The Mu3e Experiment. Niklaus Berger. Physics Institute, University of Heidelberg. Charged Lepton Flavour Violation Workshop, Lecce, May 2013
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1 The Mu3e Experiment Niklaus Berger Physics Institute, University of Heidelberg Charged Lepton Flavour Violation Workshop, Lecce, May 2013
2 Overview The Question: Can we observe charged lepton flavour violation? The Challenge: Finding one in muon decays The Mu3e Detector: Minimum Material, Maximum Precision Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 2
3 The hunt for charged lepton flavour violation Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 3
4 History of LFV experiments % CL bound μ μ μn τ τ eγ 3e μγ 3μ en SINDRUM SINDRUM II Mu3e Phase II (Updated from W.J. Marciano, Comet/Mu2e T. Mori and J.M. Roney, Ann.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci. 58, 315 Year (2008)) MEG Mu3e Phase I MEG plan Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 4
5 LFV Muon Decays: Experimental Situation μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + MEG (PSI) SINDRUM II (PSI) SINDRUM (PSI) B(μ + e + γ) < (2013) running B(μ - Au e - Au) < (2006) B(μ + e + e - e + ) < (1988) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 5
6 LFV Muon Decays: Standard Model μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + Branching ratios suppressed by (Δm 2 ν ) 2 10 m W Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 6
7 LFV Muon Decays: Susy Loops μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + Coherent conversion in nucleus field for Q 2 (γ) ~ 0 Suppressed by extra vertex w.r.t. μ eγ Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 7
8 LFV Muon Decays: Susy Loops SUSY μ + - like e + γmany μ - N BSM emodels - N - naturally μ + e + induces e - e + LFV Coherent conversion in nucleus field for Q 2 (γ) ~ 0 Suppressed by extra vertex w.r.t. μ eγ Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 8
9 LFV Muon Decays: Susy Loops SUSY μ + - like e + γmany μ - N BSM emodels - N - naturally μ + e + induces e - e + LFV LFV in μ + e + γ implies LFV also in μ - N e - N and μ + e + e - e + Coherent conversion in nucleus field for Q 2 (γ) ~ 0 Suppressed by extra vertex w.r.t. μ eγ Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 9
10 LFV Muon Decays: Tree diagrams μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + Not allowed e.g. Leptoquarks e.g. extra Z, LFV Higgs etc. Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 10
11 Z-Penguin diagrams in μ + e + e - e + from dimensional analysis: BR m 4 μ λ 4 BR m 4 μ 4 m Z No decoupling in some models Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 11
12 LFV Muon Decays: Experimental signatures μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + Kinematics 2-body decay Monoenergetic e +, γ Back-to-back Kinematics Quasi 2-body decay Monoenergetic e - Single particle detected Kinematics 3-body decay Invariant mass constraint Σ p i = 0 Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 12
13 LFV Muon Decays: Experimental signatures μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + Kinematics 2-body decay Monoenergetic e +, γ Back-to-back Background Accidental background Kinematics Quasi 2-body decay Monoenergetic e - Single particle detected Background Decay in orbit Antiprotons, pions Kinematics 3-body decay Invariant mass constraint Σ p i = 0 Background Radiative decay Accidental background Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 13
14 LFV Muon Decays: Experimental signatures μ + e + γ μ - N e - N μ + e + e - e + Kinematics 2-body decay Monoenergetic e +, γ Back-to-back Background Accidental background Continuous Beam Kinematics Quasi 2-body decay Monoenergetic e - Single particle detected Background Pulsed Beam Decay in orbit Antiprotons, pions Kinematics 3-body decay Invariant mass constraint Σ p i = 0 Background Radiative decay Accidental background Continuous Beam Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 14
15 New physics in μ + e + e - e + Loop diagrams Supersymmetry Little Higgs models Seesaw models GUT models (leptoquarks) and much more... Tree diagrams Higgs triplet model Extra heavy vector bosons (Z ) Extra dimensions (Kaluza-Klein tower) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 15
16 Comparison with μ + e + γ m μ κ L LFV = A R μ R σ μν e L F μν + (μ L γ μ e L ) (e L γ μ e L ) (κ+1)λ 2 (κ+1)λ 2 One loop term and one contact term Ratio κ between them Common mass scale Λ Allows for sensitivity comparisons between μ eee and μ eγ In case of dominating dipole couplings (κ = 0): B(μ eee) = (essentially αem ) B(μ eγ) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 16
17 Searching for μ + e + e - e + at the level Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 17
18 The Mu3e experiment at PSI Search for μ + e + e - e + Aim for sensitivity in phase I in phase II Project approved in January 2013 Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 18
19 The Mu3e Collaboration DPNC, Geneva University Physics Institute, Heidelberg University KIP, Heidelberg University ZITI Mannheim, Heidelberg University Paul Scherrer Institute Physics Institute, Zürich University Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 19
20 The Goal: We want to find or exclude μ eee at the level orders of magnitude over previous experiment (SINDRUM 1988) % CL bound μ μ μn eγ 3e en MEG τ τ μγ 3μ SINDRUM SINDRUM II MEG plan Mu3e Phase I Mu3e Phase II Year (Updated from W.J. Marciano, T. Mori and J.M. Roney, Ann.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci. 58, 315 (2008)) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 20
21 The Challenges Observe more than muon decays: 2 Billion muons per second Suppress backgrounds by more than 16 orders of magnitude % CL bound μ μ μn eγ 3e en MEG Be sensitive for the signal τ τ μγ 3μ SINDRUM SINDRUM II MEG plan Mu3e Phase I Mu3e Phase II Year (Updated from W.J. Marciano, T. Mori and J.M. Roney, Ann.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci. 58, 315 (2008)) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 21
22 Muons from PSI DC muon beams at PSI: πe5 beamline: ~ 10 8 muons/s (MEG experiment, Mu3e phase I) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 22
23 Muons from PSI DC muon beams at PSI: πe5 beamline: ~ 10 8 muons/s (MEG experiment, Mu3e phase I) SINQ (spallation neutron source) target could even provide ~ muons/s High intensity muon beamline (HIMB) proposal The μ eee experiment (final stage) requires muons/s focused and collimated on a ~2 cm spot Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 23
24 The High-Intensity Muon Beamline (HIMB) Muon rates in excess of /s in acceptance /s needed for μ eee at Not before 2017 D 2 O Pb + Zr + D 2 O Al Vacuum 25 cm SINQ Target Neutra Area Protons Access Shaft Muons Muon Beam Cellar Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 24
25 The signal μ + e + e - e + e + Two positrons, one electron From same vertex Same time e - e + Sum of 4-momenta corresponds to muon at rest Maximum momentum: ½ m μ = 53 MeV/c Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 25
26 Accidental Background e + Combination of positrons from ordinary muon decay with electrons from: - photon conversion, - Bhabha scattering, - Mis-reconstruction e - Need very good timing, vertex and momentum resolution e + Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 26
27 Internal conversion background µ + ν μ Allowed radiative decay with internal conversion: W + γ* Need excellent momentum resolution ν e } E miss e + e + e - } E tot μ + e + e - e + νν Only distinguishing feature: Missing momentum carried by neutrinos Branching Ratio μ3e (R. M. Djilkibaev, R. V. Konoplich, m μ - E tot (MeV) Phys.Rev. D79 (2009) ) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 27
28 Building the Mu3e Experiment Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 28
29 Momentum measurement 1 T magnetic field MS Resolution dominated by multiple scattering Momentum resolution to first order: θ MS Σ P / P ~ θ MS/ Ω Ω B Precision requires large lever arm (large bending angle Ω) and low multiple scattering θ MS Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 29
30 Fast and thin sensors: HV-MAPS High voltage monolithic active pixel sensors Implement logic directly in N-well in the pixel - smart diode array Use a high voltage commercial process (automotive industry) Small active region, fast charge collection via drift Can be thinned down to < 50 μm (I.Peric, P. Fischer et al., NIM A 582 (2007) 876 ) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 30
31 The MUPIX chips HV-MAPS chips: AMS 180 nm HV-CMOS MUPIX2 36 x 42 pixels 30 x 39 μm pixel size 1.8 mm 2 active area MUPIX3 40 x 32 pixels 80 x 92 μm pixel size 9.4 mm 2 active area For Mu3e: 256 x 256 pixels 80 x 80 μm pixel size 4 cm 2 area, 95% active MUPIX2: Characterization during 2012 Single pixel Time-Over-Threshold Binary pixel matrix MUPIX3: Just bonded Column logic with address generation Extensive test beam campaign 2013 Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 31
32 MUPIX 2 Results Measurements with 55 Fe source Fe peak Good energy measurement Very good signal to noise ToT [µs] SNR Signal to Noise Threshold [V] Details in theses: A.K. Perrevoort: Characterization of HV-MAPS for Mu3e (Master thesis, 2012) H. Augustin: Charakterisierung von HV-MAPS (Bachelor thesis, 2012) available from Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 32
33 MUPIX 2 Results ToT [µs] Measurements with LED pulses High-Voltage important for fast signal Amplification above ~70 V HV [V] Latency [ns] HV [V] Details in theses: A.K. Perrevoort: Characterization of HV-MAPS for Mu3e (Master thesis, 2012) H. Augustin: Charakterisierung von HV-MAPS (Bachelor thesis, 2012) available from Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 33
34 MUPIX 2 results Resolution for μm pixels Test beam at CERN SPS (170 GeV/c pions) Timepix telescope 2 hours data taking Mostly single pixel clusters Resolution as expected (pixel size/ 12) More test beam data under study Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 34
35 Introduction Y X Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 35
36 Mechanics 50 μm silicon 25 μm Kapton flexprint with aluminium traces 25 μm Kapton frame as support Less than 1 of a radiation length per layer Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 36
37 Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 37
38
39 Cooling Details in thesis: M. Zimmermann: Cooling with Gaseous Helium for the Mu3e Experiment (Bachelor thesis, 2012) available from Add no material: Cool with gaseous Helium ~ 150 mw/cm 2 - total 2 kw Simulations: Need ~ 1 m/s flow First measurements: Need several m/s Full scale prototype on the way Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 39
40 Introduction Y X Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 40
41 Momentum measurement 1 T magnetic field MS Resolution dominated by multiple scattering Momentum resolution to first order: θ MS Σ P / P ~ θ MS/ Ω Ω B Precision requires large lever arm (large bending angle Ω) and low multiple scattering θ MS Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 41
42 Precision vs. Acceptance B 50 MeV/c 25 MeV/c 12 MeV/c Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 42
43 Precision vs. Acceptance B 50 MeV/c 25 MeV/c 12 MeV/c Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 43
44 Precision vs. Acceptance B 50 MeV/c 25 MeV/c 12 MeV/c Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 44
45 Precision vs. Acceptance B 50 MeV/c 25 MeV/c 12 MeV/c Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 45
46 Precision vs. Acceptance MS B θ MS 50 MeV/c 25 MeV/c 12 MeV/c B Ω ~ π Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 46
47 Detector Design μ Beam Target Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 47
48 Detector Design Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 48
49 Detector Design Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Outer pixel layers Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 49
50 Detector Design Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Scintillating fibres Outer pixel layers Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 50
51 Detector Design Recurl pixel layers Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Scintillating fibres Outer pixel layers Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 51
52 Detector Design Recurl pixel layers Scintillator tiles Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Scintillating fibres Outer pixel layers Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 52
![Timing Detector: Scintillating Fibres 3-5 layers of 250 μm scintillating fibres Read-out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and custom ASIC y hitpos [mm] 0.4 0.3 0.](/docs-images/93/113437462/images/53-0.jpg "2 0.1 0-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.")
53 Timing Detector: Scintillating Fibres 3-5 layers of 250 μm scintillating fibres Read-out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and custom ASIC y hitpos [mm] x hitpos [mm] Timing resolution O(1 ns) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 53
54 Timing Detector: Scintillating tiles ~ 1 cm 3 scintillating tiles p Read-out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and custom ASIC Timing resolution O(100 ps) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 54
55 Data Acquisition up to Mbit/s links 1 3 Gbit/s link each Pixel Sensors... FPGA FPGA... FPGA 280 Million pixels (+ fibres and tiles) No trigger ~ 1 Tbit/s FPGA-based switching network O(50) PCs with GPUs RO Boards Pixel DAQ Gbit/s links per RO Board... 4 Inputs each GPU PC GPU PC... GPU PC Gbit Ethernet Data Collection Server Mass Storage Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 55
56 Online filter farm Online software filter farm Continuous front-end readout (no trigger) ~ 1 Tbit/s PCs with FPGAs and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) Online track and event reconstruction D track fits/s achieved Data reduction by factor ~1000 Data to tape < 100 Mbyte/s Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 56
57 Simulated Performance 4 10 RMS: 0.28 MeV/c D multiple scattering track fit Simulation results: 280 kev single track momentum 520 kev total mass resolution Rec. Momentum - Gen. Momentum [MeV/c] RMS: 0.52 MeV/c Reconstructed Mass [MeV/c 2 ] 2 σ 1 : 0.31 MeV/c 2 σ 2 : 0.71 MeV/c 2 σ av : 0.37 MeV/c Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 57
58 Simulated Performance Events per muon decay and 0.1 MeV µ eeeνν generated -11 µ eeeνν simulated Signal BF Signal BF Signal BF Signal BF Signal BF Signal BF Reconstructed Mass [MeV/c ] Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 58
59 Sensitivity Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Outer pixel layers Phase IA: Starting 2015 Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 59
60 Sensitivity Recurl pixel layers Scintillator tiles Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Scintillating fibres Outer pixel layers Phase IB: Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 60
61 Sensitivity Recurl pixel layers Scintillator tiles Inner pixel layers μ Beam Target Scintillating fibres Outer pixel layers Phase II: New Beam Line Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 61
62 Conclusion 90% CL bound μ eγ μ 3e μn en MEG τ μγ SINDRUM τ 3μ SINDRUM II MEG plan Mu3e Phase I Mu3e Phase II Year Mu3e aims for μ eee at the level First large scale use of HV-MAPS Build detector layers thinner than a hair Timing at the 100 ps level Reconstruct 2 billion tracks/s in 1 Tbit/s on ~50 GPUs Start data taking in billion muons/s from HIMB after 2017 Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 62
63 Backup Material Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 63
64 Radiation Hardness Requirements not as strict as at LHC Irradiation at PS After 380 MRad ( n eq /cm 2 ) Chip still working (Courtesy Ivan Perić, RESMDD 2012) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 64
65 MUPIX electronics Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 65
66 A general effective Lagrangian Tensor terms (dipole) e.g. supersymmetry L μ eee = 2 G F ( m μ A R μ R σ μν e L F μν + m μ A L μ L σ μν e R F μν Four-fermion terms e.g. Z + g 1 (μ R e L ) (e R e L ) + g 2 (μ L e R ) (e L e R ) scalar + g 3 (μ R γ μ e R ) (e R γ μ e R ) + g 4 (μ L γ μ e L ) (e L γ μ e L ) + g 5 (μ R γ μ e R ) (e L γ μ e L ) + g 6 (μ L γ μ e L ) (e R γ μ e R ) + H. C. ) vector (Y. Kuno, Y. Okada, Rev.Mod.Phys. 73 (2001) 151) Niklaus Berger Lecce, May 2013 Slide 66
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