TABLE OF CONTENTS. LindaB.Buck...48 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004

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1 Preface...xi AlfredNobel...xiii The Nobel Prizes and Nobel Institutions...xix AlexeiA.Abrikosov...1 PeterAgre...4 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2003 MarttiAhtisaari...7 Nobel Peace Prize, 2008 IsamuAkasaki...9 SvetlanaAlexievich...11 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2015 James P. Allison Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2018 HiroshiAmano...15 FrancesArnold...17 ArthurAshkin...19 RobertJ.Aumann...21 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2005 RichardAxel...25 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004 BarryC.Barish...27 FrançoiseBarré-Sinoussi...29 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008 EricBetzig...32 BruceA.Beutler...34 Elizabeth Blackburn...36 Willard S. Boyle SydneyBrenner...42 LindaB.Buck...48 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004 William C. Campbell Mario R. Capecchi JimmyCarter...57 Nobel Peace Prize, 2002 MartinChalfie...61 YvesChauvin...62 Aaron Ciechanover JohnMichaelCoetzee...68 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2003 RaymondDavisJr...71 Angus Deaton Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2015 PeterDiamond...76 Jacques Dubochet BobDylan...83 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2016 ShirinEbadi...87 Nobel Peace Prize, 2003 RobertG.Edwards...91 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2010 MohamedElBaradei...92 Nobel Peace Prize, 2005 RobertF.Engle...94 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2003 FrançoisEnglert...98 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2013 GerhardErtl Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2007 EuropeanUnion Nobel Peace Prize, 2012 MartinJ.Evans v

2 EugeneF.Fama JohnB.Fenn BenFeringa AlbertFert Nobel Prize in Physics, 2007 AndrewZ.Fire Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2006 JoachimFrank LeymahGbowee AndreGeim Nobel Prize in Physics, 2010 Riccardo Giacconi VitalyL.Ginzburg RoyJ.Glauber AlGore Nobel Peace Prize, 2007 CliveW.J.Granger Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2003 GrameenBank Nobel Peace Prize, 2006 CarolW.Greider DavidGross Robert H. Grubbs Peter Grünberg Nobel Prize in Physics, 2007 JohnGurdon Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2012 F.DuncanM.Haldane JeffreyC.Hall JohnL.Hall Theodor W. Hänsch LarsPeterHansen SergeHaroche Nobel Prize in Physics, 2012 OliverHart Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2016 RichardF.Heck StefanW.Hell RichardHenderson AvramHershko PeterHiggs Nobel Prize in Physics, 2013 JulesA.Hoffmann BengtHolmström Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2016 TasukuHonjo Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2018 H.RobertHorvitz LeonidHurwicz Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 201 Nobel Peace Prize, 2007 InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency Nobel Peace Prize, 2005 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) Nobel Peace Prize, 2017 KazuoIshiguro Nobel Prize in Literature, 2017 ElfriedeJelinek Nobel Prize in Literature, 2004 DanielKahneman Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2002 TakaakiKajita Nobel Prize in Physics, 2015 CharlesKuenKao vi

3 Tawakkol Karman MartinKarplus ImreKertész Nobel Prize in Literature, 2002 MakotoKobayashi BrianKobilka Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2012 RogerD.Kornberg Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2006 MasatoshiKoshiba J. Michael Kosterlitz PaulKrugman Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2008 FinnE.Kydland Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2004 PaulC.Lauterbur Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2003 Jean-MarieGustaveLeClézio Nobel Prize in Literature, 2008 RobertJ.Lefkowitz Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2012 Anthony J. Leggett DorisLessing Nobel Prize in Literature, 2007 MichaelLevitt TomasLindahl WangariMaathai Nobel Peace Prize, 2004 Roderick MacKinnon Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2003 PeterMansfield Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2003 BarryJ.Marshall Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2005 ToshihideMaskawa EricMaskin JohnC.Mather Nobel Prize in Physics, 2006 ArthurB.McDonald Nobel Prize in Physics, 2015 CraigC.Mello Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2006 PatrickModiano Nobel Prize in Literature, 2014 PaulL.Modrich William E. Moerner LucMontagnier DaleT.Mortensen EdvardMoser May-BrittMoser GérardMourou DenisMukwege Nobel Peace Prize, 2018 HertaMüller Nobel Prize in Literature, 2009 AliceMunro Nobel Prize in Literature, 2013 NadiaMurad Nobel Peace Prize, 2018 RogerB.Myerson ShujiNakamura YoichiroNambu National Dialogue Quartet Nobel Peace Prize, 2015 Ei-ichiNegishi William Nordhaus Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2018 vii

4 Konstantin Novoselov Nobel Prize in Physics, 2010 BarackObama Nobel Peace Prize, 2009 YoshinoriOhsumi Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2016 JohnO Keefe SatoshiOmura Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Nobel Peace Prize, 2013 ElinorOstrom Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2009 OrhanPamuk Nobel Prize in Literature, 2006 SaulPerlmutter EdmundS.Phelps Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2006 HaroldPinter Nobel Prize in Literature, 2005 Christopher A. Pissarides H.DavidPolitzer EdwardC.Prescott Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2004 VenkatramanRamakrishnan AdamRiess PaulM.Romer Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2018 MichaelRosbash IrwinRose AlvinE.Roth Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2012 JamesE.Rothman AzizSancar JuanManuelSantos Nobel Peace Prize, 2016 ThomasJ.Sargent Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2011 KailashSatyarthi Nobel Peace Prize, 2014 Jean-PierreSauvage RandyW.Schekman Thomas C. Schelling Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2005 BrianP.Schmidt RichardR.Schrock LloydS.Shapley Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2012 DanShechtman Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2011 Robert J. Shiller OsamuShimomura Christopher A. Sims Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf GeorgeE.Smith GeorgeP.Smith VernonL.Smith Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2002 OliverSmithies GeorgeSmootIII Nobel Prize in Physics, 2006 RalphM.Steinman ThomasA.Steitz Sir J. Fraser Stoddart viii

5 Donna Strickland Thomas C. Südhof JohnE.Sulston AkiraSuzuki JackW.Szostak KoichiTanaka RichardH.Thaler Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2017 KipThorne David J. Thouless JeanTirole Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2014 TomasTranströmer Nobel Prize in Literature, 2011 RogerY.Tsien MarioVargasLlosa Nobel Prize in Literature, 2010 J.RobinWarren Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2005 AriehWarshel RainerWeiss Frank Wilczek Oliver E. Williamson Nobel Prize in Econonics, 2009 DavidJ.Wineland Nobel Prize in Physics, 2012 GregWinter KurtWuthrich LiuXiaobo Nobel Peace Prize, 2010 ShinyaYamanaka Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2012 MoYan Nobel Prize in Literature, 2012 AdaYonath Michael W. Young MalalaYousafzai Nobel Peace Prize, 2014 TuYouyou Muhammad Yunus Nobel Peace Prize, 2006 HaraldzurHausen Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008 Nobel Prize Winners by Category & Year: Nobel Prize Winners by Country, Year & Category: Nobel Prize Winners by Year: ix