PHYSICS FOR DEGREE STUDENTS. B.Sc. First Year. As per UGC Model Curriculum (For All Indian Universities)

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PHYSICS FOR DEGREE STUDENTS B.Sc. First Year As per UGC Model Curriculum (For All Indian Universities) C. L. ARORA Dr. P. S. HEMNE M.Sc. M.Sc.(Physics), Ph.D. Formerly Principal Principal and Head of Post Graduate D.

2 PHYSICS FOR DEGREE STUDENTS B.Sc. First Year As per UGC Model Curriculum (For All Indian Universities) C. L. ARORA Dr. P. S. HEMNE M.Sc. M.Sc.(Physics), Ph.D. Formerly Principal Principal and Head of Post Graduate D.A.V. College, Jalandhar Department of Physics And Dean of Colleges Nevjabai Hitkarini College, Bramhapuri. (M.S.) Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (RTM Nagpur University) S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD. (AN ISO 9001: 2008 COMPANY) RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI

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4 PREFACE The U.G.C. is looking forward to implement the revised syllabus in Physics framed for Indian Universities by and large as early as possible. We feel great pleasure in presenting this book to the teachers and students of B. Sc. Part I of all the Indian universities. This textbook is prepared keeping in view the syllabi framed by different Indian universities on the basis of Model U.G.C. Curriculum. The present book has two sections. Section I covers Course 1 which includes chapters on Mechanics, Oscillations and Properties of Matter. Section II covers Course 2 which includes chapters on Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic theory. The complete syllabus of B. Sc. Part I is covered in 24 chapters, 12 chapters for each section. Some salient features of the book are : The material is presented in a comprehensive way using simple language. The sequence of articles in each chapter enables the students to understand the gradual development of the subject. A large number of illustrations, pictures and interesting examples have been given to illustrate the basic principles involved so as to make reading interesting and understandable. Solved examples as well as numerical questions frequently asked in different universities are incorporated, including summer 2009 examination at the end of each chapter. Large number of Long questions and Short questions are given to facilitate the students to prepare for their examination as per the latest pattern of setting question papers in most of the Indian universities. And many more is supplemented even for a last student who feels Physics as a killer subject. Some of the Indian Universities like RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Gondwana University Gadchiroli and so on are adopting semester pattern. However, readers will find our present book incorporating and giving full coverage of syllabus framed in semester pattern too. Authors believe that every student and teacher will appreciate the method of presentation of the subject in this book. Any correction of errors and suggestions for further improvement of this book will be highly appreciated. Dr. P. S. HEMNE C. L. ARORA

5 636 Electricity and Magnetism with Electronics

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT While preparing the present book, I have referred large number of books of different authors. I record here my indebtedness to the authors of those original works from where some of the information is liberally drawn. I (PSH) am greatly indebted to Dr. N. S. Kokode, Principal, Prof. G. N. Kela, Prof. S.J. Tidke, Mr. Shekhar Bannore, Librarian, N. H. College, Bramhapuri and my other colleagues for their valuable help while writing the book. My special thanks are due for my wife Vaishali, daughter Dr. Vishakha, son Vishal-Vaibhav and daughter-in-law Ashvini for their constant encouragement. I express my sincere thanks to Mrs Nirmala Gupta, CMD; Mr. Navin Joshi, EVP, Mr. Bhagirath Kaushik, V.P. (S&M) and Mr. R.S. Saxena, Advisor for giving the opportunity to write this book, support, constant encouragement and kind cooperation during the entire work. I place on record my thanks to the editorial staff of S. Chand & Company Ltd. especially Mr. Shishir Bhatnagar, Manager (Pre Press), Mr. Rupesh Gupta, Subject Editor and Mr. Benny K. Abraham for designing and layouting of this book. NAGPUR Dr. P. S. HEMNE

7 (vi) UGC MODEL SYLLABUS PHYSICS, B.Sc. FIRST YEAR COURSE 1: MECHANICS, OSCILLATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER 1.1 MECHANICS (30) Laws of motion, motion in a uniform field, components of velocity and acceleration in different coordinate systems. Uniformly rotating frame, centripetal acceleration, Coriolis force and its applications. (5) Motion under a central force, Kepler s law. Gravitational law and field. Potential due to a spherical body, Gauss and Poisson equations for gravitational self-energy. (7) System of particles, center of mass, equation of motion, conservation of linear and angular momenta, conservation of energy, single-stage and multistage rockets, elastic and inelastic collisions. (8) Rigid body motion, rotational motion, moments of inertia and their products, principal moments and axes. Euler s equations. (10) 1.2 OSCILLATIONS (25) Potential well and periodic oscillations, case of harmonic oscillations, differential equation and its solution, kinetic and potential energy, examples of simple harmonic oscillations, spring and mass system, simple and compound pendulum, torsionel pendulum, bifilar oscillations, Helmholtz resonator, LC circuit, vibrations of a magnet, oscillations of two masses connected by a spring. (10) Superposition of two simple harmonic motions of the same frequency along the same line, interference, superposition of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of the same frequency, Lissajous figures, case of different frequencies. (5) Two coupled oscillators, normal modes. N coupled oscillators, damped harmonic oscillation, power dissipation, quality factor, examples, driven harmonic oscillator, transient and steady states, power absorption, resonance in systems with many degrees of freedom. (10) 1.3 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (15) (Note: The emphasis here should be on the mechanical aspects and not on the details of the apparatus mentioned, which are indicated as applications of principles involved.) E as an accelerating field, electron gun, case of discharge tube; linear accelerator. E as deflecting field CRO, sensitivity, fast CRC. (4) Transverse B field: 180 deflection, mass spectrograph or velocity selector, curvatures of tracks for energy determination for nuclear particles; principle of a cyclotron. (4) Mutually perpendicular E and B fields velocity selector, its resolution. (2) Parallel E and B fields; positive ray parabolas, discovery of isotopes, elements of mass spectrography, principle of magnetic focusing (lens). (5) 1.4 PROPERTIES OF MATTER (20) Elasticity, small deformations, Hooke s law, elastic constants for an isotropic solid, beams

8 (vii) supported at both the ends, cantilever, torsion of a cylinder, bending moments and shearing forces. (7) Kinematics of moving fluids, equations of continuity, Euler s equation, Bernoulli s theorem, viscous fluids, streamline and turbulent flow. Poiseulle s law. Capillary tube flow, Reynold s number, Stoke s law. (8) Surface tension and surface energy, molecular interpretation of surface tension, pressure on a curved liquids surface, wetting. (5) COURSE 2: ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 2.1 MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND (20) Scalars and vectors, dot and cross products, triple vector product, gradient of a scalar field and its geometrical interpretation, divergence and curl of a vector field, line, surface and volume integrals, flux of a vector field, Gauss s divergence theorem, Green s theorem and Stokes theorem. (7) Functions of two and three variables, partial derivatives, geometrical interpretation of partial derivatives of functions of two variables. Total differential of a function of two and three variables, higher order derivatives, applications. (6) Repeated integrals of a function of more than one variables, definition of a double and a triple integral, evaluation of double and triple integrals as repeated integrals, change of variables of integration, Jacobian applications. (7) 2.2 ELECTROSTATICS (30) Coulombs law in vacuum expressed in vector forms, calculations of E for simple distributions of charged at rest, dipole and quadrupole fields. (8) Work done on a charge in an electrostatic field expressed as a line integral, conservative nature of the electrostatic field. Electric potential, E =, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field and its energy, flux of the electric field, Gauss s law and its application for finding E for symmetric charge distributions, Gaussian pilbox, fields at the surface of a conductor. Screening of E field by a conductor, capacitors, electrostatic field energy, force per unit area of the surface of a conductor in an electric field, conducting sphere in a uniform electric field, point charge in front of a grounded infinite conductor. (12) Dielectrics, parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric, dielectric constant, polarization and polarization vector, displacement vector D, molecular interpretation of Claussius-Mossotti equation, boundary conditions satisfied by E and D at the interface between two homogenous dielectrics, illustration through a simple example. (10) 2.3 ELECTRIC CURRENTS (STEADYAND ALTERNATING) (10) Steady current, current density J, non-steady currents and continuity equation, Kirchhoff s law and analysis of multiloop circuits, rise and decay of current in LR and CR circuits, decay constants, transients in LCR circuits. AC circuits, complex numbers and their applications in solving AC circuit problems complex impedance and reactance, series and parallel resonance, Q factor, power consumed by an AC circuit, power factor, Y and networks and transmission of electric power. (10) 2.4 MAGNETOSTATICS (10) Force on a moving charge; Lorentz force equation and definition of B, force on a straight conductor carrying current in a uniform magnetic field, torque on a current loop, magnetic dipole moment, angular momentum and gyromagnetic ratio. (5)

9 (viii) Biot and Savart s Law, calculation of H order in simple geometrical situations, Ampere s law B = 0, B = 0 J, field due to a magnetic dipole, magnetization current, magnetization vector, Half order field, magnetic permeability (linear cases), interpretation of a bar magnet as a surface distribution of solenoidal current. (5) 2.5 TIME VARYING FIELDS (10) Electromagnetic induction, Faraday s law, electromotive force, = E.dr, integral and differential forms of Faraday s law, mutual and self inductance, transformers, energy in a static magnetic field. Maxwell s displacement current, Maxwell s equations, electromagnetic field, energy density. (10) 2.6 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (10) The wave equation satisfied by E and B, plane electromagnetic waves in vacuum, Poynting s vector, reflection at a plane boundary of dielectrics, polarization by reflection and total internal reflection, Faraday effect, waves in a conducting medium, reflection and refraction by the ionosphere. (10)

10 CONTENTS SECTION I MECHANICS, OSCILLATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER 1. MECHANICS : LAWS OF MOTION 3 43 Introduction 1.1 Some important terms Newton s notions of space Newton s laws of motion Newton s laws of motion: Special case of second law Limitations of Newton s laws of motion Conservation of linear momentum from Newton s laws of motion Components of velocity and acceleration Components of velocity in cartesian coordinate system: Two dimensional Components of velocity in spherical polar coordinate system Components of acceleration in cartesian coordinate system: Two dimensional V r, V and V in terms of x, y, z and xyz,, Components of acceleration in spherical polar coordinate system Frames of reference: Inertial and non-inertial Newtonian principle of relativity Galelian transformations Newton s laws of motion invarient to Galelian transformations Non-inertial frames: Fictitious forces Equilibrium state in non-inertial frame Uniformly rotating frame: Coriolis force Physical significance of fictitious force Effect of centrifugal and Coriolis force due to Earth s rotation Effect of centrifugal force on g Deflection of plumb line Coriolis force on a moving particle on surface of Earth Direction of Coriolis force in Northern and Southern hemispheres Application of Coriolis force Foucault s pendulum 28 Solved Examples 32 Exercise Ch MOTION UNDER A CENTRAL FORCE Introduction 2.1 Central force Conservative force Central force: A conservative force Angular momentum in central force field Central force is confined in a plane Law of equal areas 49 (ix)

11 Physics for Degree Students (B.Sc. 1St Year) 10% OFF Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : Author : C L Arora Type the URL : Get this ebook

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