Properties of Sequences
|
|
- Noah Hubert Pearson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Properties of Sequences Here is a FITB proof arguing that a sequence cannot converge to two different numbers. The basic idea is to argue that if we assume this can happen, we deduce that something contradictory to something we already know. This is a valid form of argument, though perhaps strange when you see it first. It's not unlike Sherlock's 'when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth'. The purpose here is to strenghten mathematical understanding and use of the definition of convergence. Theorem 0.1: (Uniqueness of Limits) If a sequence convergences, it must converge to a unique (just one!) value. Proof: Suppose a sequence S converges to two different numbers L and M, with L > M. Choose a number e to be e = L M, which is a particular e value with e > 0. Since S 4 converges to L, the number of terms of the sequence NOT in the interval (L e, L + e) is finite, and this means that there must be an infinite number of terms of the sequence inside the interval (L e, L + e). But none of THESE infinite number of terms are also inside the interval (M e, M + e), because M + e < L e (because of the way we chose e -- specificially e = L M. Easy to see this visually.) But this means that the 4 number of terms of the sequence not in the interval (M e, M + e) is INFINITE, which isn't supposed to happen because the sequence converges to M! Thus our original assumption must be wrong, namely that we cannot have a sequence converging to two different values. Using the same kinds of arguments we can prove the following facts about combining convergent sequences. We use the same notation as we did for limits of functions of real numbers, because the same properties work for limits and the idea is very similar. (However technically there is a difference -- here we are talking about limits of sequences which is really quite a different thing than the limit like. The basic theme here is that combining CONVERGENT sequence in various ways results in a convergent sequence that also converges, to the value you would expect. Note that this theorem says NOTHING about what happens when you combine sequences that are not convergent (DIVERGENT), and in general all kinds of crazy things can happen. Theorem 0.2: (Combining convergent sequences) If sequence ( a n ) converges to α and sequence ( ) converges to β, then 1. sequence ( a n + b n ) converges to α + β, and 2. sequence ( a n b n ) converges to α β, and 3. sequence ( a n b n ) converges to α β, and 4. if also, then seqence a β 0 ( n ) converges to α. b n β 5. For any real number C 0 (C ) converges to Cα. a n lim x 3 First ask yourself what the notation means -- how do you get each of the terms of the b n
2 sequence described by the notation ( + )? Normally we use limit notation when working with sequences, because the ideas of convergence of a sequence to a limit and the limiting value of a function as x a are similar and many properties are the same. For example the first property would be written: If lim n a n = α and lim n b n = β then lim n a n + b n = α + β. a n b n An intuitive way to think about the first property is as follows: Given two convergent sequences ( a n ) α and ( b n ) β. Since the sequences converge the terms a n get closer and closer (as close as we want!) to α, and the terms b n get closer and closer (as close as we want!) to β. Adding a number very close to α to a number very close to β will result in a number very close to α + β. Thus we expect the sequence ( a n + b n ) to converge to α + β, which it does!. Example: ( 1 0 and so the above theorem (second bullet) tells us that n ) (3 3 n=1 ) n=1 ( n ) n=1 Suppose sequence ( a 1, a 2, a 3,... ) = ( a n ) converges to α. So intuitively the terms n=1 a n get closer and closer to α as n gets larger and larger. What happens if we drop the first few terms of the sequence? What does ( = (,,,... ) a n ) n=100 a 100 a 101 a 102 converge to, if anything? Clearly it still converges to α. In other words, what happens at the 'beginning' of a sequence doesn't matter -- it's the behaviour 'at the end' that matters. For this reason we sometimes do not write where a sequence starts: for example or (a n ). ( 1 3+n )
3
4
5
6
7
3: Linear Systems. Examples. [1.] Solve. The first equation is in blue; the second is in red. Here's the graph: The solution is ( 0.8,3.4 ).
3: Linear Systems 3-1: Graphing Systems of Equations So far, you've dealt with a single equation at a time or, in the case of absolute value, one after the other. Now it's time to move to multiple equations
More informationMathematics-I Prof. S.K. Ray Department of Mathematics and Statistics Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Lecture 1 Real Numbers
Mathematics-I Prof. S.K. Ray Department of Mathematics and Statistics Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture 1 Real Numbers In these lectures, we are going to study a branch of mathematics called
More informationTutorial on Mathematical Induction
Tutorial on Mathematical Induction Roy Overbeek VU University Amsterdam Department of Computer Science r.overbeek@student.vu.nl April 22, 2014 1 Dominoes: from case-by-case to induction Suppose that you
More informationLine Integrals and Path Independence
Line Integrals and Path Independence We get to talk about integrals that are the areas under a line in three (or more) dimensional space. These are called, strangely enough, line integrals. Figure 11.1
More informationSolving with Absolute Value
Solving with Absolute Value Who knew two little lines could cause so much trouble? Ask someone to solve the equation 3x 2 = 7 and they ll say No problem! Add just two little lines, and ask them to solve
More informationTopic 1: Propositional logic
Topic 1: Propositional logic Guy McCusker 1 1 University of Bath Logic! This lecture is about the simplest kind of mathematical logic: propositional calculus. We discuss propositions, which are statements
More informationChapter 1 Review of Equations and Inequalities
Chapter 1 Review of Equations and Inequalities Part I Review of Basic Equations Recall that an equation is an expression with an equal sign in the middle. Also recall that, if a question asks you to solve
More informationSince the two-sided limits exist, so do all one-sided limits. In particular:
SECTION 3.6 IN-SECTION EXERCISES: EXERCISE 1. The Intermediate Value Theorem 1. There are many correct graphs possible. A few are shown below. Since f is continuous on [a, b] and π is between f(a) = 3
More informationRoot test. Root test Consider the limit L = lim n a n, suppose it exists. L < 1. L > 1 (including L = ) L = 1 the test is inconclusive.
Root test Root test n Consider the limit L = lim n a n, suppose it exists. L < 1 a n is absolutely convergent (thus convergent); L > 1 (including L = ) a n is divergent L = 1 the test is inconclusive.
More informationMathematical Logic Part One
Mathematical Logic Part One Question: How do we formalize the definitions and reasoning we use in our proofs? Where We're Going Propositional Logic (Today) Basic logical connectives. Truth tables. Logical
More informationSeries with positive and negative terms
Series with positive and negative terms 1 Alternating Series An alternating series is a series in which the signs on the terms being added alternate between + and -. Here is perhaps the most famous alternating
More informationTHE SIMPLE PROOF OF GOLDBACH'S CONJECTURE. by Miles Mathis
THE SIMPLE PROOF OF GOLDBACH'S CONJECTURE by Miles Mathis miles@mileswmathis.com Abstract Here I solve Goldbach's Conjecture by the simplest method possible. I do this by first calculating probabilites
More informationFinal Exam Theory Quiz Answer Page
Philosophy 120 Introduction to Logic Final Exam Theory Quiz Answer Page 1. (a) is a wff (and a sentence); its outer parentheses have been omitted, which is permissible. (b) is also a wff; the variable
More informationMITOCW ocw f99-lec01_300k
MITOCW ocw-18.06-f99-lec01_300k Hi. This is the first lecture in MIT's course 18.06, linear algebra, and I'm Gilbert Strang. The text for the course is this book, Introduction to Linear Algebra. And the
More informationAlgebra 8.6 Simple Equations
Algebra 8.6 Simple Equations 1. Introduction Let s talk about the truth: 2 = 2 This is a true statement What else can we say about 2 that is true? Eample 1 2 = 2 1+ 1= 2 2 1= 2 4 1 = 2 2 4 2 = 2 4 = 4
More information- measures the center of our distribution. In the case of a sample, it s given by: y i. y = where n = sample size.
Descriptive Statistics: One of the most important things we can do is to describe our data. Some of this can be done graphically (you should be familiar with histograms, boxplots, scatter plots and so
More informationDialog on Simple Derivatives
Dialog on Simple Derivatives 1 Dialog on Simple Derivatives Excuse me, Prof, could Alf and I talk to you a few minutes? Oh Hi, Bette. Sure. What's the problem? We're having problems with these total and
More informationMITOCW watch?v=y6ma-zn4olk
MITOCW watch?v=y6ma-zn4olk PROFESSOR: We have to ask what happens here? This series for h of u doesn't seem to stop. You go a 0, a 2, a 4. Well, it could go on forever. And what would happen if it goes
More informationMath 300: Foundations of Higher Mathematics Northwestern University, Lecture Notes
Math 300: Foundations of Higher Mathematics Northwestern University, Lecture Notes Written by Santiago Cañez These are notes which provide a basic summary of each lecture for Math 300, Foundations of Higher
More informationCalculus (Math 1A) Lecture 5
Calculus (Math 1A) Lecture 5 Vivek Shende September 5, 2017 Hello and welcome to class! Hello and welcome to class! Last time Hello and welcome to class! Last time We discussed composition, inverses, exponentials,
More information1 Some Statistical Basics.
Q Some Statistical Basics. Statistics treats random errors. (There are also systematic errors e.g., if your watch is 5 minutes fast, you will always get the wrong time, but it won t be random.) The two
More informationMITOCW 6. Standing Waves Part I
MITOCW 6. Standing Waves Part I The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free.
More informationLIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 2.2 The Limit of a Function In this section, we will learn: About limits in general and about numerical and graphical methods for computing them. THE LIMIT
More informationNotes 11: OLS Theorems ECO 231W - Undergraduate Econometrics
Notes 11: OLS Theorems ECO 231W - Undergraduate Econometrics Prof. Carolina Caetano For a while we talked about the regression method. Then we talked about the linear model. There were many details, but
More informationAQA Level 2 Further mathematics Further algebra. Section 4: Proof and sequences
AQA Level 2 Further mathematics Further algebra Section 4: Proof and sequences Notes and Examples These notes contain subsections on Algebraic proof Sequences The limit of a sequence Algebraic proof Proof
More informationWritten by Rachel Singh, last updated Oct 1, Functions
Written by Rachel Singh, last updated Oct 1, 2018 Functions About In algebra, we think of functions as something like f(x), where x is the input, it s plugged into an equation, and we get some output,
More informationFORMAL PROOFS DONU ARAPURA
FORMAL PROOFS DONU ARAPURA This is a supplement for M385 on formal proofs in propositional logic. Rather than following the presentation of Rubin, I want to use a slightly different set of rules which
More informationAlex s Guide to Word Problems and Linear Equations Following Glencoe Algebra 1
Alex s Guide to Word Problems and Linear Equations Following Glencoe Algebra 1 What is a linear equation? It sounds fancy, but linear equation means the same thing as a line. In other words, it s an equation
More informationMathematical Logic Prof. Arindama Singh Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Lecture - 15 Propositional Calculus (PC)
Mathematical Logic Prof. Arindama Singh Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture - 15 Propositional Calculus (PC) So, now if you look back, you can see that there are three
More informationReplay argument. Abstract. Tanasije Gjorgoski Posted on on 03 April 2006
Replay argument Tanasije Gjorgoski Posted on http://broodsphilosophy.wordpress.com/, on 03 April 2006 Abstract Before a year or so ago, I was trying to think of an example so I can properly communicate
More informationFinal Review Sheet. B = (1, 1 + 3x, 1 + x 2 ) then 2 + 3x + 6x 2
Final Review Sheet The final will cover Sections Chapters 1,2,3 and 4, as well as sections 5.1-5.4, 6.1-6.2 and 7.1-7.3 from chapters 5,6 and 7. This is essentially all material covered this term. Watch
More informationMATH 320, WEEK 6: Linear Systems, Gaussian Elimination, Coefficient Matrices
MATH 320, WEEK 6: Linear Systems, Gaussian Elimination, Coefficient Matrices We will now switch gears and focus on a branch of mathematics known as linear algebra. There are a few notes worth making before
More informationCS 124 Math Review Section January 29, 2018
CS 124 Math Review Section CS 124 is more math intensive than most of the introductory courses in the department. You re going to need to be able to do two things: 1. Perform some clever calculations to
More informationThe Cycloid. and the Kinematic Circumference. by Miles Mathis
return to updates The Cycloid and the Kinematic Circumference First published August 31, 2016 by Miles Mathis Those of you who have read my papers on π=4 will know I have explained that problem using many
More information= 5 2 and = 13 2 and = (1) = 10 2 and = 15 2 and = 25 2
BEGINNING ALGEBRAIC NUMBER THEORY Fermat s Last Theorem is one of the most famous problems in mathematics. Its origin can be traced back to the work of the Greek mathematician Diophantus (third century
More informationSums of Squares (FNS 195-S) Fall 2014
Sums of Squares (FNS 195-S) Fall 014 Record of What We Did Drew Armstrong Vectors When we tried to apply Cartesian coordinates in 3 dimensions we ran into some difficulty tryiing to describe lines and
More information0 Real Analysis - MATH20111
0 Real Analysis - MATH20111 Warmup questions Most of you have seen limits, series, continuous functions and differentiable functions in school and/or in calculus in some form You might wonder why we are
More informationThe Conjunction and Disjunction Theses
The Conjunction and Disjunction Theses Abstract Rodriguez-Pereyra (2006) argues for the disjunction thesis but against the conjunction thesis. I argue that accepting the disjunction thesis undermines his
More informationExam Question 10: Differential Equations. June 19, Applied Mathematics: Lecture 6. Brendan Williamson. Introduction.
Exam Question 10: June 19, 2016 In this lecture we will study differential equations, which pertains to Q. 10 of the Higher Level paper. It s arguably more theoretical than other topics on the syllabus,
More information1. Introduction to commutative rings and fields
1. Introduction to commutative rings and fields Very informally speaking, a commutative ring is a set in which we can add, subtract and multiply elements so that the usual laws hold. A field is a commutative
More informationmeans is a subset of. So we say A B for sets A and B if x A we have x B holds. BY CONTRAST, a S means that a is a member of S.
1 Notation For those unfamiliar, we have := means equal by definition, N := {0, 1,... } or {1, 2,... } depending on context. (i.e. N is the set or collection of counting numbers.) In addition, means for
More informationIntroducing Proof 1. hsn.uk.net. Contents
Contents 1 1 Introduction 1 What is proof? 1 Statements, Definitions and Euler Diagrams 1 Statements 1 Definitions Our first proof Euler diagrams 4 3 Logical Connectives 5 Negation 6 Conjunction 7 Disjunction
More informationBut, there is always a certain amount of mystery that hangs around it. People scratch their heads and can't figure
MITOCW 18-03_L19 Today, and for the next two weeks, we are going to be studying what, for many engineers and a few scientists is the most popular method of solving any differential equation of the kind
More information(Infinite) Series Series a n = a 1 + a 2 + a a n +...
(Infinite) Series Series a n = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 +... + a n +... What does it mean to add infinitely many terms? The sequence of partial sums S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4,...,S n,...,where nx S n = a i = a 1 + a 2
More informationA Conundrum concerning the area of a sphere
return to updates A Conundrum concerning the area of a sphere by Miles Mathis Since the surface area of a sphere and the surface area of an open cylinder of equal height are both 4πr 2, let us look at
More informationModern Algebra Prof. Manindra Agrawal Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Modern Algebra Prof. Manindra Agrawal Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture 02 Groups: Subgroups and homomorphism (Refer Slide Time: 00:13) We looked
More informationArea. A(2) = sin(0) π 2 + sin(π/2)π 2 = π For 3 subintervals we will find
Area In order to quantify the size of a -dimensional object, we use area. Since we measure area in square units, we can think of the area of an object as the number of such squares it fills up. Using this
More information2.1 Convergence of Sequences
Chapter 2 Sequences 2. Convergence of Sequences A sequence is a function f : N R. We write f) = a, f2) = a 2, and in general fn) = a n. We usually identify the sequence with the range of f, which is written
More informationMITOCW ocw f99-lec09_300k
MITOCW ocw-18.06-f99-lec09_300k OK, this is linear algebra lecture nine. And this is a key lecture, this is where we get these ideas of linear independence, when a bunch of vectors are independent -- or
More informationMathematical induction
Mathematical induction Notes and Examples These notes contain subsections on Proof Proof by induction Types of proof by induction Proof You have probably already met the idea of proof in your study of
More informationAsk. Don t Tell. Annotated Examples
Ask. Don t Tell. Annotated Examples Alfonso Gracia-Saz (alfonso@math.toronto.edu) The three principles: 1. Where is the student? 2. Help minimally. 3. Ask. Don t Tell. Ask. Don t Tell. 1 BRETT 1 Brett
More informationLesson 3-1: Solving Linear Systems by Graphing
For the past several weeks we ve been working with linear equations. We ve learned how to graph them and the three main forms they can take. Today we re going to begin considering what happens when we
More informationHOW TO WRITE PROOFS. Dr. Min Ru, University of Houston
HOW TO WRITE PROOFS Dr. Min Ru, University of Houston One of the most difficult things you will attempt in this course is to write proofs. A proof is to give a legal (logical) argument or justification
More informationConceptual Explanations: Simultaneous Equations Distance, rate, and time
Conceptual Explanations: Simultaneous Equations Distance, rate, and time If you travel 30 miles per hour for 4 hours, how far do you go? A little common sense will tell you that the answer is 120 miles.
More informationMITOCW watch?v=0usje5vtiks
MITOCW watch?v=0usje5vtiks PROFESSOR: Mach-Zehnder-- interferometers. And we have a beam splitter. And the beam coming in, it splits into 2. A mirror-- another mirror. The beams are recombined into another
More informatione π i 1 = 0 Proofs and Mathematical Induction Carlos Moreno uwaterloo.ca EIT-4103 e x2 log k a+b a + b
Proofs and Mathematical Induction Carlos Moreno cmoreno @ uwaterloo.ca EIT-4103 N k=0 log k 0 e x2 e π i 1 = 0 dx a+b a + b https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~cmoreno/ece250 Proofs and Mathematical Induction Today's
More information2 Analogies between addition and multiplication
Problem Analysis The problem Start out with 99% water. Some of the water evaporates, end up with 98% water. How much of the water evaporates? Guesses Solution: Guesses: Not %. 2%. 5%. Not 00%. 3%..0%..5%.
More informationSYDE 112, LECTURE 7: Integration by Parts
SYDE 112, LECTURE 7: Integration by Parts 1 Integration By Parts Consider trying to take the integral of xe x dx. We could try to find a substitution but would quickly grow frustrated there is no substitution
More informationNatural Deduction in Sentential Logic
4 Natural Deduction in Sentential Logic 1 The concept of proof We have at least partly achieved the goal we set ourselves in Chapter 1, which was to develop a technique for evaluating English arguments
More informationEQ: How do I convert between standard form and scientific notation?
EQ: How do I convert between standard form and scientific notation? HW: Practice Sheet Bellwork: Simplify each expression 1. (5x 3 ) 4 2. 5(x 3 ) 4 3. 5(x 3 ) 4 20x 8 Simplify and leave in standard form
More informationCalculus (Real Analysis I)
Calculus (Real Analysis I) (MAT122β) Department of Mathematics University of Ruhuna A.W.L. Pubudu Thilan Department of Mathematics University of Ruhuna Calculus (Real Analysis I)(MAT122β) 1/172 Chapter
More informationChoosing Logical Connectives
Choosing Logical Connectives 1. Too Few Connectives?: We have chosen to use only 5 logical connectives in our constructed language of logic, L1 (they are:,,,, and ). But, we might ask, are these enough?
More informationWhat is proof? Lesson 1
What is proof? Lesson The topic for this Math Explorer Club is mathematical proof. In this post we will go over what was covered in the first session. The word proof is a normal English word that you might
More informationEntropy as a measure of surprise
Entropy as a measure of surprise Lecture 5: Sam Roweis September 26, 25 What does information do? It removes uncertainty. Information Conveyed = Uncertainty Removed = Surprise Yielded. How should we quantify
More informationPHYSICS 107. Lecture 8 Conservation Laws. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
PHYSICS 107 Lecture 8 Conservation Laws Newton s Third Law This is usually stated as: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. However in this form it's a little vague. I prefer the form:
More informationMathematical Logic Part One
Mathematical Logic Part One Announcements Problem Set 3 checkpoint due right now. Problem Set 2 due now with a late day. Solutions distributed at end of lecture. One inal Note on the Pigeonhole Principle
More informationMITOCW 5. Quantum Mechanics: Free Particle and Particle in 1D Box
MITOCW 5. Quantum Mechanics: Free Particle and Particle in 1D Box The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality
More informationA REVIEW OF RESIDUES AND INTEGRATION A PROCEDURAL APPROACH
A REVIEW OF RESIDUES AND INTEGRATION A PROEDURAL APPROAH ANDREW ARHIBALD 1. Introduction When working with complex functions, it is best to understand exactly how they work. Of course, complex functions
More information(Refer Slide Time: 0:21)
Theory of Computation Prof. Somenath Biswas Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 7 A generalisation of pumping lemma, Non-deterministic finite automata
More informationThe Inductive Proof Template
CS103 Handout 24 Winter 2016 February 5, 2016 Guide to Inductive Proofs Induction gives a new way to prove results about natural numbers and discrete structures like games, puzzles, and graphs. All of
More informationCONSTRUCTION OF THE REAL NUMBERS.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE REAL NUMBERS. IAN KIMING 1. Motivation. It will not come as a big surprise to anyone when I say that we need the real numbers in mathematics. More to the point, we need to be able to
More information1 Lecture 25: Extreme values
1 Lecture 25: Extreme values 1.1 Outline Absolute maximum and minimum. Existence on closed, bounded intervals. Local extrema, critical points, Fermat s theorem Extreme values on a closed interval Rolle
More informationMath 144 Summer 2012 (UCR) Pro-Notes June 24, / 15
Before we start, I want to point out that these notes are not checked for typos. There are prbally many typeos in them and if you find any, please let me know as it s extremely difficult to find them all
More informationNondeterministic finite automata
Lecture 3 Nondeterministic finite automata This lecture is focused on the nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) model and its relationship to the DFA model. Nondeterminism is an important concept in the
More informationPHIL12A Section answers, 28 Feb 2011
PHIL12A Section answers, 28 Feb 2011 Julian Jonker 1 How much do you know? Give formal proofs for the following arguments. 1. (Ex 6.18) 1 A B 2 A B 1 A B 2 A 3 A B Elim: 2 4 B 5 B 6 Intro: 4,5 7 B Intro:
More informationReading and Writing. Mathematical Proofs. Slides by Arthur van Goetham
Reading and Writing Mathematical Proofs Slides by Arthur van Goetham What is a proof? Why explanations are not proofs What is a proof? A method for establishing truth What establishes truth depends on
More informationSection 11.1: Sequences
Section 11.1: Sequences In this section, we shall study something of which is conceptually simple mathematically, but has far reaching results in so many different areas of mathematics - sequences. 1.
More informationEpsilon Delta proofs
Epsilon Delta proofs Before reading this guide, please go over inequalities (if needed). Eample Prove lim(4 3) = 5 2 First we have to know what the definition of a limit is: i.e rigorous way of saying
More informationSuperposition - World of Color and Hardness
Superposition - World of Color and Hardness We start our formal discussion of quantum mechanics with a story about something that can happen to various particles in the microworld, which we generically
More informationIntroduction to Proofs
Introduction to Proofs Many times in economics we will need to prove theorems to show that our theories can be supported by speci c assumptions. While economics is an observational science, we use mathematics
More informationSection 1.x: The Variety of Asymptotic Experiences
calculus sin frontera Section.x: The Variety of Asymptotic Experiences We talked in class about the function y = /x when x is large. Whether you do it with a table x-value y = /x 0 0. 00.0 000.00 or with
More informationSeminaar Abstrakte Wiskunde Seminar in Abstract Mathematics Lecture notes in progress (27 March 2010)
http://math.sun.ac.za/amsc/sam Seminaar Abstrakte Wiskunde Seminar in Abstract Mathematics 2009-2010 Lecture notes in progress (27 March 2010) Contents 2009 Semester I: Elements 5 1. Cartesian product
More informationDirected Reading B. Section: Tools and Models in Science TOOLS IN SCIENCE MAKING MEASUREMENTS. is also know as the metric system.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading B Section: Tools and Models in Science TOOLS IN SCIENCE 1. What is a tool? a. anything with a handle b. anything that gives off energy c. anything that requires electricity
More information4.2: What Derivatives Tell Us
4.2: What Derivatives Tell Us Problem Fill in the following blanks with the correct choice of the words from this list: Increasing, decreasing, positive, negative, concave up, concave down (a) If you know
More informationMITOCW MITRES6_012S18_L22-10_300k
MITOCW MITRES6_012S18_L22-10_300k In this segment, we go through an example to get some practice with Poisson process calculations. The example is as follows. You go fishing and fish are caught according
More information1. Introduction to commutative rings and fields
1. Introduction to commutative rings and fields Very informally speaking, a commutative ring is a set in which we can add, subtract and multiply elements so that the usual laws hold. A field is a commutative
More informationPhysics 509: Bootstrap and Robust Parameter Estimation
Physics 509: Bootstrap and Robust Parameter Estimation Scott Oser Lecture #20 Physics 509 1 Nonparametric parameter estimation Question: what error estimate should you assign to the slope and intercept
More informationAristotle on Space. Physics, Book IV
Aristotle on Space Physics, Book IV The existence of place is held to be obvious from the fact of mutual replacement. Where water now is, there in turn, when the water has gone out as from a vessel, air
More information[Disclaimer: This is not a complete list of everything you need to know, just some of the topics that gave people difficulty.]
Math 43 Review Notes [Disclaimer: This is not a complete list of everything you need to know, just some of the topics that gave people difficulty Dot Product If v (v, v, v 3 and w (w, w, w 3, then the
More informationMathematics 114L Spring 2018 D.A. Martin. Mathematical Logic
Mathematics 114L Spring 2018 D.A. Martin Mathematical Logic 1 First-Order Languages. Symbols. All first-order languages we consider will have the following symbols: (i) variables v 1, v 2, v 3,... ; (ii)
More informationThe paradox of knowability, the knower, and the believer
The paradox of knowability, the knower, and the believer Last time, when discussing the surprise exam paradox, we discussed the possibility that some claims could be true, but not knowable by certain individuals
More information/633 Introduction to Algorithms Lecturer: Michael Dinitz Topic: Matroids and Greedy Algorithms Date: 10/31/16
60.433/633 Introduction to Algorithms Lecturer: Michael Dinitz Topic: Matroids and Greedy Algorithms Date: 0/3/6 6. Introduction We talked a lot the last lecture about greedy algorithms. While both Prim
More informationMathematical Logic Part One
Mathematical Logic Part One Question: How do we formalize the definitions and reasoning we use in our proofs? Where We're Going Propositional Logic (Today) Basic logical connectives. Truth tables. Logical
More informationDR.RUPNATHJI( DR.RUPAK NATH )
Contents 1 Sets 1 2 The Real Numbers 9 3 Sequences 29 4 Series 59 5 Functions 81 6 Power Series 105 7 The elementary functions 111 Chapter 1 Sets It is very convenient to introduce some notation and terminology
More informationTime-bounded computations
Lecture 18 Time-bounded computations We now begin the final part of the course, which is on complexity theory. We ll have time to only scratch the surface complexity theory is a rich subject, and many
More informationArguments and Proofs. 1. A set of sentences (the premises) 2. A sentence (the conclusion)
Arguments and Proofs For the next section of this course, we will study PROOFS. A proof can be thought of as the formal representation of a process of reasoning. Proofs are comparable to arguments, since
More informationSolving Equations with Addition and Subtraction
OBJECTIVE: You need to be able to solve equations by using addition and subtraction. In math, when you say two things are equal to each other, you mean they represent the same value. We use the = sign
More information5.4 Continuity: Preliminary Notions
5.4. CONTINUITY: PRELIMINARY NOTIONS 181 5.4 Continuity: Preliminary Notions 5.4.1 Definitions The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines continuity as an uninterrupted succession,
More informationMath 291-1: Lecture Notes Northwestern University, Fall 2015
Math 29-: Lecture Notes Northwestern University, Fall 25 Written by Santiago Cañez These are lecture notes for Math 29-, the first quarter of MENU: Intensive Linear Algebra and Multivariable Calculus,
More informationMI 4 Mathematical Induction Name. Mathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction It turns out that the most efficient solution to the Towers of Hanoi problem with n disks takes n 1 moves. If this isn t the formula you determined, make sure to check your data
More information