Mark Donohue Living Tongues Ins0tute LSA Ins0tute Kentucky 2017 July 24. too much? Valency: building on the last class

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1 Introduc0on to Typology 6: valency, lexical valency, hierachies and comparisons Mark Donohue Living Tongues Ins0tute LSA Ins0tute Kentucky 2017 July 24 too much? Valency: building on the last class causa0ves applica0ves passives An0passives and extending down into the lexicon Hierachies: building on the last class Comparisons: two perspec0ves 1

2 But first! Some follow- up from last 0me. H/D- marking What kind of language would do that? posi0ve nega0ve Head- marking Verbal agreement Possessive suffixes or prefixes on nouns Passive marked on verbs Causa0ve marked on verbs Dependent- marking Case marking Adposi0ons 2

3 H/D- marking What kind of language would do that? posi0ve Head- marking Prefixing Incl/excl morphology Oblig. Possession Supple0ve verbs (number) Head- final Accusa0ve on verbs Dependent- marking Suffixing Accusa0ve NPs/Pro Tense marking Supple0ve verbs (impera0ve) Overt subordina0on nega0ve Aspirated plosives exceed compara0ves Verbal adjec0ves H/D- marking What kind of language would do that? posi0ve Head- marking Prefixing Incl/excl morphology Oblig. Possession Supple0ve verbs (number) Head- final Accusa0ve on verbs Dependent- marking Suffixing Accusa0ve NPs/Pro Tense marking Supple:ve verbs (impera:ve) Overt subordina0on nega0ve Aspirated plosives exceed compara:ves Verbal adjec:ves 3

4 H/D- marking H/D- marking Languages prefer some morphological marking: Dependent- marking yes no Head- yes marking no % 37% 52% 48% 4

5 H/D- marking Languages prefer some morphological marking: Dependent- marking yes no Head- yes 30% 33% - marking no 22% 14% 63% 37% 52% 48% H/D- marking Languages prefer some morphological marking: Dependent- marking yes no Head- yes p < marking no Dependent- marking yes no Head- yes marking no

6 global? Africa? Australia? Eurasia? North America? Pacific? South America? 6

7 Valency Causa0ves, Applica0ves, Passives, An0passives Each can be (sub)classified many more 0mes Overlaps between categories What types of languages have different valency opera0ons? Causa0ves 74% Applica0ves 39% Passives 51% An0passives 15% Distribu0on Everyone s favorite valency reduc0on 7

8 Distribu0on And? Distribu0on 8

9 Distribu0on Distribu0ons 9

10 Valency Causa0ves, Applica0ves, Passives, An0passives Each can be (sub)classified many more 0mes Causa0ve Can it apply to monovalent verbs? All of them? Can it apply to bivalent verbs? How do you mark the three arguments? Can it apply to trivalent verbs? Is there any demo0on of arguments? Which ones? To what? Valency Causa0ves, Applica0ves, Passives, An0passives and their morphosyntax. Causa0ve Applica0ve Passive posi0ve Reciprocals; applica0ves; subordina0ng morphology; agreement, tense marking Prefixing; head- ini0al; agreement for P; reciprocals; causa0ves Politeness contrasts Nega0ve Not indirect object alignment Not accusa0ve pronouns An0passive Erga:ve verbs Not WH in situ 10

11 Valency Causa0ves, Applica0ves, Passives, An0passives Antipassive Applicative Causative Passive n % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 1 1 by con0nent. Valency change (as before) 11

12 Inherent lexical valency Not all lexemes are equal Verbs show a range of inherent valency possibili0es, and languages have a range of ways of altering that valency. Some types of NPs are just beker than others; and many languages pay aken0on to those differences morphologically or syntac0cally (or even phonologically). Verbs and valency Monovalent: sleep, crawl, yell, die, fall Bivalent: hit, miss, love, push, hear, see, watch Trivalent: give, send, put, place, present, hand, donate Variable: break, eat, walk, freeze, drop 12

13 Valency Changes? 1. inherently ambiguous break, drop 2. lexically supple0ve die/kill ; go out/take out 3. derived/morphologically marked. Valency Changes? 1. inherently ambiguous break, drop 2. lexically supple0ve die/kill ; go out/take out 3. derived/morphologically marked. Mark the bivalent member of the pair Mark the monovalent member of the pair Mark em both! Labile Supple0ve Causa0ve An0causa0ve Equipollent 13

14 A couple of key papers: Nedjalkov, Vladimir P, and Georgij G. Sil nickij Tipologija morfologiceskogo I leksiceskogo kausa0vov. In Aleksandr A. Xolodovic, ed., Tipologija kauza0vnyx konstrukcij: Morfologiceskij kauza0v, Leningrad: Nauka. Haspelmath, Mar0n More on the morphology of of inchoa0ve/causa0ve verb alterna0ons. In Bernard Comrie and Maria Polinsky, eds, Causa0ves and transi0vity, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Nichols, Johanna, David A. Peterson & Jonathan Barnes Transi0vizing and detransi0vizing languages. Linguis0c Typology 8(2): A survey: 14

15 Causa0on Not all predicates are equal: causa0ve accessibility S a S p 3- place A,P fall, die, break, jump, go, stand call, eat, see give, send, ask inchoa0ve causa0ve Inchoa0ve- causa0ve pairs Labile Supple0ve Causa0ve An0causa0ve Equipollent S p P 15

16 Inchoa0ve- causa0ve pairs Labile Supple0ve Causa0ve An0causa0ve Equipollent Inchoa0ve- causa0ve pairs Tukang Besi L 1? 1?? 0 1?? 0 0 1? 1 1 1? 1? 0 1 0? 1 1? 0 1?? 0 S 0? 0?? 0 0?? 1 0 0? 0 1 0? 0? 0 0 0? 0 0? 1 0?? 0 C 0? 0?? 1 1?? 0 0 0? 0 0 0? 0? 0 0 1? 0 0? 0 0?? 1 A 0? 0?? 0 0?? 0 0 0? 0 0 0? 0? 0 0 0? 0 0? 0 0?? 0 E 1? 0?? 0 0?? 0 0 0? 0 0 0? 0? 1 0 0? 0 0? 0 0?? L S C A E

17 Inchoa0ve- causa0ve pairs Labile Supple0ve Causa0ve An0causa0ve Equipollent L S C A E Inchoa0ve- causa0ve pairs Some cross- linguis0c pakerns The World Atlas of Transi0vity Pairs hkp://watp.ninjal.ac.jp/en/ 17

18 Other lexical measures? For comparability, we need a closed set. Body parts Pronouns Kin terms Not the forms! The pakerns. Other lexical measures? For comparability, we need a closed set. Body parts Upper arm Arm Lower arm Hand Finger English arm arm arm hand finger Indonesian tangan tangan lengan tangan jari Pacoh a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 Ndjébbana wanba wanba wanba kudja kudja

19 Other lexical measures? For comparability, we need a closed set. Body parts Upper arm Arm Lower arm Hand Finger English arm arm arm hand finger Indonesian tangan tangan lengan tangan jari Pacoh a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 Ndjébbana wanba wanba wanba kudja kudja 1=2? 1=3? 1=4? 1=5? 2=3? 2=4? 2=5? 3=4? 3=5? 4=5? Other lexical measures? For comparability, we need a closed set. Body parts 1=2 1=3 1=4 1=5 2=3 2=4 2=5 3=4 3=5 4=5 English Indonesian Pacoh Ndjébbana Tukang Besi

20 Other lexical measures? For comparability, we need a closed set. Body parts Upper arm Thigh Arm Leg Lower arm (shank) wrist ankle hand foot finger toe Other lexical measures? For comparability, we need a closed set. Body parts arm leg wing animal s leg (fish s) fin insect s leg branch Common one: hair- body.hair- fur- feather- leaf- grass (Skou: tánghó bird s tail, bèngro fish s tail, pú animal s tail ) Co- lexifica0on 20

21 Co- lexifica0on hkp://clics.lingpy.org/faq.php Co- lexifica0on hkp://clics.lingpy.org/faq.php 21

22 Comparing things So, there are four things we could be doing: Compare features to features Compare features to languages Compare languages to features Compare languages to languages. Different purposes Features to features: Comparing things Dependent- marking yes Beker understand the architecture of Language no Head- yes 30% 33% - marking no 22% 14% 22

23 Comparing things Features to languages: Which languages (/families, areas) show what kinds of linguis0c traits. Contact, family stability, etc. Languages to features Comparing things Which features (/modules of linguis0cs) have spread to different language (area)s. Which features do co- occur 23

24 Comparing things Languages to languages Take composite feature clusters and compare it all Order of things in the clause English Subject Verb Object Oblique Phalura Subject Oblique Object Verb Nepali Subject Oblique Object Verb Bumthang Subject Oblique Object Verb Tibetan Subject Oblique Object Verb Sanskrit Subject Object Oblique Verb Tajik Subject Oblique Object Verb Kirghiz Subject Oblique Object Verb Dzongkha Subject Oblique Object Verb Burushaski Subject Oblique Object Verb Limbu Subject Oblique Object Verb Ahom Subject Oblique Verb Object Oblique Tshangla Subject Oblique Object Verb 24

25 Order of things in the NP English Poss/D NumP AdjP NOUN RelCl Phalura PossP Dem NumP AdjP NOUN RelCl Nepali Dem PossP NumP RelCl AdjP NOUN Bumthang PossP Dem RelCl NOUN AdjP NumP (RelCl) Tibetan RelCl NOUN AdjP NumP Dem Sanskrit PossP Dem NumP RelCl AdjP NOUN Tajik Dem NumP AdjP NOUN RelCl Wakhi Dem PossP NumP AdjP NOUN RelCl Dzongkha Poss/D RelCl NOUN AdjP NumP RelCl Burushaski Limbu Poss/D NumP RelCl AdjP NOUN RelCl Ahom Tshangla PossP Dem NumP RelCl AdjP NOUN AdjP RelCl Gen, N Adj, N Dem, N Num, N RC, N Case, N English G.N A.N D.N Num.N N.RC n/a Phalura G.N A.N D.N Num.N N.case Nepali G.N A.N D.N Num.N RC.N N.case Bumthang G.N N.A D.N N.Num RC.N, N.RC N.case Tibetan G.N N.A N.D N.Num RC.N, N.RC N.case Sanskrit G.N A.N D.N Num.N RC.N N.case Tajik N.G N.A D.N Num.N N.RC N.case Wakhi G.N A.N D.N Num.N Dzongkha G.N N.A D.N, N.D N.Num RC.N N.case Burushaski G.N A.N D.N Num.N RC.N N.case Limbu G.N A.N D.N Num.N RC.N, N.RC N.case Ahom N.G N.A N.D N.Num N.RC n/a Tshangla G.N A.N, N.A D.N N.Num RC.N, N.RC N.case 25

26 Coding G.N N.G A.N N.A D.N N.D Num.N N.Num RC.N N.RC English Phalura Nepali Bumthang Tibetan Sanskrit Tajik Wakhi Dzongkha Burushaski Limbu Ahom Tshangla Typological distance (3 dimensions) N.D D.N N.A Gen.N N.Gen A.N 26

27 Typological distance (3 dimensions) N.D D.N N.A Gen.N N.Gen A.N Typological distance (3 dimensions) N.D D.N N.A Gen.N N.Gen A.N 27

28 Typological distance (3 dimensions) Tibetan Ahom N.D Dzongkha Bumthang Tshangla Tajik D.N N.A Gen.N N.Gen A.N Typological distance (3 dimensions) Tibetan Ahom N.D Dzongkha Bumthang Tshangla Tajik D.N N.A Gen.N N.Gen A.N 28

29 X X X X X Typological distance (3 dimensions) (many) Tshangla Bumthang Dzongkha Tibetan Tajik Ahom (many) Tshangla Bumthang Dzongkha Tibetan Tajik Ahom 0 Ahom is the odd one; but differen0ally. Dzongkha, Bumthang in the middle. Coding G.N N.G A.N N.A D.N N.D Num.N N.Num RC.N N.RC English Phalura Nepali Bumthang Tibetan Sanskrit Tajik Wakhi Dzongkha Burushaski Limbu Ahom Tshangla

30 Typological distance (4+ dimensions) Hard to display Compress to 2D for the visual Typological distance (3 dimensions) Hard to display Compress to 2D for the visual 30

31 Typological distance (3 dimensions) Hard to display Compress to 2D for the visual Typological distance (20ish dimensions) 31

32 The Universals Archive hkps://typo.uni- konstanz.de/archive/intro/ The World Atlas of Transi0vity Pairs hkp://watp.ninjal.ac.jp/en/ South American Phonology database hkp://linguis0cs.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/ Phoible hkp://phoible.org/ 32

33 Other ways to represent 33

34 34

35 World: morphosyntax World: morphosyntax 35

36 World: morphosyntax World: phonology 36

37 Phonology Morphosyntax Phonology Morphosyntax 37