AUTOREFERAT (w języku angielskim załącznik nr 3)

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1 AUTOREFERAT (w języku angielskim załącznik nr 3) Personal Data Name, Surname: Marek Scholz Date and place of birth: r. Bytom Employment: The HenrykNiewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, ul. Radzikowskiego 152 Degrees MSc in Technical Physics, 1978 Military Uniwersity of Technology in Warsaw, Department of Chemistry and Physics Master s thesis: The interaction of electromagnetic waves with a layer of plasma with a magnetic field and gradient of concentration " PhD in Technical Science, 1990 Military Uniwersity of Technology in Warsaw, Department of Chemistry and Physics PhD thesis: Supervisor: Referees: Employment positions held Numerical modeling of a breakdown and early stages of the discharge in the Plasma-Focus device Doc. dr inŝ. Sławomir Denus Prof. dr hab. Czesław Rymarz, Prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Peradzyński 2013 present The HenrykNiewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN), Kraków 2013 present The main environmental equipment specialist in the Department of Radiation Transport Physics, Division V, IFJ PAN Head of Division Dense magnetized plasmas at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion Assistant Professor at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion Research Assistant in the Department of Plasma Theory at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion 1

2 Outline of a research career I started working as a research assistant in the Department of Plasma Theory at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Synthesis in Warsaw in I dealt with the following issues in the years : Absorption of electromagnetic waves in a plasma with a magnetic field and electron concentration gradient; Interaction of laser radiation with the plasma generated in the Plasma-Focus device (PF); Non-hydrodynamic modeling of a evolution of plasma in the PF device. The issue of absorption of e-m waves in plasma was a continuation of my MSc thesis. Using the derived dielectric permittivity tensor of a plasma with a magnetic field and gradient of concentration work based on the Vlasov equation in planar geometry, I built a model of a e-m wave propagation in a plasma, which allowed to find their transmission and absorption coefficients. The results were presented at the conference and published in Proc Int Conf Plasma Phys V.II, p 354, Laussane (1984). In addition I took part in the development of non-hydrodynamic model of pinch plasma, where it was assumed that the plasma electrons behave like a fluid and plasma ions as free particles in the last phase of life outbreak. Basing on the mentioned physical model a numerical model based on the method of Particlein-Cell (PIC) was developed and used to investigate the accelerator processes in the plasma. The results have been presented at the conference and published in Proc Int Conf Plasma Phys vi, p.157, Laussane (1984). At the same time, I took part in the research of the team involved in the experiments of interaction of laser radiation with a pinch plasma in PF; I carried out calculations of the propagation of radiation in a pinch plasma column. The results have been published, inter alia, in the paper S. Denus, Chłodziński J., et al. The study of Nd-glass laser radiation influence upon the plasma generated in a Plasma-Focus device, Journal of Tech. Phys, v. 23, no. 2, (1982). During 1986, I worked on the problem of electrical discharge in a gas under the influence of an applied high voltage pulse with amplitude of kv along the insulator - like the geometry of the Plasma-Focus. The results allowed me to develop a model of breakdown and gas discharge based on the continuum equations for the PF geometry and to develop an original two-dimensional numerical code to solve a system of equations describing the problem. The model describes more accurately the initial phase of penetration than models known from the literature and gave good agreement with experimental results performed via high-speed optical cameras, this allowed to explain the causes of parasitic discharges in PF. The analysis, formulation and solution of this problem are described in my doctoral dissertation "Computer simulation of the phenomenon of the penetration of gas in the system of a cylindrical coaxial electrodes in Plasma-Focus device," which was defended with honors in December

3 I worked on upgrading the model in by adding the phenomenon of photoionization of gas and adapting it to the modeling of the electrical flashover in a vacuum insulator for high voltage systems. In 1994, I became the leader of the team that started the MJ PF-1000 device. The device was assembled and put into use in IFPiLM by a team from the Institute for Nuclear Studies in Swierk, at the end of We received the first experimental results for low energy 200 kj stored in the PF-1000 condenser bank and the total current in the system at the level of 1 MA. Experiments were carried out with hydrogen. During the experiments, we obtained the collapse of the current and observed the hard X-ray emission. I presented the results during an invited lecture at the conference Plasma 95 in Warsaw in In subsequent years I and my coworkers carried out the following experiments on the PF- 1000: Experiments with argon doping, in which the hydrogen is a working gas and argon is added as a tracer. Based on the measured spectral lines in the range of soft X-rays emitted from an Helike argon we observed: the existence of a wide (approximately 3 cm in diameter) intense beam of electrons in the PF; the existence of hot spots on the size of 1 mm in PF; while the comparison of experimental results with computer simulations the electron beam parameters have been determined. Experiments with aluminum fibers micron diameters arranged in the central part of the anode PF on its axis. It was found by frame camera, that a stable, homogeneous plasma corona as a result of the impact of the plasma current sheath on the aluminum fiber placed on the PF axis. Furthermore, the plasma corona was maintained by the magnetic field and did not emit radiation from hot spots, as in the case of argon experiments, but with the whole plasma uniformly. Experiments with the generation of very short X-ray pulses during the current stroke in a cylindrical foam shell target. Experiments that have shown the possibility to use the PF device system for driving and a compression of the foam shell. In 1999 I have started with the team experiments on PF-1000 with deuterium as the working gas. In this way, fusion experiments on the PF-1000 device have been commenced. At first, four silver counters were calibrated using the Am-Be sources. The junction of electrodes, and the insulator and the structure of the node electrode insulator was changed. The instalation of new electrodes were made for us by the Lebedev Institute of Physics in Moscow. In the years , I and the PF-1000 team have prepared and done experiments related to measurements of neutron emission from the fusion of deuterons in the plasma pinch formed in the PF-1000 device. The main issues were addressed to the following research questions: Characteristics of this emission, its total yield, the Doppler shift of neutron pulses measured by scintillation probes along the axis of the electrode PF-1000 and anisotropic emission; 3

4 The correlation in time between the emission of soft and hard X-ray, electron beam, and the moment of neutrons emission, also linked to the evolution of the plasma pinch recorded by a fast frame cameras. Experiments were carried out over the whole range of energy stored in the condenser bank up to 1 MJ. I and the team have done experiments related to the interaction of deuterons flux emitted from the plasma pinch formed in the PF-1000 with carbon targets. We performed estimation of the stream based on the model of ion diodes for determining the yield of the reaction 12 C (d, n) 13 N. In addition, we carried out experiments devoted to the examination of the dynamics of the plasma pinch in visible light using a high-speed streak and frame cameras. I developed a description of the physical phenomena occurring in the Plasma-Focus on the basis of these results. In the years I was involved in the following problems associated with the plasma generated in the system PF-1000, as a source of nuclear fusion reactions: Features of the plasma pinch during the emission of neutrons by the 16 frame Mach Zhender interferometer; A influence of a current sheath structure on the emission of neutrons from the plasma pinch; Current spreading in the PF-1000 device and determine the scaling laws for the total yield of neutrons from the plasma pinch, depending on the current flowing in the pinch; A neutron flux measurements by the activation methods on tokamak JET, Culham; Preparation of the GEM gas detector for X-ray spectrometer (KX1) on JET tokamak; I organized experiments associated with the study of phenomena occurring in the plasma pinch formed in the PF-1000 involving groups of researchers from the National Centre for Nuclear Research, Technical University of Prague, Kurchatov Institute, Lebedev Institute of the RAN In 2013 I hired at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow, where I started to realize the scientific program associated with the launch of 100 kj Plasma-Focus device (PF- 24) with a very short rise time of the current. I am also involved in an international cooperation within the framework of the ITER program implemented in the IFJ, and in the development of young researchers in the field of plasma physics. I have received the following awards for my academic achievements: Marian Smoluchowski Award for Master's thesis (1978); The prize of the first degree of the Commander of the Military Technical Academy for the best work of postdoctoral, doctoral, master's and diploma thesis in the group of doctoral dissertations (1991); Kurchatov Prize for the best work in the field of scientific work in Award given by the National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute". 4

5 List of published scientific papers or creative professional work and information about the achievements of teaching, scientific and popularization of science I. List of publications representing scientific achievement, referred to in art. 16 paragraph. 2 of the Act. A) Title of scientific achievements: As the scientific achievement I I submit a monograph: Plasma-Focus and controlled nuclear fusion author: Marek Scholz published bythe HenrykNiewodniczańskiInstituteof Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2013, ISBN RESEARCH TOPICS discussed in the monograph In this monograph I present research topics, which I took in the last 20 years, carrying together - with various research groups - scientific program associated with an explanation of the phenomena occurring in the plasma generated in the Plasma-Focus device. The main direction of my study was to clarify the role of the phenomena occurring in the plasma generated in the Plasma-Focus device, leading to the fusion of deuterium nuclei and the nature of the fusion reaction. Starting from the theoretical predictions I had planned, and carried the wide experimental research. The analysis and physical interpretation of the experiments gave opportunity to open the possibility of further experiments and use of new measurement methods to understand the complex processes taking place in a dense, high-temperature plasma in the geometry of the Z-pinch. These studies were directed in two important topics: the first related to the scaling law of neutron yield generated in the fusion of deuterium nuclei in the plasma pinch growing with the current flowing in the plasma, and the second, how the run nuclear fusion in the plasma generated in the Plasma-Focus device, what it boils down to the question of whether it is a fusion either a beam target reaction. This monograph is a comprehensive scientific description, in which it was collected issues related to the operation of the Plasma-Focus device from the physical basis of controlled nuclear fusion, through the principle of operation of the Plasma-Focus and review of measurement methods, which are and can be used for surveys. I presented the results of several years of measurement, analysis and interpretation of research results at the same time referring to the work carried out on other PF devices in the world. The experimental work in which I took part were carried out on one of the largest in the world of Plasma-Focus device PF-1000 in the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion in Warsaw. 5

6 The main topics of this monograph: The key activities leading to the production of net energy in fusion devices are to produce the plasma and to heat the fuel to a high temperature in order to provide an appropriate reaction rate. This fuel is maintained so long as to obtain the net power from the system. The relationship between the concentration of fuel, the confinement time and temperature that shows the conditions under which thermonuclear reactor produces net energy is presented in the monograph. The discussion showed that there are two possible ways to achieve this aim. First, inertial confinement plasma when the plasma is led to such a density and temperature that thermonuclear reactions take place intensively in the plasma, during the hydrodynamic expansion. Second, where in the plasma with a temperature of several tens of kiloelectronvolt, isolated from the solid walls is held for a relatively long time (tens of seconds), but with a much smaller concentration of the particles. The simplest system to implementing this second scenario is the pinch, where the plasma is confined and compressed by the magnetic field produced by the current flowing in the plasma. A variation of this system is the Plasma-Focus, which is sometimes called in the literature as a not cylindrical Z-pinch. A general principle of operation of the PF on the basis of experimental results obtained in many systems of this type is presented in the monograph. Achievement of a high plasma density and temperature at the plasma pinch is related to a maximum velocity of the current sheath before the final compression of the plasma. As it is shown by the performed experiments, the achievement of this condition requires that the process of the formation and acceleration of the current sheath was optimal from the point of view of its structure, the final velocity and efficiency of a gas scraping. Since the main indicator of the fusion reaction rate of deuterium in a Plasma-Focus is the emission of neutrons from the plasma pinch, the results of measurements of the neutron emission and the empirical scaling law, in which the total emission of neutrons is a function of the current in the fourth power are discussed in the paper. The fusion reaction rate of deuterium in the PF is related to the total number of accelerated deuterons, their average kinetic energy, density of the plasma in the pinch and the electron temperature. The results of the experiments showed that with an increasing of energy which is stored in the condenser bank of the PF, the problem of a shunting total current in the PF circuit outside a plasma pinch arrives, which has a close relationship with a number of phenomena occurring during the formation of the current sheath and its acceleration before the plasma pinch phase. Although, it is a prerequisite for scaling the neutron yield with the total current that it has rarely tested. The experimental results obtained on the PF-1000 device with a nominal energy 1.1 MJ stored in the condenser bank, presented in the monograph, represent an important unique material to analyze problems of the thermonuclear fusion in the PF device, they are: The nature of th edeuterium nuclear fusion in a plasma pinch formed in the PF; The presence of a large group of deuterons with energies of tens of kev; 6

7 Inhibition of the reaction rate (total emission of neutrons) for energy greater than 0.5 MJ. The most important part of the work was entirely devoted to the experimental results obtained on the PF-1000 and to the discussion of these results. A wide range of experiments that have been initiated by me and the interpretation of their results let me explain the two basic issues related to thermonuclear fusion in the plasma pinch of the PF-1000, namely: Why is inhibited a growth of the total emission of neutrons from the current in the fourth power, which is consistent with the scaling law? What are the physical phenomena occurring in the plasma which affect the efficiency of nuclear reactions in the plasma pinch? Measurements of the electric current in the pinch using magnetic probes showed that if the total current flowing in the plasma pinch of the PF, then scaling law Y n ~ I 4 is preserved. This result suggests that the Bennet s relation is fulfilled. However, the estimated and measured plasma temperature, and the Doppler shift of the neutron pulse demonstrate that the nuclear reaction occurred in the pinch is non thermonuclear. The explanation of this fact is related to the second issue that has been mentioned and analyzed in the last chapter of the monograph, on the basis of the results obtained in experiments initiated and performed with my participation on the PF-1000 device. To show the difference between a nuclear fusion with the prefix thermo- from those that occur in the Plasma-Focus device, in the first chapter, I have devoted much attention to the physical conditions under which it should be fuel in a fusion reactor producing energy. An important factor is to confine a thermal equilibrium plasma during such a period of time in which fuel density at a given temperature of the order of the several tens kev to fusion reaction rate remained high enough that the energy produced in these reactions is greater than the energy used for production, heating and confinement the plasma fuel. This approach led to the conclusion that all systems based on a simple scheme of accelerated, external beam of ions (deuterons or/and tritons) interacting with a solid deuterium or/and tritium target, from the point of view of energy production, they have no prospects as a reactor. However, studies which were carried out on large PF systems leads to the conclusion that, in certain conditions, a group of fast ions can appear directly in the same plasma in the acceleration mechanism related to the development of a instability. Additionally, if the electron plasma temperature is sufficiently high, the internal injection of fast ions leads to a sharp growth in the nuclear fusion reactions rate. The such a situation often occurs in the Plasma-Focus devices. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about the PF device, as fusion reactors, because the plasma in these devices is not in thermal equilibrium (the presence of a large group of non thermal ions) and due to the fact that we have no influence on the course of some of the processes taking place here, and we can not control them. Apart from this, for future researchers might be interesting to know when and under what conditions implements the following scheme: accelerated group of fast ions in the plasma 7

8 interacting with its as a target plasma with high-electron temperature and what is possible technical realization of such a scheme. One of the main achievements of the author, presented in this monograph, is to initiate experiments that proved that the right scaling of a nuclear reaction rate in the PF with the current is maintained over a wide range, if only in the PF devices there is no shunting current as well as identify the causes of this phenomenon.. 8

9 II. List of (not included in the achievements mentioned in paragraph I) published scientific papers and indicators of scientific achievements. A) Scientific publications in journals included in the Journal Citation Reports (JRC). The list includes publications for the past 15 years A.1 J. Abdallah, R.E.H. Clark, A.Ya. Faenov, L.Karpiński, S.A. Pikuz, V.M. Romanova, M. Sadowski, M. Scholz, and A. Szydłowski. Electron beam effects on the spectroscopy of multiply charged ions in plasma focus experiments. J. Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 62:85-96, My contribution estimate at 20%, consisted of planning and preparation of the experiment on the PF-1000 and.. A.2 M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, W. Stępniewski, A.V. Branitski, M.V. Fedulov, S.F. Medovschikov, S.L. Nedoseev, V.P. Smirnov, M.V. Zurin, and A. Szydłowski. Foam liner driven by a plasma focus current sheath. Physics Letters A, 262: , My contribution estimate at 70%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing A.3 E. Biemont, P. Quinet, A. Ya. Faenov, I. Skobelev, J. Nilsen, V. M. Romanova, M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, and A. Szydłowski. Dielectronic structure of 2/-1s transitions of multicharged ions of argon with nuclear charges Z= Physica Scripta, 61, , My contribution estimate at 8%, consisted in the preparation of data on the results of the experiment on the PF A.4 L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, K. Tomaszewski, A. Szydłowski, S. Pikuz, V. Romanova, Ya. Faenov, J. Abdallah Jr. and R. E. H. Clark. Hot electrons influence on argon K-spectrum emitted from plasma focus discharges. Czech. J. Phys., 50 (Suppl. S3), , My contribution estimate at 18%, consisted of planning and preparation of the experiment on the PF-1000 and analyis of results A.5 Scholz, M., Miklaszewski, R., Gribkov, V, Mezzetti F PF-1000 device. Nukleonika, 45, 155, My contribution estimate at 70%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.6 M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, K. Tomaszewski, M. Paduch, J. Kravarik, and P. Kubes. Experimental studies of Al corona plasma created within the PF-1000 plasma focus facility. Czech. J. Phys., 50 (Suppl. S3), , My contribution estimate at 60%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing. A.7 M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, R. Miklaszewski, T. Pisarczyk, M. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, A. V. Dubrovski, and I. V. Volobujev. Results of recent experiments with PF-1000 facility equipped with new large electrodes. Czech. J. Phys., 50 (Suppl. S3), , My contribution estimate at 70%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing 9

10 A.8 M. Scholz, W. Stępniewski, and B. śelazinska. Burn wave simulation in Z-pinch channel. Czech. J. Phys., 50(Suppl. 53), , My contribution estimate at 50%, my participation was important in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing. A.9 M. Scholz, I. M. Ivanova-Stanik, and H. Bruzzone. Comparison of the initial breakdown phase in two plasma focuses with different construction of the insulator. Czech. J. Phys., 50(Suppl. 53), , My contribution estimate at 60%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing. A.10 M. Scholz and I. M. Ivanova-Stanik. Initial phase in plasma focus device model and computer simulation. Vacuum, 58, , My contribution estimate at 60%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing A.11 P. Kubes, J. Kravarik, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, A. Szydłowski, Y. L. Bakshaev, P. I. Blinov, A. S. Chernenko, E. M. Gordeev, S. A. Danko, V. D. Korolev, A. Shashkov, V. I. Tumanov, V. Romanova, and D. Klir. Stabilizing of Z-pinch and Plasma Focus discharges due to thick wires. Nukleonika, 46(1), 5-8, My contribution estimate at 12%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.12 M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, R. Miklaszewski, and A. Szydłowski. Recent progress in 1 MJ Plasma-Focus research. Nukleonika, 46(1), 35-39, My contribution estimate at 60%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when the writing. A.13 L. Ryć, J. Krasa, L. Juha, J. Kaczmarczyk, M. Paduch, P. Parys, K. Tomaszewski, and M. Scholz. Time-integrated diagnostics of X-ray emission from PALS and PF 1000 preliminary results. Nukleonika, 46(Supp. 1), S41-S44, My contribution estimate at 12%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.14 A. Szydłowski, M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, M. Sadowski, K. Tomaszewski, and M. Paduch. Neutron and fast ion emission from PF-1000 facility equipped with new large electrodes. Nukleonika, 46(Supp. 1), S61-S64, My contribution estimate at 40%, consisted of planning the experiment, its implementation, and A.15 L. Ryć, J. Kaczmarczyk, J. F. Martinez, M. Scholz, and W. Slysz. Three-channel X-ray detection head for diagnostics of plasma in noisy environment. Nukleonika, 46(Supp. 1), S95-S98, My contribution estimate at 9%, consisted of the final editorial work A.16 M. Borowiecki, P. De Chiara, A. V. Dubrowsky, E. V. Dyomina, V. A. Gribkov, L. I. Ivanov, S. A. Maslyaev, F. Mezzetti, R. Miklaszewski, V. N. Pimenov, L. Pizzo, M. Scholz, A. Szydłowski, Y. E Ugaste, and I. V. Volobuev. Experimental study of a powerful energy flow effect on materials in PF-1000 installation. Nukleonika, 46(Supp. 1), S117-S122, My contribution estimate at 40%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation. 10

11 2002 A.17 Kasperczuk, R. Kumar, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, T. Pisarczyk, M. Scholz, and K. Tomaszewski. Study of the plasma evolution in the PF-1000 device by means of optical diagnostics. Physica Scripta, 65, , My contribution estimate at 35%, consisted of planning the experiment, its implementation and analysis of results A.18 Scholz, M., Bieńkowska, B., Gribkov V Dense Plasma Focus for applications in PET. Czech. Journal of Phys.. 52, D85, My contribution estimate at 65%, my participation was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.19 M. J. Sadowski and M. Scholz. Results of large scale Plasma-Focus experiments and prospects for neutron yield optimization. Nukleonika, 47(1), , My contribution estimate at 45%, consisted of collecting and preparation the results of experiments on PF A.20 M. Scholz, T. Pisarczyk, A. Szydłowski, and M. Sadowski. Recent studies of fusion neutrons within PF-1000 facility. Czech. J. Phys., 52(Suppl. D), 93-99, My contribution estimate at 65%, my participation was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.21 M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, I. M. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, A. Kasperczuk, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, T. Pisarczyk, K. Tomaszewski, and E. Zielińska. Experiments with the PF-1000 plasma focus facility at 750 kj energy level. Czech. J. Phys., 52(Suppl. D), , My contribution estimate at 55%, my participation was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written A.22 Tomaszewski, K., Miklaszewski, R., Kasperczuk, A., Paduch, M., Pisarczyk, T., Scholz, M Experimental arrangement for the plasma-focus PF-1000 device studies. Czech. Journal of Physics., 52, D133, My contribution estimate at 8%, consisted of the final editorial work. A.23 P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, D. Klir, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, I. Ivanova- Stanik, B. Bieńkowska, L. Karpiński, L. Ryć, L. Juha, J. Krása, M. Sadowski, L. Jakubowski, A. Szydłowski, A. Banaszak, H. Schmidt, and V. I. Romanova. X-ray emission at compression of deuterium current-sheath with combined liner and wire in plasma focus discharge. Czech. J. Phys., 52(Suppl. D), , My contribution estimate at 30%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation. A.24 A.Kasperczuk, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, T. Pisarczyk, M. Scholz, and K. Tomaszewski. Final stages of the plasma column evolution in the plasma-focus PF device. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 30(1), 56-57, My contribution estimate at 20%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.25 M. Scholz, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. J. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, and K. Tomaszewski. Preliminary neutron experiments with the PF-1000 Plasma-Focus facility. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 30(2), , My contribution estimate at 65%, my participation was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written A.26 L. Karpiński, J. Krávarik, P. Kubes, M. Paduch, S. Pikuz, V. Romanova, M. Scholz, A. Szydłowski, and K. Tomaszewski. Soft x-ray spectral investigation in wire-inplasma focus experiments. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 44, , My contribution estimate at 19%, consisted in the preparation of the experimental results from the PF

12 A.27 V. Ya. Nikulin, V. M. Romanova, and M. Scholz. Plasma Focus source of x-ray emission. In: Vladimir N. Ochkin, editor, Selected Research Papers on Spectroscopy of Nonequilibrium Plasma at Elevated Pressures, vol of Proc. of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp 55-62, My contribution estimate at 28%, consisted in the preparation of the experimental results from the PF-1000 A.28 P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, M. Scholz, L. Ryć, L. Juha, J. Krása, A. Szydłowski, and V. Romanova. Soft X-ray emission from plasma focus discharge with wire and liner as a load. In: K. A. Tanaka, D. D. Meyerhofer, and J. Meyer ter Vehn, editors, Proc. of the Conf. Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications 2001, The Data Science Library, pp , Elsevier, Paris, My contribution estimate at 8%, consisted in the preparation of the experimental results from the PF-1000 A.29 H. Schmidt, A. Kasperczuk, M. Paduch, T. Pisarczyk, M. Scholz, K. Tomaszewski, and A. Szydłowski. Review of recent experiments with the megajoule PF-1000 plasma focus device. Physica Scripta, 66, , My contribution estimate at 19%, consisted in the preparation of the experimental results from the PF-1000 A.30 P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, D. Klir, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, L. Karpiński, L. Ryć, L. Juha, J. Krása, A. Szydłowski, and V. Romanova. Energy transformation in Plasma Focus discharge with wire and liner as a load. Nukleonika, 47(4), , My contribution estimate at 27%, consisted in the preparation of the experimental results from the PF-1000 A.31 V. N. Pimenov, V. A. Gribkov, A. V. Dubrovsky, F. Mezzetti, M. Scholz, Yu. E. Ugaste, E. V. Dyomina, L. I. Ivanov, S. A. Maslyaev, R. Miklaszewski, M. Borowiecki, P. De Chiara, L. Pizzo, A. Szydłowski, and I. V. Volobuev. Influence of powerful pulses of hydrogen plasma upon materials in PF-1000 device. Nukleonika, 47(4), , My contribution estimate at 20%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.32 V. N. Pimenov, E. V. Dyomina, L. I. Ivanov, S. A. Maslyaev, V. A. Gribkov, R. Miklaszewski, M. Scholz, A. V. Dubrovsky, I. V. Volobuev, Yu. E. Ugaste, F. Mezzetti, P. De Chiara, L. Pizzo, B. Kolman, and A. Szydłowski. Damage of structural materials for fusion devices under pulsed ion and high temperature plasma beams. J. Nucl. Mat., , 95-99, My contribution estimate at 15%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.33 M. Scholz and I. M. Ivanova-Stanik. Breakdown phenomena in plasma focus device. Czech. J. Phys., 52(Suppl. D), , My contribution estimate at 55%, my participation was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written A.34 M. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, and M. Scholz. Two dimensional computer modeling of dielectric barrier discharges. Czech. J. Phys., 52(Suppl. D), , My contribution estimate at 30%, consisted in analyzing the results and writing the article 12

13 A.35 M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, I. Ivanova-Stanik, A. Kasperczuk, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, T. Pisarczyk, W. Stępniewski, K. Tomaszewski, P. Kubes, and J. Kravarik. Experimental and numerical study of the pinch dynamics in the PF-1000 device. In: Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, vol. 5 of Plasma Physics (8), pp My contribution estimate at 50%, my participation was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written 2003 A.36 V. A. Gribkov, V. N. Pimenov, L. I. Ivanov, E. V. Dyomina, S. A. Maslyaev, R. Miklaszewski, M. Scholz, U. E. Ugaste, A. V. Dubrovsky, V. C. Kulikauskas, and V. V. Zatekin. Interaction of high temperature deuterium plasma streams and fast ion beams with stainless steels in dense plasma focus device. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 36, , My contribution estimate at 17%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.37 I.M. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, and M. Scholz. Influence of the insulator parameters on discharge in small plasma focus device. Acta Physica Slovaca, 53(6), , My contribution estimate at 30%, consisted in analyzing the results and writing the article 2004 A.38 B. Bieńkowska, S. Jednoróg, I. M. Ivanova-Stanik, M. Scholz, and A. Szydłowski. Application of the ion beam emitted from plasma focus device for target activation. Acta Phys. Slovaca, 54(4), , My contribution estimate at 25%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.39 V. A. Gribkov, L. Karpiński, P. StrzyŜewski, M. Scholz, and A. Dubrovsky. New efficient low-energy dense plasma focus in IPPLM. Czech. J. Phys., 54(Suppl. C), C191-C197, My contribution estimate at 10%, was to share in the final editorial article A.40 V. A. Gribkov, M. Scholz, V. D. Bochkov, A. V. Dubrovsky, R. Miklaszewski, L. Karpiński, P. StrzyŜewski, P. Lee, and S. Lee. Pseudosparks in the nanosecond range of operation: firing, jitter, and current disruption. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37, , My contribution estimate at 30%, consisted in analyzing the results and editorial work A.41 I. M. Ivanova-Stanik and M. Scholz. Study of the initial phase in IPD accelerator. Vacuum, 76, , My contribution estimate at 45%, consisted in analyzing the results and writing the article A.42 P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, D. Klir, P. Barvir, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, H. Schmidt, L. Juha, J. Krása, M. Sadowski, L. Jakubowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, A. Szydłowski, A. Banaszak, and A. V. Tsarenko. Influence of CD 2 fiber on the compression in the PF-1000 facility. Czech. J. Phys., 54(Suppl. C), C285-C290, My contribution estimate at 21%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation 13

14 A.43 L. Ryć, B. Bieńkowska, M. Borowiecki, I. Ivanova-Stanik, J. Kaczmarczyk, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, K. Tomaszewski, J. Krása, J. Kravárik, and P. Kubes. Measurement of high x-ray doses from PF-1000 plasma focus using Si p-i-n detectors. Czech. J. Phys., 54(Suppl. C), C326-C333, My contribution estimate at 19%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.44 Scholz, M., Bieńkowska, B., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Karpiński, L., Miklaszewski, R., Paduch, M., Stępniewski, W., Tomaszewski, K., Sadowski, M.J The Physics of a Plasma-Focus. Czech. Journal of Phys. 54, C170-C185, My contribution estimate at 70%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.45 M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, V. A. Gribkov, and R. Miklaszewski. Plasma focus as a source of intense radiation and plasma streams for technological applications. Acta Phys. Slovaca, 54(1), 35-42, January My contribution estimate at 50%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.46 M. Scholz, I. M. Ivanova-Stanik and K. Zdunek. Influence of the gas pressure on the initial phase in coaxial accelerator. Czech. J. Phys., 54(Suppl. C), C186-C190, My contribution estimate at 50%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.47 E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. J. Sadowski, K. Malinowski, K. Czaus, A. V. Tsarenko, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, and K. Tomaszewski. Optical spectroscopy with high temporal resolution within PF-1000 facility. Czech. J. Phys., 54(Suppl. C), C250-C255, My contribution estimate at 16%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation. A.48 E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. J. Sadowski, K. Malinowski, A. V. Tsarenko, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, and K. Tomaszewski. Time-resolved electron density measurements in PF-1000 device by means of the Mechelle(R)900 Optical Spectrometer. Czech. J. Phys., 54(Suppl. C), C239-C243, My contribution estimate at 15%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.49 Scholz, M. Bieńkowska, B., Ivanova-Stanik, L.M., Karpiński, L., Paduch, M., Tomaszewski, K., Zielinska, E., Kravarik, J., Kubes, P., Banaszak, A., Jakubowski, L., Sadowski, M., Szydłowski, A., Schmidt, H., Vitulli, S Correlation between pinch dynamics, neutron, and X-ray emission from megajule plasma focus device. Vacuum. 76, , My contribution estimate at 60%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written. A.50 A. Szydłowski, A. Banaszak, B. Bieńkowska, I. M. Ivanova-Stanik, M. Scholz, and M. J. Sadowski. Measurements of fast ions and neutrons emitted from PF-1000 plasma focus device. Vacuum, 76, , My contribution estimate at 15%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation 2005 A.51 M.Sadowski, M.Scholz. Progress in large-scale plasma focus experiments, Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Series: Plasma Physics (10), 1, 81-85, My contribution estimate at 45%, consisted of collecting and elaborating the results of experiments on PF

15 A.52 V.A.Gribkov, A.V.Dubrovsky, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, M. Scholz, V.N. Pimenov, Yu.E. Ugaste, M.J. Sadowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, A. Szydłowski, K. Malinowski, A.V. Tsarenko. Experimental studies of the interaction of ion- and plasma-streams with carbon-based targets placed near a cathode of plasma focus facility. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Series: Plasma Physics (10), 1, 92-94, My contribution estimate at 10%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation. A.53 E. Składnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, K. Malinowski, A.V. Tsarenko, V.I. Tereshin, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski. Preliminary temporal characteristic of spectral lines emission from PF-1000 discharges by means of MECHELLE 900 spectrometer. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Series: Plasma Physics (10), 1, 86-88, My contribution estimate at 10%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.54 B. Bieńkowska, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, W. Stępniewski, K. Tomaszewski. Study of the Pinch Structure in PF1000 Plasma-Focus Device by High-Speed Photography and MHD Numerical Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 33, 2, , My contribution estimate at 25%, consisted of collecting and elaborating the results of experiments on PF-1000 A.55 K. Tomaszewski, B. Bieńkowska, J. Kaczmarczyk, A. Kasperczuk, M. Paduch, T. Pisarczyk, M. Scholz, W. Stępniewski, E. Zielińska. High-speed photography and numerical study of pinch structure in PF1000 plasma-focus device. The Imaging Science Journal, 53, 69-77, My contribution estimate at 8%, was to share in the final editorial work A.56 A. Szydlowski, A. Banaszak, M.J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, J. Wołowski; Advantages of the use of solid-state nuclear track detectors in high-temperature plasma experiments, Radiation Measurements, 40, , My contribution estimate at 10%, was to elaborate the experimental results of the PF A.57 A. Dubrovsky, V. Gribkov, Y. Ivanov, L. Karpiński, M. Orlova, V. Romanova, M. Scholz, I. Volobuev. Dense magnetized plasma and its applications: review of the 3-year activity of the IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme. Nukleonika, 51(1), 5-15, My contribution estimate at 15%, was to elaborate the experimental results of the PF A.58 V. Gribkov, A. Dubrovsky, M. Scholz, S. Jednoróg, L. Karpiński, K. Tomaszewski, M. Paduch, R. Miklaszewski. PF-6 - an effective plasma focus as a source of ionizing radiation and plasma streams for application in material technology, biology and medicine. Nukleonika, 51(1), 55-62, 2006, My contribution estimate at 9%, was to share in the final editorial work. A.59 Schmidt, H., Kubes, P., Sadowski, M.J., Scholz M Neutron Emission Characteristics of Pinch Dense Magnetized Plasma. IEEE Trans Plasma Science. 2006, p My contribution estimate at 20%, consisted of collecting and describing the results from PF

16 A.60 V. Pimenov, S. Masiyacv, L. Ivanov, E. Dyomina, V. Gribkov, A. Dubrovsky, M. Scholz, R. Miklaszewski, U. Ugaste, B. Kolman. Surface and bulk processes in materials induced by pulsed ion and plasma beams at Dense Plasma Focus devices, Nukleonika, 51(1), 55-62, My contribution estimate at 10%, was to elaborate the experimental results of the PF A.61 M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, M. Borowiecki, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, W. Stępniewski, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, M. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, P. Kubes, J. Kravárik. Status of a mega-joule scale Plasma-Focus experiments, Nukleonika, 51(1), 71-78, My contribution estimate at 55%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written A.62 P. Barvir, P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, M. Scholz, L. Karpiński, E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, Development of current channels in discharges at atmospheric pressure, Physica Scripta, T123, , My contribution estimate at 9%, was to share in the final editorial work A.63 M. Sadowski, V. Gribkov, P. Kubes, K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Scholz, A. Tsarenko, J. śebrowski. Application of intense plasma-ion streams emitted from powerful PF-type discharges for material engineering. Physica Scripta, T123, 66-78, My contribution estimate at 10%, was to elaboration the experimental results of the PF-1000 A.64 A. Malinowska, K. Malinowski, E. Składnik-Sadowska, M. Sadowski, M. Scholz, A. Szydłowski, K. Czaus, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, H. Schmidt. Measurements of ion micro-beams in RPI-type discharges and fusion protons in PF-1000 experiments. Physica Scripta, T123, , My contribution estimate at 9%, was to elaboration the experimental results of the PF-1000 A.65 A. Velyhan, J. Krasa, B. Bieńkowska, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Juha, L. Karpiński, D. Klir, M. Kralik, J. Kravárik, P. Kubes, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, K. Tomaszewski. Use of thermoluminescent dosimeters for measurement of fast-neutron spatialdistribution at the plasma focus device PF Physica Scripta, T123, , My contribution estimate at 8%, was to elaboration the experimental results of the PF-1000 A.66 P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, D. Klir, K. Rezac, M. Stransky, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, I. Ivanova-Stanik, B. Bieńkowska, L. Karpiński, H. Schmidt, M. Sadowski. Time delay of the hard X-ray and neutron emission at PF 1000 facility, Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B273-B279, My contribution estimate at 10%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.67 E. Składnik-Sadowska, K. Malinowski, M. Sadowski, P. Kubes, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, L. Karpiński, A. Marchenko, A. Tsarenko. Temporal and spatial measurements of plasma electron-density from linear-stark broadening of D β (486 nm) in PF-1000 experiment. Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B383-B388, My contribution estimate at 10%, consisted of planning the experiment and its implementation A.68 B. Bieńkowska, L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, K. Pytel, R. Prokopowicz, A. Szydłowski. Measurements of neutron yield from PF-1000 device by activation method. Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B377-B382, My contribution estimate at 35%, consisted of planning, its implementation and final editoion of the article 16

17 A.69 M. Borowiecki, B. Bieńkowska, S. Jednoróg, L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, M. Sadowski. Investigation of pinch dynamics in plasma-focus discharges by means of fast-streak- and fast-frame-cameras. Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B184- B191, My contribution estimate at 45%, consisted of planning the experiment, its implementation and results elaboration A.70 B. Ulejczyk, L. Karpiński, M. Scholz, M. Ekwinska, Z. Rymuza, T. Opalinska, E. śukowska, K. Schmidt-Szalowski. Deposition of silicon oxide film from tetraetoxsysilane using a pulsed dielectric barrier discharge. Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B1383-B1390, My contribution estimate at 8%, was to share in the final editorial work A.71 M. Chernyshova, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, M. Scholz, B. Ulejczyk, I. Demchenko, J. Lee. Deposition of nanolayers by means of dense plasma focus, Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B237-B242, My contribution estimate at 10%, was to share in the final editorial work A.72 W. Stępniewski, M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, I. Ivanova-Stanik, M. Paduch, M. Sadowski. Theoretical and experimental study of plasma dynamics in PF-1000 facility. Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B401-B405, My contribution estimate at 35%, consisted of planning the experiment, its implementation and final editoion of the article A.73 M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, M. Paduch, E. Zielińska, J. Kravárik, P. Kubes, M. Sadowski, A. Szydłowski, H. Schmidt. General characteristics of fusion-neutron emission from megajoule plasma-focus facility. Czech. J. Phys., 56 Suppl.B, B243-B249, My contribution estimate at 65%, my share was leading in terms of the substantive content of the work, as and when it is written A.74 Malinowska, A., Szydłowski, A., Malinowski, K., Sadowski, M., Scholz, M., Paduch, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Kubes, P Investigation of fusion-reaction protons from PF-discharges. Czech. J. Phys. 56, p. B303-B308, My contribution estimate at 10%, consisted of planning an experiment on PF A.75 A. Gribkov, A. Banaszak, B. Bieńkowska, A.V. Dubrovsky, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Jakubowski, L. Karpiński, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. Sadowski, M. Scholz, A. Szydłowski, K. Tomaszewski. Plasma and Beams Dynamics in PF-1000 Device under the Full-scale Energy Storage, American Institute of Physics, CP875, Plasma and Fusion Science, 5-10, My contribution estimate at 30%, consisted of planning the experiment, its implementation and elaboration of results A.76 V. A. Gribkov, A. V. Dubrovsky, L. Karpiński, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, P. StrzyŜewski, K. Tomaszewski. The Dense Plasma Focus Opportunities in Detection of Hidden Objects by Using Nanosecond Impulse Neutron Inspection System (NINIS). American Institute of Physics, CP875, Plasma and Fusion Science, , My contribution estimate at 5%, was to share in the final editorial work 17

18 A.77 P. Kubes, J. Kravárik, D. Klir, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, K. Tomaszewski, I. Ivanova- Stanik, B. Bieńkowska, L. Karpiński, M. Sadowski, H. Schmidt, Y. L. Bakshaev, P. I. Blinov, A. S. Cherenko, M. I. Ivanov, E. D. Kazanov, A. V. Korolesky, E. V. Kravchenko, V. D. Korolev, A. Y. Shashkov, G. I. Ustroev. Time of Neutron Production on Z-pinch and Plasma Focus Devices, American Institute of Physics, CP875, Plasma and Fusion Science, 15-18, My contribution estimate at 9%, was to elaboration the experimental results of the PF A.78 V.A. Gribkov, B. Bieńkowska, M. Borowiecki, A.V. Dubrovsky, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. Scholz, K. Tomaszewski. Plasma dynamics in PF-1000 device under full-scale energy storage: I. Pinch dynamics, shock-wave diffraction, and inertial electrode. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, , My contribution estimate at 30%, was to elaboration experimental results of the PF-1000 and their interpretation A.79 V. A. Gribkov, A. Banaszak, B. Bienkowska, A. V. Dubrovsky, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Jakubowski, L. Karpiński, R. A. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, M. J. Sadowski, M. Scholz, A. Szydłowski and K. Tomaszewski. Plasma dynamics in the PF-1000 device under full-scale energy storage: II. Fast electron and ion characteristics versus neutron emission parameters and gun optimization perspectives. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, , My contribution estimate at 30%, was to elaboration experimental results of the PF-1000 and their interpretation 2008 A.80 M. Ivanova-Stanik and M. Scholz. Computer simulation of the breakdown phase in a plasma focus device including photoeffect, IOP Publishing, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 113, 1-4, My contribution estimate at 40%, my participation was important in terms of the substantive content of work. A.81 Sadowski, M., Scholz, M The main issues of research on dense magnetized plasmas in PF discharge. Plasma Source Sci. and Technology. 2008, Vol. 17. My contribution estimate at 50%, consisted of collecting and presenting results and their preliminary interpretation A.82 J. Krasa, M. Kralık, A. Velyhan, J. Solc, L. Juha, M. Scholz, B. Bieńkowska, I. Ivanova-Stanik, L. Karpiński, R. Miklaszewski, M. Paduch, H. Schmidt, K. Tomaszewski, D. Klır, J. Kravarik, P. Kubes and K. Rezac. Anisotropy of the emission of DD-fusion neutrons caused by the plasma-focus vessel., Plasma Phys. Control. Nucl. Fusion, 50, , (10pp), My contribution estimate at 30%, consisted of planning an experiment on PF-1000, its implementation and interpretation of preliminary results A.83 Malinowska, A., Szydłowski, A., Sadowski, M.J., śebrowski, J., Scholz, M., Paduch, M., Jaskóła M., Korman A Measurements of fusion-produced protons by means of SSNTDs. Radiat. Meas. 43, pp. S295-S298, My contribution estimate at 6%, consisted of planning an experiment on PF-1000 and its implementation 18