TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

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1 October 2016

2 October 2016

3 WHAT IS FUSION?

4 TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

5 TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC

6 TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC ANEUTRONIC produces neutrons produces NO neutrons

7 NEUTRONIC FUSION D+T -> He3 + n Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron Some radioactive waste, heat converted to electricity Government funded, mainly Far more expensive to build and maintain safely

8 ANEUTRONIC FUSION p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons NO radioactive waste direct conversion to electricity, no turbines needed potentially far cheaper Privately funded, mainly

9 TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC D+T -> He3 + n Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron Some radioactive waste, heat converted to electricity Government funded, mainly Far more expensive to build and maintain safely ANEUTRONIC p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons NO radioactive waste direct conversion to electricity, no turbines needed potentially far cheaper Privately funded, mainly

10 ANEUTRONIC FUSION Aneutronic No neutrons No Radioactive waste

11 THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME DENSITY n EFFICIENCY

12 THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME DENSITY n EFFICIENCY

13 THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME DENSITY n EFFICIENCY

14 THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME DENSITY n EFFICIENCY

15 THE INGREDIENTS OF NET FUSION ENERGY TEMPERATURE T CONFINEMENT TIME DENSITY n EFFICIENCY

16 FUSION YARDSTICK n T n T DENSITY CONFINEMENT TIME TEMPERATURE

17 FUSION YIELD YARDSTICK: LAWSON CRITERION FOR NET ENERGY T * * n 1 Billion TeVsec/cm 3 Temp. Confinement Time Density

18 THE FUSION OLD RACE

19 THE FUSION OLD RACE FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS

20 THE FUSION OLD RACE FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTS NEUTRONIC

21 THE OLD FUSION RACE NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW NIF ITER, JET, EAST Ignitor, MIT Arc W7-X Z-Machine

22 THE OLD FUSION RACE NEUTRONIC PROJECTS OVERVIEW NIF - Laser ITER, JET, EAST - Tokamaks Ignitor, MIT Arc Compact Tokamaks W7-X - Stellarator Z-Machine Z Pinch

23 LASERS: NIF

24 TEMPERATURE UNIT kev kilo electron Volt, or one thousand electron volts kev 11 million C

25 NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY - NIF

26 NIF NIF - National Ignition Facility Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.16 ns Density, n = 8x /cm 3 Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Cost: $5 Billion

27 NIF NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY Performance Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.16ns Density, n = 8x /cm3 Energy in: 400 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 20 J Funding Government funded: $5 Billion Country: USA Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Laser Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: Published

28 NIF - PROBLEM: MIXING FUSION ENERGY AND H BOMBS IS A BAD IDEA

29 TOKAMAKS: ITER JET EAST

30 ITER

31 ITER

32 ITER ITER - International Tokamak Experimental Reactor Cost: $20 Billion+ Not built yet First experiments scheduled: 2032+

33 ITER INTERNATIONAL TOKAMAK EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR Performance Not built yet Expected to be built by First experiments scheduled: Funding Cost: $20 Billion+ Funded by governments of: Russia, China, US, 28 EU states, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, India Location: France Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: N/A Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: N/A

34 JET JET- Joint European Torus Temperature, T = 16 kev Confinement Time, = 5s Density, n = 6x /cm 3 Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kj Cost: $2 Billion

35 JET JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS Performance Funding Tech Info Temperature, T = 16 kev Confinement Time, = 5s Density, n = 6x /cm3 Energy in: 10 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 60 kj EU funded: $2 Billion Country: UK Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

36 EAST

37 EAST EAST Experimental Advanced Super - conducting Tokamak Temperature, T = 5 kev Confinement Time, = 100 s Density, n = 3x /cm 3 Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Cost: $40 Million

38 EAST EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCED SUPERCONDUCTING TOKAMAK Performance Temperature, T = 5 kev Confinement Time, = 100 s Density, n = 3x /cm3 Energy in: 1 GJ Deuterium Energy out: 10 J Funding Government Funded: $40 Million Country: China Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Tokamak Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

39 NET ENERGY : ENERGY OUT OF THE DEVICE ENERGY INTO THE DEVICE >1

40 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 10,000,000 EAST NIF 1,000,000 JET 100,000 10,000 1, st nd rd Place

41 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million 10 Million EAST NIF 1 Million JET 100,000 10,000 1, st nd rd Place

42 Pressure-Time FUSION RACE: PRESURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million JET 100,000 10,000 1, st nd rd Rank

43 Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % NET ENERGY 10 % 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % one thousandth % JET one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % NIF EAST one millionth % st nd rd Rank

44 COMPACT TOKAMAKS Ignitor - under construction in Russia MIT idea, Italy s gov. co-funding Bruno Coppi MIT ARC Tokamak No Results Yet

45 W7-X STELLARATOR

46 W7-X Wendelstein 7-X Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x /cm 3 Cost: $1.3 Billion

47 W7-X WENDELSTEIN 7 - X Performance Temperature, T = 8 kev Confinement Time, = 0.25 s Density, n = 3x /cm3 Funding Government funded $1.3 Billion Country: Germany Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Stellarator Experiments with: Hydrogen Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

48 Z-MACHINE

49 Z-MACHINE Temperature, T = 400 kev Confinement Time, = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x /cm 3 Energy in: 22 MJ Energy out: 40 J Cost: $140 Million

50 Z-MACHINE Performance Temperature, T = 400 kev Confinement Time, = 3.2 x ns Density, n = 2 x /cm 3 Energy in: 22 MJ Deuterium Energy out: 40 J Funding Government funded $140 Million Country: USA Tech Info Category: Neutronic Type: Z-pinch Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

51 October 2016

52 THE NEW FUSION RACE

53 THE NEW FUSION RACE PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS

54 THE NEW FUSION RACE PRIVATELY FUNDED FUSION PROJECTS

55 GENERAL FUSION

56 GENERAL FUSION

57 GENERAL FUSION Temperature, T = 0.4 kev Confinement Time, = 2 ms Density, n = 5x /cm 3 Cost: $80 Million+

58 GENERAL FUSION Performance Temperature, T = 0.4 kev Confinement Time, = 2 ms Density, n = 5x /cm3 Funding Gov. and Private funding: $80 Million+ Country: Canada Tech Info Category: Liner Implosion Type: Neutronic Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Deuterium & Tritium Results: published

59 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 10,000,000 EAST NIF 1,000,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine 100,000 10,000 1,000 General Fusion st nd rd th th th Place

60 LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) 1 Billion 100 Million NET ENERGY EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million W7-X JET Z-Machine 100,000 10,000 1,000 General Fusion st nd rd th th th Place

61 Pressure-Time (atmosphere microseconds) FUSION RACE: PRESSURE * TIME PRODUCT - NEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS ONLY- 10 Billion 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million 100,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine 10,000 1,000 General Fusion st nd rd th th th Rank

62 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

63 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF, $5,000 ITER, $20,000 General Fusion, $80 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500

64 WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

65 October 2016

66 ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS Tri-Alpha EMC2 PALS Focus Fusion Helion

67 ANEUTRONIC FUSION PROJECTS Tri-Alpha Reversed Field Conf. EMC2 - Polywell PALS - LASER Focus Fusion Dense Plasma Focus Helion Reversed Field Configuration

68 TRI-ALPHA

69 TRI-ALPHA Temperature, T = 1 kev Confinement time, = 10 ms Density, n = 3x /cm 3 Cost: $0.5 Billion+

70 TRI-ALPHA Performance Temperature, T = 1 kev Confinement time, = 10 ms Density, n = 3x /cm 3 Funding Private Funding: $0.5 Billion+ Country: USA Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: Reversed Field Configuration Experiments with: hydrogen Plans to run with: hydrogen & boron (pb11) Results: published

71 EMC2 POLYWELL

72 EMC2 POLYWELL

73 EMC 2 POLYWELL IEC - Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Temperature, T = 6 kev Confinement time, = 20 µs Density, n = /cm 3 Cost: $12 Million+

74 EMC 2 POLYWELL Performance Temperature, T = 6 kev Confinement time, = 20 µs Density, n = /cm 3 Funding Private Funding: $12 Million+ Country: USA Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: IEC- inertial electrostatic confinement Experiments with: Hydrogen Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron (pb11) Results: published

75 PALS LASER

76 PALS PB11 LASER CONCEPT

77 PALS PB11 Temperature, T = 50 kev Confinement Time, = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x10 21 /cm 3 Cost: $3 Million

78 PALS PB11 Performance Temperature, T = 50 kev Confinement Time, = 1 ns Density, n = 2 x10 21 /cm 3 Funding Government Funded: $3 Million Country: Czech Republic Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: Laser Experiments with: Hydrogen-Boron Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron pb11 Results: published

79 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 EAST NIF 10,000,000 1,000, ,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th Place

80 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million 100,000 W7-X JET Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th Place

81 PRESSURE-TIME FUSION RACE: PRESSURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million W7-X JET Z-Machine 100,000 PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th RANK

82 October 2016

83 FOCUS FUSION 1 EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE

84 DPF D - DENSE P - PLASMA F - FOCUS (DEVICE)

85 DPF RUNNING ON HYDROGEN - BORON (PB11) IS WHAT WE CALL FOCUS FUSION

86 PHYSICS OF THE DENSE PLASMA FOCUS DEVICE PARALLEL CURRENTS ATTRACT: PINCH EFFECT Ampere and the Pinch Effect

87 HOW FOCUS FUSION -1 WORKS

88 PLASMOID 8 ns after pinch

89 PLASMOID 8 ns after pinch

90 PLASMOID 8 ns after pinch

91 ENERGY CAPTURE DEVICE X-rays, Ion Beams; No turbines needed

92 October 2016

93 FOCUS FUSION - 1 Temperature, T =260 kev Confinement time, = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2 x /cm 3 Energy in: 60 kj DD Energy out: 0.25 J Cost: $5 Million+

94 FOCUS FUSION - 1 Performance Temperature, T =260 kev Confinement time, = 30 ns Density, n = 3.2x /cm 3 Energy in: 60 kj DD Energy out: 0.25 J Funding Private Funding: $5 Million+ INT L investors Country: USA Tech Info Category: Aneutronic Type: DPF Experiments with: Deuterium Plans to run with: Hydrogen & Boron pb11 Results: published

95 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1,000,000,000 NET ENERGY 100,000,000 EAST NIF 10,000,000 1,000, ,000 W7-X JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th Place

96 n T (TeVsec/cm 3 ) LAWSON CRITERION FOR FUSION YIELD: DENSITY * CONFINEMENT TIME * TEMPERATURE 1 Billion NET ENERGY 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million 100,000 W7-X JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th Place

97 Pressure-Time FUSION RACE: PRESURE * TIME PRODUCT 10 Billion NET ENERGY 1 Billion 100 Million EAST NIF 10 Million 1 Million W7-X JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine 100,000 PALS 10,000 1,000 Tri- Alpha EMC 2 General Fusion 100 Helion 10 1 st nd rd th th th th th th th th Rank

98 WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen 0.1 % Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion 0.01 % % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron % % NIF Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield % EAST 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available Rank

99 WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield /input energy) 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY 1 % 0.1 % 0.01 % % % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine % % NIF EAST 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank

100 Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % one thousandth % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2nd 3 rd 4th 5th 6 Rank

101 Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % 10 % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by % one tenth % W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5th 6 EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available Rank

102 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY TABLE PROJECT Fusion deuterium yield / Input Energy RANK Fusion deuterium yield J Reference Input Energy J Reference JET 6.00E E E+10 2 Focus Fusion 4.17E E Z-Machine 1.82E E NIF 5.00E E+08 9 EAST 1.00E E+09 5 REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

103 WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) 100 % 10 % 1 % one tenth % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % JET Focus Fusion 6 Z-Machine NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 Rank EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

104 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

105 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, JET, $40 $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000, 17% ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, General $500 Fusion, $80

106 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, JET, $40 $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000, 17% ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, General $500 Fusion, $80

107 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1B SPENT TABLE Project Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1B Spent Rank Fusion Deuterium Yield /Input Energy Investment in $Billion Reference Focus Fusion 8.33E E Z-Machine 1.30E E JET 2.00E E ; 30 years operation, inflation adj. EAST 2.50E E NIF 1.00E E ; + 5 years $300M/ year REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

108 Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY % 10 % 1 % one tenth % one hundredth % one thousandth % Focus Fusion Z-Machine JET one ten-thousandth % EAST one hundred-thousandth % one millionth % st nd rd th th NIF Rank

109 Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY % 10 % 1 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen one tenth % one hundredth % Focus Fusion Z-Machine Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC 2 - No published yield results available one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % one millionth % JET EAST NIF st nd rd th th Rank PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

110

111 REPRODUCING NATURAL INSTABILITIES Solar Flares Beam From Star Formation Quasars Spiral Galaxy

112 October 2016

113 FOCUS FUSION-1 IMPURITY SOURCES: Arcing at Joins Erosion of Anode Electron Beam Amounts: 0.6mg from anode erosion, 0.4mg from arcing 50% of D sheath mass

114 HYPOTHESIS: REDUCING IMPURITY CAN ELIMINATE YIELD PLATEAU IN DPF DEVICE CURRENT TO THE 4 TH POWER SCALING Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes no arcing Pre-ionization to reduce runaway electrons Bake-out, TiN coating to minimize oxides Longer chamber, Deuterium-Nitrogen mix to reduce rust from electron beam erosion

115 Monolithic Tungsten Electrodes Bake-out/ Long Chamber Pre-ionization TiN coating

116 KEY RESULTS Monolithic tungsten, pure deuterium, no pre-ionization: 50% increase in peak, mean yield Monolithic tungsten, deuterium+5% nitrogen, pre-ionization: 50% increase in mean yield 50% increase in peak, mean ion temperature - new record 14% standard deviation in yield, 4-fold decrease

117 NEXT STEPS Remove all oxides clear out valves, 60 C bake-out, microwave hydrogen treatment Better pre-ionization 10 cm tungsten anode higher current, greater gas density, dilutes impurities

118 PLANS FOR 2017? Beryllium electrodes NO heavy metal impurities, far less overall Still shorter-7 cm anode Upgrade connections for higher current pb11 experiments

119 HOW CAN YOU HELP? Crowd-funding investment opportunities? Open Letter on fusion funding Spread the word: Aneutronic fusion is a nearterm possibility

120 MAJOR DELAYS 1.5 years - Fixing Switches 2 years Figuring out Impurities 0.5 years Money for Beryllium 2.5 years Waiting for Beryllium

121 October 2016

122 SUMMARY & REFERENCES 4/11/2017

123 TWO FUSION TYPES NEUTRONIC D+T -> He3 + n Deuterium + Tritium -> Helium-3 + neutron Some radioactive waste, heat converted to electricity Government funded, mainly Far more expensive to build and maintain safely ANEUTRONIC p+ B11 -> 3 He4 Hydrogen + Boron11 -> 3Helium-4, no neutrons NO radioactive waste direct conversion to electricity, no turbines needed potentially far cheaper Privately funded, mainly

124 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

125 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF, $5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

126 WORLD LEADING NEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

127 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, JET, $40 $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000, 17% ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, General $500 Fusion, $80

128 WORLD LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R & D PROJECTS: FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, JET, $40 $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, W7-X, $140 $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000, 17% ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, General $500 Fusion, $80

129 Neutronic Fusion Projects Aneutronic Fusion Projects ITER EAST JET NIF Gen Fusion Z-Machine W7-X Tri-Alpha EMC2 Focus Fusion PALS

130 $29,560M FUSION R&D TOTAL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION $520M Neutronic Aneutronic

131 NEUTRONIC VS. ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY R&D FUNDING Aneutronic, $520 Million Tri-Alpha, $500 Million EMC 2, $12 Million Focus Fusion, $5 Million PALS, $3 Million Neutronic, $29,560 Million

132 LEADING ANEUTRONIC FUSION ENERGY PROJECTS FUNDING - ALL PRIVATELY FUNDED - Tri-Alpha, $500M EMC 2, $12M Focus Fusion, $5M PALS, $3M

133 Government Funded Fusion Projects ITER EAST JET NIF PALS Z-Machine W7-X Privately Funded Fusion Projects EMC2 General Fusion Focus Fusion Tri-Alpha Hellion Lockheed Martin/Skunk Works

134 GOVERNMENT vs. PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING $29,483 M $597 M Gov. Funded Private Funding

135 GOVERNMENT vs. PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING $29,483 M $597 M Gov. Funded Private Funding

136 $29,560M FUSION R&D TOTAL FUNDING: $30,080 MILLION $520M Neutronic Aneutronic

137 GOV. vs. PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) GOV. FUNDED, $29,483 PRIVATELY FUNDED, $597M

138 GOV. vs. PRIVATE FUSION FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) PRIVATELY FUNDED Gov Funded, $29,483 EMC 2, $12 Focus Fusion, $5 General Fusion, $80 Tri-Alpha, $500

139 PRIVATE FUSION R&D FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EMC 2, $12 Focus Fusion, $5 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

140 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D GOV. FUNDED PALS JET ITER EAST Z-Machine W7-X General Fusion NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Tri-Alpha Hellion Focus Fusion EMC 2 Lockheed Martin / Skunk Works PRIVATELY FUNDED

141 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION FUNDING & TREND OVERVIEW GOV. FUNDED $3M $3,000M $20,000M $140M ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D $40M $1,300M $80M $5.000M NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D $5M $500M $12M data not available data not available PRIVATELY FUNDED

142 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D GOV. FUNDED pb11 experimenting only JET Not Built EAST Z-Machine NIF Hydrogen fueled Too low Temp. no yield NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Focus Fusion Temp, too low - no yield Temp. too low, no yield Published results not avail. No published results available PRIVATELY FUNDED

143 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D Focus Fusion GOV. FUNDED JET EAST PRIVATELY FUNDED Z-Machine NIF NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

144 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D GOV. FUNDED PRIVATELY FUNDED NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

145 WORLD LEADING NUCLEAR FUSION YIELD OVERVIEW - DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS ONLY - ANEUTRONIC FUSION R & D 4.17E -06 GOV. FUNDED 6E -06 PRIVATELY FUNDED 1.82E -06 5E E -8 NEUTRONIC FUSION R & D

146 NET ENERGY : ENERGY OUT OF THE DEVICE ENERGY INTO THE DEVICE >1

147 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY TABLE PROJECT Fusion deuterium yield / Input Energy RANK Fusion deuterium yield J Reference Input Energy J Reference JET 6.00E E E+10 2 Focus Fusion 4.17E E Z-Machine 1.82E E NIF 5.00E E+08 9 EAST 1.00E E+09 5 REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

148 Wall Plug Efficiency (Fusion deuterium yield / input energy) WALL PLUG EFFICIENCY: FUSION ENERGY YIELD AS A PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY INPUT INTO THE DEVICE 100 % 10 % 1 % one tenth % NET ENERGY REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion one hundredth % one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % JET Focus Fusion Z-Machine NIF EAST one millionth % 0 1 st 2nd 3 rd 4th 5th 6 Rank EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

149 WALL - PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1B SPENT TABLE Project Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1B Spent Rank Fusion Deuterium Yield /Input Energy Investment in $Billion Reference Focus Fusion 8.33E E Z-Machine 1.30E E JET 2.00E E ; 30 years operation, inflation adj. EAST 2.50E E NIF 1.00E E ; + 5 years $300M/ year REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED ITER - Not built yet, expected by 2035 W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield EMC 2 - No published yield results available PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion Temperature too low, no measurable fusion yield

150 Wall-Plug Efficiency per $1 Billion Spent FUSION RACE: WALL- PLUG EFFICIENCY PER $1 BILLION SPENT - RESULTS BASED ON DEUTERIUM EXPERIMENTS RESULTS ONLY % 10 % REASONS FOR NOT BEING INCLUDED IN CHART ITER - Not built yet, expected by % one tenth % one hundredth % Focus Fusion Z-Machine W7-X Fueled by hydrogen Gen Fusion - Temperature too low, no measurable fusion EMC 2 - No published yield results available one thousandth % one ten-thousandth % one hundred-thousandth % one millionth % JET EAST NIF st nd rd th th Rank PALS - Not experimenting with deuterium, only with hydrogen-boron Tri-Alpha - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion yield Helion - Temp. too low, no measurable fusion results available

151 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($) EAST, $40 JET, $3,000 EMC 2, $12 Z-Machine, $140 W7-X, $1,300 Focus Fusion, $5 NIF,$5,000 ITER, $20,000 PALS, $3 Tri-Alpha, $500 General Fusion, $80

152 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION EAST, $40, China JET, $3,000, UK EMC 2, $12, USA Z-Machine, $140, USA W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY Focus Fusion, $5, USA NIF,$5,000, USA PALS, $3, CZECH REP. General Fusion, $80, CANADA ITER, $20,000, INT'L - FRANCE Tri-Alpha, $500, USA

153 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE EAST, $40, China, Tokamak JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak EMC 2, $12, USA, Polywell Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Stellarator Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF NIF, $5,000, USA, Laser PALS, $3, CZECH REP, Laser ITER, $20,000, INT'L FRANCE, Tokamak Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config. General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Liner Implosion

154 WORLD LEADING FUSION ENERGY R&D PROJECTS: NAME AND FUNDING IN MILLIONS ($), LOCATION, DEVICE TYPE, FUNDING TYPE EAST, $40, China, Tokamak, Gov. Funded JET, $3,000, UK, Tokamak, Gov. Funded EMC 2, $12, USA, Polywell, Private Z-Machine, $140, USA, Z-Pinch, Gov. Funded W7-X, $1,300, GERMANY, Stellarator, Gov. Funded Focus Fusion, $5, USA, DPF, Private NIF,$5,000, USA, Laser, Gov. Funded PALS, $3, CZECH REP., Laser, Gov. Funded General Fusion, $80, CANADA, Liner Implosion, Priv. ITER, $20,000, INT'L FRANCE, Tokamak, INT L GOV. Funded Tri-Alpha, $500, USA, Rev. Field Config., Priv.

155 REFERENCES Ref. # Project URL 1 JET 2 JET 3 JET 4 JET 5 EAST 6 EAST 7 EAST 8 NIF 9 NIF 10 NIF 11 Z-Machine 12 Z-Machine 13 Z-Machine 14 LPPFusion 15 LPPFusion 16 LPPFusion 17 W7-X 18 W7-X 19 Gen. Fusion 20 Helion, 3-Alpha, GenFusion 21 Helion 22 Tri-Alpha 23 Tri-Alpha 24 EMC EMC PALS 27 ITER 28 Z-Machine

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