flux lnkages pe un cuen. N elf nducance, L negy sed n a slend nduc s, L N N L and ae f change f flux nduced ef d, nduced ef d N d d L F a chage dq flwng hugh nduc,

7 d wk dne, dw dq d L dq dq dw L d dq W dw L ( d ) d L d dq d, enegy sed L L 7. () ee bdge s based upn pncple f whea sne s bdge. Unde balance ( g ) cndn, n case f a ee bdge, essance and ae aken n f f a we. n balance cndn, () n gven ee bdge, nally G When a essance X s placed n paallel wh, X hen ne essance n gap X, n balance (wh and X ae n paallel), X X ubsue he value f f eq. () eq. (), we ge X ( ) ( X)( ) X.. l l G X ( ) ( ) () () X ( ) ( ) X ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) X ( ) 8. lck daga f a genealsed cuncan syse s shwn belw nellgen nfan () Tanse plfes, cnves nellgen nfan n suable f (eleccal) and dulaes, s ha s suable ans hugh channel f ppagan. () Channel Le he sgnal pass hugh wh leas pssble aenuan. () eceve plfes, dedulaes and cnves nfan n a f whch s suable f eceve (use). 9. The funcns f all hese segens f anss ae gven belw. () The ee supples he ajy caes f cuen flw. The cllec cllecs he. The base acs as an accelea f chage caes and send he cllec. als egulaes he flw f ajy caes n he ccu. () Oupu f an ND gae s a hgh penal when bh npus and ae suppled wh hgh penal., wave f s (npu) (Oupu) Tanse Tuh able f ND gae s gven belw. npus Channel eceve Oupu Y Oupu

8 . () n asncal elescpe s an pcal nsuen whch s used f bsevng dsnc ages f heavenly bdes lke planes, sas, ec. has w cnvex lens (bjecve and eye lens) placed caxally and sepaaed by se dsance n nal adjusen. Fnal age s fed a nfny as depced belw. aallel ays f bjec a nfny α Objecve lens () n he asncal elescpe, apeue f bjecve us be less han eyepece. Theefe, pssble cbnans ae (L and L 3 ) (L and L ). ls, fcal lengh f he bjecve ( f ) us be geae han ha f eyepece ( f e ). f f e f f e e we f bjecve ( ) us be less han pwe f eyepece ( e ). Nw, f (L and L 3 ) cbnan, f e f 3 F (L and L ) cbnan, f e f e e 6 f 3 f Thus, he bes cbnan f he lenses s (L and L 3 ).. () -ava s Law Ths law deals wh he agnec feld nducn a a pn due a sall cuen eleen (a pa f any cnduc cayng cuen). Y dl X θ f f, fe C α Fnal age a nfny Cuen eleen ccdng -ava s law, he agnude f agnec feld nensy (d) a a pn due a cuen eleen s gven by, d e f e ye lens β C The fnal age s agnfed and nveed ye () d d lsn Ths elan s called -ava s law. f cnduc s placed n a vacuu, hen d d lsn 4 whee, 4 s a ppnaly cnsan, s he peeably f fee space. 7 4 T/ webe/ apee-ee. Thus, n vec nan dl dl d The abve expessn hlds when he edu s vacuu. The agnude f hs feld s d sn d l. 4 Magnec feld due ccula we, (alng vecally upwads) 4 Magnec feld due ccula we, (alng hznal wads lef) 4 Ne agnec feld a he cn cene f he w cls, ( ) 7 4 ( ) ( 3) 4 7 Tesla esulan agnec feld akes angle wh decn f, whch s gven by an 3 3 ne

9 . The gven fgue s shwn belw. When swch s clsed, he penal dffeence acss capacs and ae sae.e. V C C nal chages n capacs CV When he delecc s nduced, he new capacance f ehe capac C KC s swch s pened, he penal dffeence acss capac eans sae (V vls). Le penal dffeence acss capac be V. When delecc s nduced wh swch pen (.e. baey dscnneced), he chages n capac eans unchanged, s CV CV C V C V V vl K nal enegy f bh capacs U CV CV CV Fnal enegy f bh capacs U f CV CV ( KC) V ( KC) V K K CV K K CV K U CV K U f K K CV K 3. () nsallan a chenbyl s a pessused fusn eac. ssble cause f dsase s el dwn f ce due excessve hea develpen, whch ccus when k (ulplcan fac) bece e han. () n a fusn eacn, enegy eleased (ass defec) c. () ccdng sha subjec knwledge and knwledge shang. ccdng sha s Mhe awaeness and nqusn. 4. () lecc feld due dple a axal pn We have calculae he feld nensy a a pn n he axal lne f he dple a dsance O x f he cene O f he dple. esulan elecc feld nensy a he pn s The vecs and ae cllnea and ppse. q Hee, ; 4 ( l) q ( l) O q q l 4 q q 4 ( l) ( l) 4q x l 4 ( l ) px 4 ( l ) f he lengh f dple s sh.e. l, hen p 3 4 The decn f s alng pduced., 3 (). s wll ncease, wll shaply deceases. 3 The shape f he gaph wll be as gven n he fgue. O l () When he dple wee kep n a unf elecc feld. The que acng n dple, p q θ q l

10 . f, hen, p 5. () Devce X s a capac. s, he cuen s leadng vlage by adans. The dple s n sable equlbu.. f 8, hen, p The dple s n unsable equlbu. () ccdng he ^n quesn, s he ^n suface chage densy f he shee. ^n F syey, n n n ehe sde f he shee us be pependcula he plane f he shee, havng sae agnude a all pns equdsan f he shee. We ake a cylnde f css-secnal aea and lengh as he Gaussan suface. On he cuved suface f he cylnde, and $n ae pependcula each he. Theefe, he flux hugh he cuved suface f he cylnde. Flux hugh he fla sufaces The al elecc flux ve he ene suface f cylnde Tal chage enclsed by he cylnde, q ccdng Gauss s law, d q q q q s ndependen f, he dsance f he pn f he plane chaged shee. a any pn s deced away f he shee f psve chage and deced wads he shee n case f negave chage. () uface chage densy f he unf plane shee whch s nfnely lage. The elecc penal ( V) due nfne shee f unf chage densy V The aun f wk dne n bngng a pn chage q f nfne pn, a dsance n fn f he chaged plane shee. W q V q q Jule q ^n () Cuve epesens pwe. Cuve epesens vlage. Cuve C epesens cuen; s, ( )= sn Cuen, ( ) cs s, n he case f capac, O sn (cuen s leadng vlage) veage pwe, ( ) ( ) O cs whee, phase dffeence () s, X c capacve eacance C whee, s angula fequency,, eacance pedance deceases wh ncease n fequency. Gaph f X C vesus s shwn belw, X C (v) F a capac fed wh an C supply V q qcv C dq sn d X has daga c () The labelled daga f C genea s shwn belw. efe Delh se. 4. Le a any en, he pependcula vec he plane f cl akes angle wh he decn f agnec flux., f he cl, nsananeus flux s, N Ncs Ncs [, s angula fequency] ω π / ω X X Cuen leads ef by π/ adans

11 nduced ef, d d (N cs ) d d ( Nsn ) Nsn vl Maxu value f he s aaned when, sn, ax N, ax sn () nsananeus ef nduced n cnducng d lv vl (s d s fallng pependculaly ) Hee, H 3. 4 T l v 5 s, nduced ef, vl 5. V 6. () Wavefn wavefn s he lcus f all pacles scllang n sae phase (a suface f cnsan phase) f scllans. lne pependcula a wavefn s called a ay. Laws f efacn (nell s Law) a a plane suface by Huygens pncple Le,, 3 be he ncden ays and,, 3 be he cespndng efaced ays. f v, v ae he speed f lgh n he w edus and s he e aken by lgh g f C D G hugh F, hen F FG v v n n X Medu Medu N 3 N ncden wave fn F D G efaced wavefn ae edu v, µ C Dense edu v, µ F F, sn F FG F sn FCsn FGC, sn FC v v Csn sn sn F v v v F ays f lgh f dffeen pas n he ncden wavefn, he values f F ae dffeen. u lgh f dffeen pns f he ncden wavefn 3 Y shuld ake he sae e each he cespndng pns n he efaced wavefn., shuld n depend upn F. Ths s pssble nly, f sn sn sn v ; v v sn v Nw, f c epesens he speed f lgh n vacuu, hen c v and c ae knwn as he v efacve ndces f edu and edu, especvely. Then, sn sn sn sn Ths s knwn as nell s law f efacn. () lasan als ccus when lgh s scaeed whle avellng hugh a edu. When lgh skes he as f a aeal, wll fen se he elecns f hse as n vban. The vbang elecns hen pduce s wn elecagnec wave ha s adaed uwad n all decns. Ths newly geneaed wave skes neghbu as, fcng he elecns n vbans a he sae gnal fequency. These vbang elecns pduce anhe elecagnec wave ha s nce agan adaed uwad n all decns. Ths abspn and e-essn f lgh wave causes he lgh be scaeed abu he edu. The scaeed lgh s paally plased. F ewse s law an p whee, p ewse s angle Gven, an p 3 p an () Cbnan f hn lenses n cnac Cnsde w lens and f fcal lengh f and f placed n cnac wh each he. n bjec s placed a a pn O beynd he fcus f he fs lens. The fs lens pduces an age a l (vual age), whch seves as a vual bjec f he secnd lens, pducng he fnal age a l. O l l v u nce, he lenses ae hn, we assue he pcal cenes ( ) f he lenses be c-ncden. v

12 F he age fed by he fs lens, we ban...() v u f F he age fed by he secnd lens, we ban () v v f ddng eqs. () and (), we ban () v u f f f he w lens syse s egaded as equvalen a sngle lens f fcal lengh f. We have, (v) v u f F eqs. () and (v), we ban...(v) f f f n es f pwe, eq. (v) can be wen as () ccdng he quesn 3 6 ; 6 45 ; 4 nu devan, angle f ncdence angle f eegen.e., e e ; Usng ps fula, sn 6 3 sn sn / sn 6/ sn 45 sn 3 4. ls, c v c 3 v /s T- (Only Uncn uesns f e ) CTON. ba agne s ved n he decn ndcaed by he aw beween w cls and CD. edc he decn f he nduced cuen n each cl. N. We he elan f he speed f elecagnec waves n es f he apludes f elecc and agnec felds. CTON 9. The sh wavelengh l f he Lyan sees f he hydgen specu s 934. Å. Calculae he sh wavelengh l f ale sees f he hydgen specu. CTON C. () Daw a ay daga shwng he fan f age by a eflecng elescpe. () We w advanages f a eflecng elescpe ve a efacng elescpe. C D 5. xplan gvng easns f he fllwng: () helecc cuen n a phcell nceases wh he ncease n nensy f he ncden adan. () The sppng penal ( V ) vaes lnealy wh he fequency ( v) f he ncden adan f a gven phsensve suface wh he slpe eanng he sae f dffeen sufaces. () Maxu knec enegy f he phelecns s ndependen f he nensy f ncden adan. 6. () n he fllwng daga, whch bulb u f and wll glw and why? D D 9 V () Daw a daga f an llunaed p-n juncn sla cell. () xplan befly he hee pcesses due whch genean f ef akes place n a sla cell. 7. () Daw a ay daga f he fan f age by a cpund cscpe.

13 () Yu ae gven he fllwng hee lenses. Whch w lenses wll yu use as an eyepece and as an bjecve cnsuc a cpund cscpe? Lenses we (D) peue (c) L 3 8 L 6 L 3 () Defne eslvng pwe f a cscpe and we ne fac n whch depends. 9. () Daw he ccu daga f sudyng he chaacescs f a anss n cn ee cnfguan. xplan befly and shw hw npu and upu chaacescs ae dawn. () The fgue shws npu wavefs and a lgc gae. Daw he upu wavef f an gae. We he uh able f hs lgc gae and daw s lgc sybl. (npu) Tw dencal lps and each f adus 5 c ae lyng n pependcula planes such ha hey have a cn cene as shwn n he fgue. Fnd he agnude and decn f he ne agnec feld a he cn cene f he w cls, f hey cay cuens equal 3 and 4, especvely.. y applyng Lenz's law, we can fnd u decn f cuen n he cl. On he gh hand sde cl, uh ple s appachng wads he cl, s a end C, uh ple wll be pduced and n he lef hand sde, Nh ple s vng away, s a end cl, uh ple wll be pduced. n CD cl, cuen pduced wll be clckwse. n cl, cuen pduced wll be an-clckwse.. elan beween he speed f elecagnec waves n es f apludes f elecc and agnec felds s gven belw. peed f elecagnec waves plude f elecc feld plude f agnec feld.e. v 9. Lyan sees, n, 3, 4 n F sh wavelengh, n n negy, ev ev ( Å) ls, enegy f nh b, n, enegy f n, enegy level ev NW negy f n, enegy level ev, sh wavelengh f ale sees Å () ay daga shwng he fan f age by eflecng elescpe s shwn belw. ays ave paallel f vey dsan bjec yepece M = lane M = aablc () dvanage. Due avalably f paabdal, age fed s fee f chac abean.. has lage eslvng pwe see even he fne deals f dsan sas due lage apeue f. 5. () When we ncease he nensy f ncden adan n a phcell, hee s ncease n nube f phns. ach phn ceaes a pa f elecn hle whch s espnsble f cuen n ph cell.

14 Theefe, ncease n nube f phn esuls n ncease n cuen n ph cell. () nsen equan f phelecc effec s hf ev hf V e e n hs equan, f and V ae vaables. Cpang wh he equan f a sagh lne y x c h/ e and c e, gaph beween v and V wll be a sagh lne wh slpe equal h, whch s cnsan and des e n depend n naue f suface. () When we ncease he nensy f ncden adan, nly he nube f phn ges nceased. Thee s n change n he enegy f ndvdual phn. Theefe, knec enegy f phelecns ean unchanged. 6. () D dde s fwad based, hence cuen wll flw n bulb and D s evese based, s hee wll be n cuen n. Hence, wll glw. () The daga f llunaed p-n juncn sla cell s gven belw. () p. When lgh phn each he juncn, he exced elecns f he valence band cnducn band ceang equal nube f hles and elecns.. These elecn hle pa ve n ppse decn due juncn feld. The veen n ppse decn ceaes penal dffeence (ph-vlage).. When lad s cnneced n he exenal ccu, cuen sas flwng hugh due ph-vlage. 7. () age fan n a cpund cscpe s shwn belw Objec n f f f e Objecve L hν Deplen laye yepeces Fnal age a nfny () s agnfcan f a cpund cscpe s LD LD e ( / f) f f e and e, we use eyepece and bjecve f lages pssble pwe bu eyepece us have daee e han bjecve., f bjecve, we use ( L 3 ) lens and f eyepece, we use ( L ) lens. (). f cscpe d n nsn nd f,. daee f bjecve lens. and. wavelengh f lgh used 9. () The ccu daga f sudyng he chaacescs f a anss n cn ee cnfgan s gven belw. µ V V C npu chaacescs s gaph beween base cuen and base-ee vlage V a cnsan cllec-ee vlage V C. Oupu chaacescs s gaph beween cllec cuen c and cllec ee vlage V C a cnsan base cuen. C () C C V C Cn ee cnfguan ( µ ) V ( V) V C (v) V C = vl = cnsan V CC

15 () (npu) Magnec feld due ccula lp, Magnec feld due ccula lp, p ne (Oupu) Oupu f an gae s a hgh penal when ehe f he npu and ae suppled wh hgh penal., he wavef s, npu npu Oupu ( gae) Lgc sybl f gae s Y, ne agnec feld a he cn cene f he lp s, ne p T esulan agnec feld akes an angle wh whch s gven by, 3 an 4. T- (Only Uncn uesns f e & ) CTON 3. Wha s he decn f nduced cuens n eal ngs and, when cuen n he we s nceasng seadly? 4. n whch decns d he elecc and agnec feld vecs scllae n an elecagnec wave ppagang alng he X -axs? CTON 8. Why des cuen n seady sae n flw n a capac cnneced acss a baey? Hweve, enay cuen des flw dung chagng dschagng f he capac. xplan. 9. The gund sae enegy f hydgen a s 3.6 ev. f an elecn akes a ansn f an enegy level 5. ev 34. ev, hen calculae he wavelengh f he specal lne eed and nae he sees f hydgen specu whch belngs. CTON C 4. () Daw he ccu daga f an n-p-n anss aplfe n cn ee cnfguan. () Deve an expessn f vlage gan f he aplfe and hence shw ha he upu s ppse n phase wh he npu vlage.

16 8. The fllwng gaph shws he vaan f phcuen f a phsensve eal: hcuen () denfy he vaable X n he hznal axs. () Wha des he pn n he hznal axs epesen? () Daw hs gaph f hee dffeen values f fequences f ncden adan, and 3 ( ) f sae nensy. 3 O X (v) Daw hs gaph f hee dffeen values f nenses f ncden adan, and 3 ( ) havng sae fequency. 3. () n he fllwng daga, s a secnduc. Wuld yu ncease decease he value f keep he eadng f he aee cnsan when s heaed? Gve easn f yu answe. V () Daw he ccu daga f a phdde and explan s wkng. Daw s -V chaacescs and ae pependcula decn f ppgan f lgh. ls, decn f ppagan s paallel. Hence, s alng j Y axs and s alng k Z axs. 8. n seady sae, elecc flux beween plaes f a capac s cnsan., dsplaceen cuen s, d d and d d d d, hee s n cuen beween plaes when seady sae s eached. Dung chagng, flux s nceasng. d d Hence, a dsplaceen cuen exss n he capac d whch s d. d 9. negy levels f H-a ae as shwn belw.5 ev 3.4 ev 3.6 ev N nduced cuen s clckwse (nceasng) nduced cuen s anclckwse λ n=3 n= n= NW Wavelengh f specal lne eed hc Takng, hc 4 ev-n, We have,.5 ( 3.4).89 ev n 89. Ths belngs ale specal sees. 4. () n-p-n C anss aplfe V n V C V CC () Oupu vlage whu any npu s V VCC c whee, c s sauan cllec cuen. When an alenang npu s ade a npu (base) sde, dung fs half f npu cycle base s e psve, hence base cuen nceases as a esul cllec cuen als nceases., upu vlage deceases. V V 3 Oupu s u f phase wh npu V C C V

17 n nex half f npu cycle when base bas deceases, and c als deceases., upu vlage nceases. Vlage gan, V c V V c ac 8. () Vaable X s ande penal f phcell. () n epesens sppng penal. () F dffeen fequences, gaph s ppng penal (v) F dffeen nenses, gaph s ppng penal V V V 3 V ν ν ν 3 hcuen hcuen nensy s sae f all fequences 3 fequency s sae nde penal V nde penal. () When s heaed, e elecns and hles ae geneaed n he secnduc and s essance deceases, s we have ncease he value f keep aee eadng cnsan. () yblcally, a phdde s shwn n he fgue. p-sde hν n-sde µ phdde s a p-n juncn f suable secnduc ( g hf) n evese bas. Wkng f hdde hdde s an p-elecnc devce n whch cuen caes ae geneaed by phns hugh ph excan,.e. ph cnducn by lgh. phdde s a specal ype f p-n juncn dde ade f phsensve secnduc aeal. n such a dde, a pvsn.e. anspaen wndw s ade allw he lgh f suable fequency fall n. uppse, he wavelengh s such ha he enegy f a phn, hc/ s suffcen beak valence bnd.when such lgh falls n he juncn, new hle-elecn pas ae ceaed. The nube f chage caes nceases s, he cnducvy f p-n juncn phdde nceases wh he ncease n nensy f lgh fallng n.