Salmon: Lectures on partial differential equations. 3. First-order linear equations as the limiting case of second-order equations
|
|
- Antony Robbins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 3. First-order liear equatios as the limitig case of secod-order equatios We cosider the advectio-diffusio equatio (1) v = 2 o a bouded domai, with boudary coditios of prescribed. The coefficiets ( ) (2) v = u 1 ( x),u 2 ( x),k,u ( x) are give fuctios which we regard as the compoets of a velocity v. ( / x 1,K, / x ). We assume, o physical grouds, that this problem is well-posed; the solutio exists ad is uique. We are iterested i the case, i which the solutios of (1) must, i some sese, approach the solutios of the first-order equatio (3) v = studied i the previous sectio. The characteristics of (3) the streamlies of v are called subcharacteristics of (1). Cosider the case i which these subcharacteristics itersect the boudary: I that case, the limit must be subtle, because the theory of (3) tells us that we caot prescribe at 2 poits o the same charcteristic. What really happes as? Cosider the oe-dimesioal example, (4) u x = xx, 1 < x <+1 ( 1)= a, ( +1) = b I the case u=costat, the solutio is ux / (5) = A + Be where the costats A ad B are determied by the boudary coditios. We fid that 3-1
2 (6) A = aeu/ u / be, B = e u/ e u / b a e u / u/ e The ature of the solutio depeds very much o the sig of u. If u>, e u/ ad e u /, so A a, B (b a)e u/ ad (7) a + ( b a)e u ( x 1) The solutio looks like this: If, o the other had, u<, the A b, B (a b)e u/, ad (8) b + ( a b)e u ( x +1) Thus, i both cases, as the solutio approaches the solutio of u x = (amely =costat) almost everywhere, with the costat chose to satisfy the boudary coditio at the iflow boudary. A boudary layer of thickess occurs at the outflow boudary. I the boudary layer, chages rapidly to satisfy the outflow boudary coditio. Next we cosider the slightly more iterestig cases of u =±x. I the case u=x of divergig flow, x x = xx x = l x x x2 = l x + cost (9) = A e y2 / dy + B. x 3-2
3 Oce agai we choose A ad B to satisfy the boudary coditios, fidig that (1) A = 1 b a 2 e y 2 / dy, B = a + b 2. Thus (11) = b a 2 where Rx, ( )+ a + b 2 (12) Rx, ( )= x 1 e y2 / dy e y2 / dy (u =+x) As, the ratio R is tiy except ear x =±1. Thus, throughout the iterior of the domai, is uiform at the average of the 2 boudary values. Boudary layers occur at both ( outflow ) boudaries. The solutio looks like this: I the case u = x of covergig flow, we obtai the solutio simply by replacig by i (12). Thus the solutio of (4) with u = x is (11) with (13) Rx, ( )= x 1 e y 2 / dy e y 2 / dy (u = x) As R chages rapidly from 1 to +1 as x passes through zero. The solutio looks like this: 3-3
4 There are o boudary layers at x =±1, but there is a iteral boudary layer at x=. As (11,13) may, by a chage of variables, be writte as (14) = ( b a) 2 x / 1/ 2 e y 2 /2 dy e y 2 /2 dy + ( a + b) 2 (u = x) Thus the iteral boudary layer has a thickess 1/ 2. I the divergig (u=x) case, the boudary layer thickess is, the same as for the case of costat u. This follows from (12). These thickesses could also be obtaied by a crude balace of terms. The emergig picture is oe i which the limit correspods to a solutio of v = almost everywhere, with the value of o each streamlie (i.e. subcharacteristic) equal to the value at the boudary poit of iflow. The diffusio xx is egligible outside of the boudary layers, but it determies which boudary iflueces the iterior. That is, the diffusio determies the directio i which the boudary iformatio travels alog subcharacteristics. Whe = either directio is preferred, ad the boudary value problem is simply ill-posed. The iteral boudary layer of example (11,13) correspods to the eardiscotiuity that develops whe iformatio flows to the same poit from widely differet locatios o the same boudary. This also happes i 2 or more dimesios. However, i 2 or more dimesios ew pheomea occur: 1.) The boudary ca coicide with a subcharacteristic. 2.) Closed subcharacteristics ca occur withi the domai. We illustrate the first of these with a example dear to the hearts of oceaographers: Stommel s theory of ocea circulatio. I this example, it is especially importat to distiguish betwee the velocity v ad the real, physical velocity to which the problem refers. Example. The equatios of motio for a rotatig, two-dimesioal fluid are 3-4
5 (15) u t v t p x fv = u + F x p + fu = v + Fy y u x + v y = where (u,v) is the fluid velocity i the (east, orth) directio, p is the pressure, is a drag coefficiet, ad ( F x, F y ) is the prescribed wid force. The Coriolis parameter (16) f = 2 si latitude day ( ) equals twice the local vertical compoet of the Earth s rotatio vector. As a rough approximatio, f = f + y. To satisfy the last of (15) we take (u,v) = ( y, x ). The, elimiatig p betwee the first ad secod of (15) we obtai the vorticity equatio (17) t 2 + x = 2 + W x, y ( ) where W = F y / x F x / y is a give fuctio. We seek steady solutios of (18) x = 2 W i a square ocea <x,y<l. The boudary coditio is =. Now forget everythig you kow about the physics of (18). The importat mathematical fact is that (18) fits the geeral form of a advectio-diffusio equatio, (19) v = 2 + Q with velocity v = (,) ad source Q = W. Thus the subcharacteristics are lies of costat y, ad boudary iformatio flows from east to west. A boudary layer of thickess must occur at the wester ( outflow ) boudary. 3-5
6 (2) x Outside the boudary layer, is egligible, ad = W ( x, y ), correspodig to the characteristic equatios, (21) dx ds =, dy ds =, d ds = W ( x, y ) which imply x (22) = 1 W( x',y)dx' I x, y L ( ) which is called the iterior solutio. Note that the costat of itegratio i (22) has bee chose to satisfy the boudary coditio at x=l. I the wester boudary layer we let = I + W, where W is the wester boudary layer correctio. W approximately obeys (23) w x = 2 w x 2, the boudary coditio W = I at x=, ad the matchig coditio W as x /. The solutio is (24) W = I (, y)e x /. If W( x,), there must also be a souther boudary layer, because i that case the iterior solutio (22) does ot satisfy the boudary coditio at y=. From a more mathematical viewpoit, the souther boudary coicides with a subcharacteristic, alog which it is forbidde to prescribe whe =. Let = I + S i the souther boudary layer. The (25) S x = 2 S y 2 with boudary coditio (26) S = I ( x,) o y = ad iitial coditio (27) S ( L,y)= Except for the boudary at y=l, which is too distat to affect the solutio for S, the problem (25-27) is equivalet to the problem of heat diffusio i a semi-ifiite bar with a 3-6
7 prescribed temperature at the ed of the bar. The solutio was give by eqs (52-53) i Sectio 1. The aalogy is betwee: (28) S, L x t, Thus, y x, I g (29) S ( x, y)= dx I x, L x [ ( )] y 4 x x exp ( ) 3/2 y 2 ( ) 4 x x From this we see that the boudary layer thickess is proportioal to ( L x). The solutio is summarized by the diagram o the left. I the subtropical ocea, W< correspodig to Q>. The -lies look like as o the right, with the arrows poitig i the directio of the actual, physical velocity. The wester boudary layer correspods to the Gulf Stream. It is a amazig fact that the fully 3-dimesioal set of equatios correspodig to liear ocea circulatio theory ca also be studied as a advectio-diffusio problem. I the geeral 3d case, the advected quatity is the fluid pressure. Example. Cosider the advectio-diffusio equatio (3) ur, ( ) o the aulus ( ) (31) a < r < b, < <. r + vr, r = 1 r r r r r
8 with boudary coditios (32) ( a,) = a ( ) ad ( b,) = b ( ) where a ( ) ad b ( ) are give fuctios. Solve this problem i the four distict cases: (i) u 1, v (ii) u 1, v (iii) u, v 1 (iv) u,v such that the equatio takes the form x = ( xx + yy ) i Cartesia coordiates, but i the same domai, ad with the same boudary coditios, as above. Solutios. (i) I the case (33) r = 2 the iterior equatio is (34) I r =. Thus I = I ( ). Sice there is o boudary layer at r=a, the iterior solutio must satisfy the boudary coditio there. Thus I = a ( ). This of course does ot satisfy the boudary coditio at r=b. Near r=b, the balace must be (35) r = 2 r 2 which implies (36) = A( )+ B( )e ( r b)/. To match the iterior we choose A( ) = a ( ), ad to satisfy the boudary coditio at r=b, we choose B( )= b ( ) a ( ). The uiformly valid approximatio is (37) = a ( )+ ( b ( ) a ( ) )e r b The boudary layer thickess is. ( )/. 3-8
9 (ii) The case (38) r = 2 is similar except that the boudary layer is at r=a, ad the boudary layer equatio is (39) r = 2 r 2. We fid that (4) = b ( )+ ( a ( ) b ( ) )e (iii) I the case ( r a )/. (41) 1 r = 2, the iterior solutio I = I ( r) satisfies either boudary coditio. Thus we aticipate boudary layers at both boudaries. The most straight-forward approach is to expad the -depedece i a Fourier series, (42) r, where ( ) = r = (43) ()= r 1 ( )e i ( r,)e i d ad similarly for the boudary coditios, e.g. (44) a ( )= ( a ) e i. = Note that the = compoet correspods to the azimuthal average, (45) ()= r 1 ( r,)d. As we have already see, the = compoet is the oly compoet preset outside the boudary layers. For each, the exact equatio takes the form 3-9
10 (46) 1 r i ()= r 1 r r r r 2 r 2 () r with boudary coditios (47) ( a) = ( a ) 1 ad (48) ( b) = b ( ) 1 a The case = is clearly special. If =, (49) = 1 r r r r ( )e i d b ( )e i d. ad the diffusio term is importat throughout the domai. Two itegratios ad use of the boudary coditios give us the solutio (5) ()= r l( r / b) a b l( r / a). l( a / b) For, ()= r i the iterior (as we have already see), but this satisfies either boudary coditio. I the boudary layer ear r=a, (51) 1 a i ()= r 2 r 2 which has solutios of the form e r where (52) 2 = i a. Thus if >, (53) =± ad if <, (54) =± a a 12 +i i 1 2. We cover both cases by writig (55) =± ( 2a 1 + isg( ) ). 3-1
11 Oly the mius-alterative produces a acceptable match, ad oce agai we fid that the amplitude is determied by the boudary coditio. Thus (56) ()= r ( a ) exp ( 2a 1 + i sg( ) )( r a). ( ) implies that ( a ) is cojugate symmetric; it the follows We ote that reality of a from the equatio above that is cojugate symmetric; hece is real. The other boudary layer proceeds similarly ad we obtai the uiformly valid approximatio (57) ( ) = l r / b a l( a / b) r, ( ) exp + a + b ( ) exp + ( ) b l( r / a) ( 2a 1 + i sg( ) ) ( r a )+ i ( 2b 1 + i sg( ) ) ( r b )+ i where the first lie represets the iterior solutio ad the secod ad third lies are the boudary layer correctios. We see that the boudary layers have thickess. This solutio ca be writte i various ways. If we take a ca be writte as ( ) = A + ib, the the secod term (58) ( A + ib )exp 2a ( r a) cos + i si ( ) where (59) ( r,) = 2a sg( ) ( r a )+ Sice the sum is clearly real, it ca be writte as (6) 2exp > 2a ( r a) A cos B si ( ) where (61) = ( 2a r a )+. Physically, diffusio i the boudary layers wipes out the -depedece of there, allowig oly the radially averaged value of to peetrate to the iterior. The behavior i the boudary layers is a oscillatory decay oscillatory because the -depedece of the 3-11
12 boudary coditio is swirled may times aroud the boudary layer before the small diffusio wipes it out. (iv) This case is very similar to the ocea circulatio problem doe i lecture. There are -thickess boudary layers o the west coast of the basi ad o the east coast of the cetral islad. These wester boudary layers thicke as oe goes orth or south from the ceter of the domai. The ew features are the boudary layers that emaate from the top ad bottom of the islad ad exted to the west coast as show: These layers arise to smooth the discotiuity betwee the boudary values A ad B show o the sketch: I the (s,) coordiates depicted, the boudary layer equatio is the heat equatio (62) s = 2 2 with iitial coditio (63) (,) = A < B > Usig the basic Gree s fuctio for the heat equatio, the solutio is (64) ( s, )= { } 1 4s A ( e ) 2 /4s d + B e ( ) 2 /4s d (This is strictly valid oly for s>> 1/ 2 ; the small regio ear s= demads special treatmet.) Refereces. Beder ad Orszag. Cole. 3-12
Chapter 4. Fourier Series
Chapter 4. Fourier Series At this poit we are ready to ow cosider the caoical equatios. Cosider, for eample the heat equatio u t = u, < (4.) subject to u(, ) = si, u(, t) = u(, t) =. (4.) Here,
More information62. Power series Definition 16. (Power series) Given a sequence {c n }, the series. c n x n = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 +
62. Power series Defiitio 16. (Power series) Give a sequece {c }, the series c x = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + is called a power series i the variable x. The umbers c are called the coefficiets of
More informationFluid Physics 8.292J/12.330J % (1)
Fluid Physics 89J/133J Problem Set 5 Solutios 1 Cosider the flow of a Euler fluid i the x directio give by for y > d U = U y 1 d for y d U + y 1 d for y < This flow does ot vary i x or i z Determie the
More informationStreamfunction-Vorticity Formulation
Streamfuctio-Vorticity Formulatio A. Salih Departmet of Aerospace Egieerig Idia Istitute of Space Sciece ad Techology, Thiruvaathapuram March 2013 The streamfuctio-vorticity formulatio was amog the first
More information6.3 Testing Series With Positive Terms
6.3. TESTING SERIES WITH POSITIVE TERMS 307 6.3 Testig Series With Positive Terms 6.3. Review of what is kow up to ow I theory, testig a series a i for covergece amouts to fidig the i= sequece of partial
More information10-701/ Machine Learning Mid-term Exam Solution
0-70/5-78 Machie Learig Mid-term Exam Solutio Your Name: Your Adrew ID: True or False (Give oe setece explaatio) (20%). (F) For a cotiuous radom variable x ad its probability distributio fuctio p(x), it
More informationMath 257: Finite difference methods
Math 257: Fiite differece methods 1 Fiite Differeces Remember the defiitio of a derivative f f(x + ) f(x) (x) = lim 0 Also recall Taylor s formula: (1) f(x + ) = f(x) + f (x) + 2 f (x) + 3 f (3) (x) +...
More informationProblem Cosider the curve give parametrically as x = si t ad y = + cos t for» t» ß: (a) Describe the path this traverses: Where does it start (whe t =
Mathematics Summer Wilso Fial Exam August 8, ANSWERS Problem 1 (a) Fid the solutio to y +x y = e x x that satisfies y() = 5 : This is already i the form we used for a first order liear differetial equatio,
More informationMath 312 Lecture Notes One Dimensional Maps
Math 312 Lecture Notes Oe Dimesioal Maps Warre Weckesser Departmet of Mathematics Colgate Uiversity 21-23 February 25 A Example We begi with the simplest model of populatio growth. Suppose, for example,
More information6 Integers Modulo n. integer k can be written as k = qn + r, with q,r, 0 r b. So any integer.
6 Itegers Modulo I Example 2.3(e), we have defied the cogruece of two itegers a,b with respect to a modulus. Let us recall that a b (mod ) meas a b. We have proved that cogruece is a equivalece relatio
More informationU8L1: Sec Equations of Lines in R 2
MCVU U8L: Sec. 8.9. Equatios of Lies i R Review of Equatios of a Straight Lie (-D) Cosider the lie passig through A (-,) with slope, as show i the diagram below. I poit slope form, the equatio of the lie
More informationFundamental Concepts: Surfaces and Curves
UNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS: SURACES AND CURVES CHAPTER udametal Cocepts: Surfaces ad Curves. INTRODUCTION This chapter describes two geometrical objects, vi., surfaces ad curves because the pla a ver importat
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series
Chapter 6 Ifiite Sequeces ad Series 6.1 Ifiite Sequeces 6.1.1 Elemetary Cocepts Simply speakig, a sequece is a ordered list of umbers writte: {a 1, a 2, a 3,...a, a +1,...} where the elemets a i represet
More informationHonors Calculus Homework 13 Solutions, due 12/8/5
Hoors Calculus Homework Solutios, due /8/5 Questio Let a regio R i the plae be bouded by the curves y = 5 ad = 5y y. Sketch the regio R. The two curves meet where both equatios hold at oce, so where: y
More informationZeros of Polynomials
Math 160 www.timetodare.com 4.5 4.6 Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered with fidig the solutios of polyomial equatios of ay degree
More information3. Z Transform. Recall that the Fourier transform (FT) of a DT signal xn [ ] is ( ) [ ] = In order for the FT to exist in the finite magnitude sense,
3. Z Trasform Referece: Etire Chapter 3 of text. Recall that the Fourier trasform (FT) of a DT sigal x [ ] is ω ( ) [ ] X e = j jω k = xe I order for the FT to exist i the fiite magitude sese, S = x [
More informationSolutions to Final Exam Review Problems
. Let f(x) 4+x. Solutios to Fial Exam Review Problems Math 5C, Witer 2007 (a) Fid the Maclauri series for f(x), ad compute its radius of covergece. Solutio. f(x) 4( ( x/4)) ( x/4) ( ) 4 4 + x. Sice the
More informationChapter 10: Power Series
Chapter : Power Series 57 Chapter Overview: Power Series The reaso series are part of a Calculus course is that there are fuctios which caot be itegrated. All power series, though, ca be itegrated because
More information1 Approximating Integrals using Taylor Polynomials
Seughee Ye Ma 8: Week 7 Nov Week 7 Summary This week, we will lear how we ca approximate itegrals usig Taylor series ad umerical methods. Topics Page Approximatig Itegrals usig Taylor Polyomials. Defiitios................................................
More informationComplex Analysis Spring 2001 Homework I Solution
Complex Aalysis Sprig 2001 Homework I Solutio 1. Coway, Chapter 1, sectio 3, problem 3. Describe the set of poits satisfyig the equatio z a z + a = 2c, where c > 0 ad a R. To begi, we see from the triagle
More informationThe axial dispersion model for tubular reactors at steady state can be described by the following equations: dc dz R n cn = 0 (1) (2) 1 d 2 c.
5.4 Applicatio of Perturbatio Methods to the Dispersio Model for Tubular Reactors The axial dispersio model for tubular reactors at steady state ca be described by the followig equatios: d c Pe dz z =
More informationSOLUTIONS: ECE 606 Homework Week 7 Mark Lundstrom Purdue University (revised 3/27/13) e E i E T
SOUIONS: ECE 606 Homework Week 7 Mark udstrom Purdue Uiversity (revised 3/27/13) 1) Cosider a - type semicoductor for which the oly states i the badgap are door levels (i.e. ( E = E D ). Begi with the
More informationMachine Learning for Data Science (CS 4786)
Machie Learig for Data Sciece CS 4786) Lecture & 3: Pricipal Compoet Aalysis The text i black outlies high level ideas. The text i blue provides simple mathematical details to derive or get to the algorithm
More informationLecture 8: Solving the Heat, Laplace and Wave equations using finite difference methods
Itroductory lecture otes o Partial Differetial Equatios - c Athoy Peirce. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit writte permissio from the copyright ower. 1 Lecture 8: Solvig the Heat, Laplace
More informationLesson 10: Limits and Continuity
www.scimsacademy.com Lesso 10: Limits ad Cotiuity SCIMS Academy 1 Limit of a fuctio The cocept of limit of a fuctio is cetral to all other cocepts i calculus (like cotiuity, derivative, defiite itegrals
More informationMost text will write ordinary derivatives using either Leibniz notation 2 3. y + 5y= e and y y. xx tt t
Itroductio to Differetial Equatios Defiitios ad Termiolog Differetial Equatio: A equatio cotaiig the derivatives of oe or more depedet variables, with respect to oe or more idepedet variables, is said
More information3.2 Properties of Division 3.3 Zeros of Polynomials 3.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials
Math 60 www.timetodare.com 3. Properties of Divisio 3.3 Zeros of Polyomials 3.4 Complex ad Ratioal Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered
More informationMark Lundstrom Spring SOLUTIONS: ECE 305 Homework: Week 5. Mark Lundstrom Purdue University
Mark udstrom Sprig 2015 SOUTIONS: ECE 305 Homework: Week 5 Mark udstrom Purdue Uiversity The followig problems cocer the Miority Carrier Diffusio Equatio (MCDE) for electros: Δ t = D Δ + G For all the
More informationCastiel, Supernatural, Season 6, Episode 18
13 Differetial Equatios the aswer to your questio ca best be epressed as a series of partial differetial equatios... Castiel, Superatural, Seaso 6, Episode 18 A differetial equatio is a mathematical equatio
More informationPAPER : IIT-JAM 2010
MATHEMATICS-MA (CODE A) Q.-Q.5: Oly oe optio is correct for each questio. Each questio carries (+6) marks for correct aswer ad ( ) marks for icorrect aswer.. Which of the followig coditios does NOT esure
More informationU8L1: Sec Equations of Lines in R 2
MCVU Thursda Ma, Review of Equatios of a Straight Lie (-D) U8L Sec. 8.9. Equatios of Lies i R Cosider the lie passig through A (-,) with slope, as show i the diagram below. I poit slope form, the equatio
More informationSolutions to Homework 1
Solutios to Homework MATH 36. Describe geometrically the sets of poits z i the complex plae defied by the followig relatios /z = z () Re(az + b) >, where a, b (2) Im(z) = c, with c (3) () = = z z = z 2.
More informationMIDTERM 3 CALCULUS 2. Monday, December 3, :15 PM to 6:45 PM. Name PRACTICE EXAM SOLUTIONS
MIDTERM 3 CALCULUS MATH 300 FALL 08 Moday, December 3, 08 5:5 PM to 6:45 PM Name PRACTICE EXAM S Please aswer all of the questios, ad show your work. You must explai your aswers to get credit. You will
More informationTEACHER CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE
COMPETENCY 1. ALGEBRA SKILL 1.1 1.1a. ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES Kow why the real ad complex umbers are each a field, ad that particular rigs are ot fields (e.g., itegers, polyomial rigs, matrix rigs) Algebra
More informationLecture 2: Monte Carlo Simulation
STAT/Q SCI 43: Itroductio to Resamplig ethods Sprig 27 Istructor: Ye-Chi Che Lecture 2: ote Carlo Simulatio 2 ote Carlo Itegratio Assume we wat to evaluate the followig itegratio: e x3 dx What ca we do?
More informationChapter 7: The z-transform. Chih-Wei Liu
Chapter 7: The -Trasform Chih-Wei Liu Outlie Itroductio The -Trasform Properties of the Regio of Covergece Properties of the -Trasform Iversio of the -Trasform The Trasfer Fuctio Causality ad Stability
More informationQuestion 1: The magnetic case
September 6, 018 Corell Uiversity, Departmet of Physics PHYS 337, Advace E&M, HW # 4, due: 9/19/018, 11:15 AM Questio 1: The magetic case I class, we skipped over some details, so here you are asked to
More informationChapter 9: Numerical Differentiation
178 Chapter 9: Numerical Differetiatio Numerical Differetiatio Formulatio of equatios for physical problems ofte ivolve derivatives (rate-of-chage quatities, such as velocity ad acceleratio). Numerical
More informationAssignment 1 : Real Numbers, Sequences. for n 1. Show that (x n ) converges. Further, by observing that x n+2 + x n+1
Assigmet : Real Numbers, Sequeces. Let A be a o-empty subset of R ad α R. Show that α = supa if ad oly if α is ot a upper boud of A but α + is a upper boud of A for every N. 2. Let y (, ) ad x (, ). Evaluate
More informationSequences and Series of Functions
Chapter 6 Sequeces ad Series of Fuctios 6.1. Covergece of a Sequece of Fuctios Poitwise Covergece. Defiitio 6.1. Let, for each N, fuctio f : A R be defied. If, for each x A, the sequece (f (x)) coverges
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 116C. Problem Set 4. Benjamin Stahl. November 6, 2014
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 6C Problem Set 4 Bejami Stahl November 6, 4 BOAS, P. 63, PROBLEM.-5 The Laguerre differetial equatio, x y + ( xy + py =, will be solved
More informationCHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 10.1 Sequeces 10.2 Ifiite Series 10.3 The Itegral Tests 10.4 Compariso Tests 10.5 The Ratio ad Root Tests 10.6 Alteratig Series: Absolute ad Coditioal Covergece
More informationA widely used display of protein shapes is based on the coordinates of the alpha carbons - - C α
Nice plottig of proteis: I A widely used display of protei shapes is based o the coordiates of the alpha carbos - - C α -s. The coordiates of the C α -s are coected by a cotiuous curve that roughly follows
More informationECE-S352 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing Lecture 3A Direct Solution of Difference Equations
ECE-S352 Itroductio to Digital Sigal Processig Lecture 3A Direct Solutio of Differece Equatios Discrete Time Systems Described by Differece Equatios Uit impulse (sample) respose h() of a DT system allows
More informationBoundary Element Method (BEM)
Boudary Elemet Method BEM Zora Ilievski Wedesday 8 th Jue 006 HG 6.96 TU/e Talk Overview The idea of BEM ad its advatages The D potetial problem Numerical implemetatio Idea of BEM 3 Idea of BEM 4 Advatages
More informationAppendix: The Laplace Transform
Appedix: The Laplace Trasform The Laplace trasform is a powerful method that ca be used to solve differetial equatio, ad other mathematical problems. Its stregth lies i the fact that it allows the trasformatio
More informationLøsningsførslag i 4M
Norges tekisk aturviteskapelige uiversitet Istitutt for matematiske fag Side 1 av 6 Løsigsførslag i 4M Oppgave 1 a) A sketch of the graph of the give f o the iterval [ 3, 3) is as follows: The Fourier
More informationMath 113 Exam 3 Practice
Math Exam Practice Exam 4 will cover.-., 0. ad 0.. Note that eve though. was tested i exam, questios from that sectios may also be o this exam. For practice problems o., refer to the last review. This
More informationSection 1.1. Calculus: Areas And Tangents. Difference Equations to Differential Equations
Differece Equatios to Differetial Equatios Sectio. Calculus: Areas Ad Tagets The study of calculus begis with questios about chage. What happes to the velocity of a swigig pedulum as its positio chages?
More informationMath 113 Exam 3 Practice
Math Exam Practice Exam will cover.-.9. This sheet has three sectios. The first sectio will remid you about techiques ad formulas that you should kow. The secod gives a umber of practice questios for you
More informationName: Math 10550, Final Exam: December 15, 2007
Math 55, Fial Exam: December 5, 7 Name: Be sure that you have all pages of the test. No calculators are to be used. The exam lasts for two hours. Whe told to begi, remove this aswer sheet ad keep it uder
More informationL 5 & 6: RelHydro/Basel. f(x)= ( ) f( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n! 1! 2! 3! If the TE of f(x)= sin(x) around x 0 is: sin(x) = x - 3! 5!
aylor epasio: Let ƒ() be a ifiitely differetiable real fuctio. At ay poit i the eighbourhood of =0, the fuctio ca be represeted as a power series of the followig form: X 0 f(a) f() ƒ() f()= ( ) f( ) (
More informationDiscrete-Time Systems, LTI Systems, and Discrete-Time Convolution
EEL5: Discrete-Time Sigals ad Systems. Itroductio I this set of otes, we begi our mathematical treatmet of discrete-time s. As show i Figure, a discrete-time operates or trasforms some iput sequece x [
More informationis proportional to the amount by which this velocity is not parallel to the direction of the thermal wind shear v z = v v, (V_rotate_03)
97 Whe globally itegrated over complete desity surfaces, the total trasport due to these o- liear processes ca be calculated. I gree is the mea diaeutral trasport from the ill- defied ature of eutral surfaces,
More informationChapter 6 Principles of Data Reduction
Chapter 6 for BST 695: Special Topics i Statistical Theory. Kui Zhag, 0 Chapter 6 Priciples of Data Reductio Sectio 6. Itroductio Goal: To summarize or reduce the data X, X,, X to get iformatio about a
More informationb i u x i U a i j u x i u x j
M ath 5 2 7 Fall 2 0 0 9 L ecture 1 9 N ov. 1 6, 2 0 0 9 ) S ecod- Order Elliptic Equatios: Weak S olutios 1. Defiitios. I this ad the followig two lectures we will study the boudary value problem Here
More informationLecture 4 Conformal Mapping and Green s Theorem. 1. Let s try to solve the following problem by separation of variables
Lecture 4 Coformal Mappig ad Gree s Theorem Today s topics. Solvig electrostatic problems cotiued. Why separatio of variables does t always work 3. Coformal mappig 4. Gree s theorem The failure of separatio
More informationHE ATOM & APPROXIMATION METHODS MORE GENERAL VARIATIONAL TREATMENT. Examples:
5.6 4 Lecture #3-4 page HE ATOM & APPROXIMATION METHODS MORE GENERAL VARIATIONAL TREATMENT Do t restrict the wavefuctio to a sigle term! Could be a liear combiatio of several wavefuctios e.g. two terms:
More informationProblem Set 4 Due Oct, 12
EE226: Radom Processes i Systems Lecturer: Jea C. Walrad Problem Set 4 Due Oct, 12 Fall 06 GSI: Assae Gueye This problem set essetially reviews detectio theory ad hypothesis testig ad some basic otios
More informationPolynomial Functions and Their Graphs
Polyomial Fuctios ad Their Graphs I this sectio we begi the study of fuctios defied by polyomial expressios. Polyomial ad ratioal fuctios are the most commo fuctios used to model data, ad are used extesively
More informationAE/ME 339 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
AE/ME 339 Computatioal Fluid Dyamics (CFD 0//004 Topic0_PresCorr_ Computatioal Fluid Dyamics (AE/ME 339 Pressure Correctio Method The pressure correctio formula (6.8.4 Calculatio of p. Coservatio form
More informationSOLUTIONS TO EXAM 3. Solution: Note that this defines two convergent geometric series with respective radii r 1 = 2/5 < 1 and r 2 = 1/5 < 1.
SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 3 Problem Fid the sum of the followig series 2 + ( ) 5 5 2 5 3 25 2 2 This series diverges Solutio: Note that this defies two coverget geometric series with respective radii r 2/5 < ad
More informationProperties and Tests of Zeros of Polynomial Functions
Properties ad Tests of Zeros of Polyomial Fuctios The Remaider ad Factor Theorems: Sythetic divisio ca be used to fid the values of polyomials i a sometimes easier way tha substitutio. This is show by
More informationSOLUTION SET VI FOR FALL [(n + 2)(n + 1)a n+2 a n 1 ]x n = 0,
4. Series Solutios of Differetial Equatios:Special Fuctios 4.. Illustrative examples.. 5. Obtai the geeral solutio of each of the followig differetial equatios i terms of Maclauri series: d y (a dx = xy,
More informationTaylor expansion: Show that the TE of f(x)= sin(x) around. sin(x) = x - + 3! 5! L 7 & 8: MHD/ZAH
Taylor epasio: Let ƒ() be a ifiitely differetiable real fuctio. A ay poit i the eighbourhood of 0, the fuctio ƒ() ca be represeted by a power series of the followig form: X 0 f(a) f() f() ( ) f( ) ( )
More informationWe are mainly going to be concerned with power series in x, such as. (x)} converges - that is, lims N n
Review of Power Series, Power Series Solutios A power series i x - a is a ifiite series of the form c (x a) =c +c (x a)+(x a) +... We also call this a power series cetered at a. Ex. (x+) is cetered at
More informationECON 3150/4150, Spring term Lecture 3
Itroductio Fidig the best fit by regressio Residuals ad R-sq Regressio ad causality Summary ad ext step ECON 3150/4150, Sprig term 2014. Lecture 3 Ragar Nymoe Uiversity of Oslo 21 Jauary 2014 1 / 30 Itroductio
More informationMechatronics. Time Response & Frequency Response 2 nd -Order Dynamic System 2-Pole, Low-Pass, Active Filter
Time Respose & Frequecy Respose d -Order Dyamic System -Pole, Low-Pass, Active Filter R 4 R 7 C 5 e i R 1 C R 3 - + R 6 - + e out Assigmet: Perform a Complete Dyamic System Ivestigatio of the Two-Pole,
More informationThe picture in figure 1.1 helps us to see that the area represents the distance traveled. Figure 1: Area represents distance travelled
1 Lecture : Area Area ad distace traveled Approximatig area by rectagles Summatio The area uder a parabola 1.1 Area ad distace Suppose we have the followig iformatio about the velocity of a particle, how
More informationChapter 6 Infinite Series
Chapter 6 Ifiite Series I the previous chapter we cosidered itegrals which were improper i the sese that the iterval of itegratio was ubouded. I this chapter we are goig to discuss a topic which is somewhat
More informationf(x) dx as we do. 2x dx x also diverges. Solution: We compute 2x dx lim
Math 3, Sectio 2. (25 poits) Why we defie f(x) dx as we do. (a) Show that the improper itegral diverges. Hece the improper itegral x 2 + x 2 + b also diverges. Solutio: We compute x 2 + = lim b x 2 + =
More informationTMA4205 Numerical Linear Algebra. The Poisson problem in R 2 : diagonalization methods
TMA4205 Numerical Liear Algebra The Poisso problem i R 2 : diagoalizatio methods September 3, 2007 c Eiar M Røquist Departmet of Mathematical Scieces NTNU, N-749 Trodheim, Norway All rights reserved A
More informationPhysics 324, Fall Dirac Notation. These notes were produced by David Kaplan for Phys. 324 in Autumn 2001.
Physics 324, Fall 2002 Dirac Notatio These otes were produced by David Kapla for Phys. 324 i Autum 2001. 1 Vectors 1.1 Ier product Recall from liear algebra: we ca represet a vector V as a colum vector;
More informationWe will conclude the chapter with the study a few methods and techniques which are useful
Chapter : Coordiate geometry: I this chapter we will lear about the mai priciples of graphig i a dimesioal (D) Cartesia system of coordiates. We will focus o drawig lies ad the characteristics of the graphs
More informationES.182A Topic 40 Notes Jeremy Orloff
ES.182A opic 4 Notes Jeremy Orloff 4 Flux: ormal form of Gree s theorem Gree s theorem i flux form is formally equivalet to our previous versio where the lie itegral was iterpreted as work. Here we will
More information( ) (( ) ) ANSWERS TO EXERCISES IN APPENDIX B. Section B.1 VECTORS AND SETS. Exercise B.1-1: Convex sets. are convex, , hence. and. (a) Let.
Joh Riley 8 Jue 03 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES IN APPENDIX B Sectio B VECTORS AND SETS Exercise B-: Covex sets (a) Let 0 x, x X, X, hece 0 x, x X ad 0 x, x X Sice X ad X are covex, x X ad x X The x X X, which
More informationLecture Notes for Analysis Class
Lecture Notes for Aalysis Class Topological Spaces A topology for a set X is a collectio T of subsets of X such that: (a) X ad the empty set are i T (b) Uios of elemets of T are i T (c) Fiite itersectios
More informationMath 113, Calculus II Winter 2007 Final Exam Solutions
Math, Calculus II Witer 7 Fial Exam Solutios (5 poits) Use the limit defiitio of the defiite itegral ad the sum formulas to compute x x + dx The check your aswer usig the Evaluatio Theorem Solutio: I this
More informationThe z-transform. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The z-transform Derivation of the z-transform: x[n] = z n LTI system, h[n] z = re j
The -Trasform 7. Itroductio Geeralie the complex siusoidal represetatio offered by DTFT to a represetatio of complex expoetial sigals. Obtai more geeral characteristics for discrete-time LTI systems. 7.
More informationThe Method of Least Squares. To understand least squares fitting of data.
The Method of Least Squares KEY WORDS Curve fittig, least square GOAL To uderstad least squares fittig of data To uderstad the least squares solutio of icosistet systems of liear equatios 1 Motivatio Curve
More informationMTH 142 Exam 3 Spr 2011 Practice Problem Solutions 1
MTH 42 Exam 3 Spr 20 Practice Problem Solutios No calculators will be permitted at the exam. 3. A pig-pog ball is lauched straight up, rises to a height of 5 feet, the falls back to the lauch poit ad bouces
More information1. Hydrogen Atom: 3p State
7633A QUANTUM MECHANICS I - solutio set - autum. Hydroge Atom: 3p State Let us assume that a hydroge atom is i a 3p state. Show that the radial part of its wave fuctio is r u 3(r) = 4 8 6 e r 3 r(6 r).
More informationFourier Series and the Wave Equation
Fourier Series ad the Wave Equatio We start with the oe-dimesioal wave equatio u u =, x u(, t) = u(, t) =, ux (,) = f( x), u ( x,) = This represets a vibratig strig, where u is the displacemet of the strig
More informationLinear Elliptic PDE s Elliptic partial differential equations frequently arise out of conservation statements of the form
Liear Elliptic PDE s Elliptic partial differetial equatios frequetly arise out of coservatio statemets of the form B F d B Sdx B cotaied i bouded ope set U R. Here F, S deote respectively, the flux desity
More informationApply change-of-basis formula to rewrite x as a linear combination of eigenvectors v j.
Eigevalue-Eigevector Istructor: Nam Su Wag eigemcd Ay vector i real Euclidea space of dimesio ca be uiquely epressed as a liear combiatio of liearly idepedet vectors (ie, basis) g j, j,,, α g α g α g α
More informationSeunghee Ye Ma 8: Week 5 Oct 28
Week 5 Summary I Sectio, we go over the Mea Value Theorem ad its applicatios. I Sectio 2, we will recap what we have covered so far this term. Topics Page Mea Value Theorem. Applicatios of the Mea Value
More informationa is some real number (called the coefficient) other
Precalculus Notes for Sectio.1 Liear/Quadratic Fuctios ad Modelig http://www.schooltube.com/video/77e0a939a3344194bb4f Defiitios: A moomial is a term of the form tha zero ad is a oegative iteger. a where
More informationR is a scalar defined as follows:
Math 8. Notes o Dot Product, Cross Product, Plaes, Area, ad Volumes This lecture focuses primarily o the dot product ad its may applicatios, especially i the measuremet of agles ad scalar projectio ad
More informationA.1 Algebra Review: Polynomials/Rationals. Definitions:
MATH 040 Notes: Uit 0 Page 1 A.1 Algera Review: Polyomials/Ratioals Defiitios: A polyomial is a sum of polyomial terms. Polyomial terms are epressios formed y products of costats ad variales with whole
More informationmx bx kx F t. dt IR I LI V t, Q LQ RQ V t,
Lecture 5 omplex Variables II (Applicatios i Physics) (See hapter i Boas) To see why complex variables are so useful cosider first the (liear) mechaics of a sigle particle described by Newto s equatio
More informationMTH Assignment 1 : Real Numbers, Sequences
MTH -26 Assigmet : Real Numbers, Sequeces. Fid the supremum of the set { m m+ : N, m Z}. 2. Let A be a o-empty subset of R ad α R. Show that α = supa if ad oly if α is ot a upper boud of A but α + is a
More informationLECTURE 14. Non-linear transverse motion. Non-linear transverse motion
LETURE 4 No-liear trasverse motio Floquet trasformatio Harmoic aalysis-oe dimesioal resoaces Two-dimesioal resoaces No-liear trasverse motio No-liear field terms i the trajectory equatio: Trajectory equatio
More informationFinally, we show how to determine the moments of an impulse response based on the example of the dispersion model.
5.3 Determiatio of Momets Fially, we show how to determie the momets of a impulse respose based o the example of the dispersio model. For the dispersio model we have that E θ (θ ) curve is give by eq (4).
More informationMath 210A Homework 1
Math 0A Homework Edward Burkard Exercise. a) State the defiitio of a aalytic fuctio. b) What are the relatioships betwee aalytic fuctios ad the Cauchy-Riema equatios? Solutio. a) A fuctio f : G C is called
More informationESCI 485 Air/sea Interaction Lesson 6 Wind Driven Circulation Dr. DeCaria
ESCI 485 Air/sea Iteractio Lesso 6 Wid Drive Circulatio Dr. DeCaria Refereces: Itroductor Damical Oceaograp, Pod ad Pickard Priciples of Ocea Psics, Apel STOEL S SOLUTION FOR WESTWARD INTENSIFICATION Te
More informationChapter 1. Complex Numbers. Dr. Pulak Sahoo
Chapter 1 Complex Numbers BY Dr. Pulak Sahoo Assistat Professor Departmet of Mathematics Uiversity Of Kalyai West Begal, Idia E-mail : sahoopulak1@gmail.com 1 Module-2: Stereographic Projectio 1 Euler
More informationChapter 10 Partial Differential Equations and Fourier Series
Math-33 Chapter Partial Differetial Equatios November 6, 7 Chapter Partial Differetial Equatios ad Fourier Series Math-33 Chapter Partial Differetial Equatios November 6, 7. Boudary Value Problems for
More informationSynopsis of Euler s paper. E Memoire sur la plus grande equation des planetes. (Memoir on the Maximum value of an Equation of the Planets)
1 Syopsis of Euler s paper E105 -- Memoire sur la plus grade equatio des plaetes (Memoir o the Maximum value of a Equatio of the Plaets) Compiled by Thomas J Osler ad Jase Adrew Scaramazza Mathematics
More informationAnalysis of a Numerical Scheme An Example
http://www.d.edu/~gtryggva/cfd-course/ Computatioal Fluid Dyamics Lecture 3 Jauary 5, 7 Aalysis of a Numerical Scheme A Example Grétar Tryggvaso Numerical Aalysis Example Use the leap-frog method (cetered
More informationCalculus with Analytic Geometry 2
Calculus with Aalytic Geometry Fial Eam Study Guide ad Sample Problems Solutios The date for the fial eam is December, 7, 4-6:3p.m. BU Note. The fial eam will cosist of eercises, ad some theoretical questios,
More information