Aquifer Systems of Tamilnadu & Puducherry

Transcription

1 GROUND WTER THE NTURE S PRECIOUS GIFT TO MNKIND, LET S MNGE IT PROPERLY. quifer Systems of Tamilnadu & Puducherry The Regional Director, CENTRL GROUND WTER BORD, SECR, E1,CBlock, Rajaji Bhavan, Besant Nagar, Chennai 6 090, Tamil Nadu. Telfax: rdsecrcgwb@nic.in Web: Government of India Ministry of Water Resources CENTRL GROUND WTER BORD South Eastern Coastal Region Chennai September 01

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8 Contributors Page Overall Guidance and Supervision Dr. S.C. Dhiman, Chairman, CGWB & Shri. D.S.C. Thambi, Regional Director, SECR Principal Contributors Ms. D. Dhayamalar, Scientist C Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Scientist C Shri. R. rumugam, Scientist B Shri. S. Piramanayagam, Scientist B Shri. N. Ramesh Kumar, HG Dr. D. Gnanasundar, Scientist C Other Contributors Shri.. Subburaj, Scientist D Shri. V.Elanchelian, Scientist C Shri. V.S.T. Gopinath, HG Shri.M.Sivakumar, ScientistC Shri. K.S.S.Nathan, HG Dr. K. Ravichandran, Scientist C Dr. B. Umapathi, Scientist C Shri. K..Nambi, HG Smt. K. Padmavathi, Scientist B Shri. K.T. Suresha, Scientist C Shri. K. Ramanand, HG Shri.. Sreenivas, Scientist B Supporting staff Smt. M. Navaneetham, Draftsman, GrII Shri. jit Singh, Draftsman, Gr II

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10 LIST OF TBLES Table 1 Table Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 1 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 a Table 18 b Table 19 Table 0 Table 1 Table Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 dministrative Divisions River Basins and Sub Basins District Wise Distribution of Principal quifer Systems quifer Systems Parliamentary Constituencies Population Census quifer Distribution River Basin Wise River Gauge and Discharge (G&D Sites in Different quifers Districts having Multi quifer System District Wise nd quifer Wise Distribution of Exploratory Wells Districtwise and quiferwise number of Groundwater Observation Wells (Dug Wells/ Piezometers Districtwise and quiferwise Premonsoon Depth to Water Level (Pre Monsoon, 011 Districtwise and quiferwise Postmonsoon Depth to Water Level (Post Monsoon, 01 Districtwise and quiferwise Seasonal Fluctuation Districtwise and quiferwise Depth To Water Level (PreMonsoon Decadal Mean 11 Districtwise and quiferwise Depth To Water Level (PostMonsoon Decadal Mean 11 Districts showing more than permissible limits of Salinity, Nitrate and Fluoride quifer wise rea under OverExploited (OE Blocks quifer wise rea under Critical Blocks District Wise Distribution and Characteristics of lluvium quifer District Wise Distribution and Characteristics of Sandstone quifer District Wise Distribution and Characteristics of Charnockite quifer State Wise Distribution and Characteristics of Khondalite quifer District Wise Distribution and Characteristics of Banded Gneissic Complex quifer District Wise Distribution and Characteristics of Gneiss quifer Districtwise and quifer Wise nnual Replenishable Recharge Districtwise & quiferwise rea Prioritized for rtificial Recharge Districtwise & quiferwise rea Delineated for Rainwater Harvesting and Water Conservation Districtwise & quiferwise rea Suitable for Ground Water Development Vulnerable reas

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12 LIST OF PLTES Plate I dministrative Divisions Plate II River Basins Plate III Principal quifer Systems Plate IV Major quifer Systems Plate V Parliamentary Constituencies Plate VI Population Density Plate VII quifers River BasinWise Plate VIII River Gauging nd Discharge Sites Plate IX quifer Systems Plate X Groundwater Exploratory Wells Plate XI Groundwater Observation Wells Plate XII Depth To Water Level (PreMonsoon, 011 Plate XIII Depth To Water Level (PostMonsoon, 011 Plate XIV Seasonal water level fluctuation Plate XV Depth To Water Level (PreMonsoon Decadal Mean 011 Plate XVI Depth To Water Level (PostMonsoon Decadal Mean 011 Plate XVII Water Table Elevation Plate XVIII Ground water quality EC,Nitrate,Fluoride (Shallow quifer Plate XIX Stage Of Groundwater Development (s On March, 9 Plate XX lluvial quifer Plate XXI Sandstone quifer Plate XXII Charnockite quifer Plate XXIII Khondalite quifer Plate XXIV BGC quifer Plate XXV Gneiss quifer Plate XXVI Laterite, Shale and Lime stone quifers Plate XXVII Granite, Schist, quartzite and Intrusive quifers Plate XXVIII nnual Replenishable Recharge Plate XXIX quifer Management Plan rtificial Recharge Priority reas Plate XXX Plate XXXI Plate XXXII quifer Management Plan Water Conservation & Harvesting Priority reas quifer Management Plan Suitable for Ground Development Water Priority reas Ground Water Vulnerability

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14 INTRODUCTION Ground water is one of the primary resources to meet the water requirements of our country. It is of vital importance for sustaining life, health & agriculture. However the distribution of availability of ground water resources across the country is uneven. Tamil Nadu, the sixth most populous state in India is a water stressed state. The total population of the state as per 011 Census is 7, 1, 38, 958, of which 6 percent of the people are engaged in agriculture. Tamil Nadu state, the southern most state in the Indian Union, lies between N Latitudes 08 and and E.Longitudes and The state is bounded by Bay of Bengal in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south and the states of Kerala, Karnataka and ndhra Pradesh in the west, north west and north respectively with a geographical extent of 1,30,060 sq.km. It has a shoreline of about 10 km. For administrative purposes, Tamil Nadu state is divided into 3 districts. These districts are divided into 0 taluks, which are further divided into 386 developmental blocks. These are subdivided into Panchayats representing the constituent Revenue villages and hamlets. The Tamil Nadu state is underlain by diverse hydrogeological formations, nearly 73% of the state is occupied by hard rocks, the semi consolidated and consolidated formations are mainly confined in the eastern part which is the coastal tract. In the hard rock area, ground water is mainly developed through dug wells and dug cum bore wells tapping the weathered zone, the yield of open wells vary from 1 3 lps, whereas in dug wells tapping soft rocks including sedimentary formations, the yield is up to 5 lps. Dynamic ground water resources have been assessed blockwise and during the recent resources estimation (9, the nnual Replenishable Ground Water Resource of the state has been estimated as.94 bcm and Net nnual Ground Water vailability is 0.65 bcm. The nnual Ground Water Draft is bcm and Stage of Ground Water Development is 80% leaving limited scope for further development of the dynamic ground water resources. Out of 386 assessment units (blocks, 139 have been categorized as Overexploited, 33 as Critical, 67 as Semicritical, 136 as Safe and 11 as Saline. Larger ground water development is noticed in the Central part of the State and it is brought out in the category map showing concentration of Overexploited and Critical block in a linear pattern extending along NESW direction in the Central part of the State. There has been about 6% decrease in the estimates of ground water draft in 9 as compared to 4. This is attributed to reduction in irrigation draft due to urbanization in some areas and reduction in usage of dugwells for domestic use. Further, recharge has enhanced in some areas because of increase in normal rainfall and enhanced activity of water conservation and canal irrigation. The increasing stress on the limited ground water resources calls for immediate action for sustainable ground water resource management in the State. Groundwater resources available within aquifers needs to be sustainably managed with a combination of reasonable scientific knowledge, adequate monitoring and sustained political commitment and provisions for institutional arrangements. Considering the complexity of the ground water regime and the intrinsic variability of ground water systems and socioeconomic situations, no single approach can fully relieve pressures on its groundwater resources. Incremental improvements in resource management and protection can, however, be achieved through suitable means. The added uncertainty of global environmental and climate change reinforces the need for sound resource management and for providing additional social and political impetus for scientific management interventions. Groundwater also needs to be considered as part of an integrated water resources management approach that coordinates land and water resources management, recognises water quantity and quality linkages, manages surface water and groundwater resources conjunctively and protects and restores natural systems. This integrated approach presents new challenges for groundwater management such as the need for better understanding of the effects on groundwater recharge quantity and quality of various ground water systems and many other issues. It is in this context that systematic mapping of aquifer systems assumes great relevance in a State. quifer mapping is a scientific process wherein a combination of geologic, geophysical, hydrologic, and chemical field and laboratory analyses are applied to characterize the quantity, quality, and sustainability of ground water in aquifers. The objective of aquifer mapping is to provide critically needed information on the State s ground water for planning its sustainable development. The products of aquifer mapping studies improve our understanding of the geologic framework of aquifers, their hydrologic characteristics, water levels in the aquifers and how they change over time, and the occurrence of natural and anthropogenic contaminants that affect the quality of ground water. Results of aquifer mapping can significantly contribute to resource management tools such as longterm aquifer monitoring networks and conceptual and quantitative regional groundwaterflow models besides helping planners, policy makers and other stakeholders in taking scientifically defensible decisions. The present aquifer mapping at Regional scale (1:50,0 forms the foundation for assessment of groundwater availability. The primary issues affecting groundwater availability vary from location to location and commonly require analysis in the context of groundwater flow systems to achieve any purposeful meaning. With this principle in mind, the studies of water balance can be taken up involving all the input and output components rainfall, evaporation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture balance, groundwater recharge through rainfall, groundwater extraction, canal seepage, irrigation, water bodies and riveraquifer interaction etc. Multiple techniques including physical, chemical/tracer and numerical modelling approach can be used for simulating groundwater conditions and to develop aquifer management plans for optimal utilization of groundwater resources. The aquifer mapping is of due importance in the XII five year plan. s an initiative, considering the geological and hydrologic properties of the wide array of geological formations in the state, 1 principal aquifer systems have been delineated at 1:50,0 scale. This forms the base for aquifer mapping at 1: 50,0 scale. With further inputs from the detailed Hydrogeological studies (aquifer mapping studies in the 1 th year plan, aquifer mapping can be done at cadastral level. Thus after a period of time, we shall have the status on water availability both surface and ground water and its demand at cadastral level i.e., in village wise information. This will be useful in planning/tackling at village wise. The inputs on the groundwater pollution due to natural and anthropogenic needs to be identified at cadastral level. The tlas of aquifer mapping for the state of Tamilnadu and UT of Puducherry has enabled to have a base and to identify the data gaps, delineate the vulnerable areas and demarcate areas which may attract government intervention.

15 Sl No. Name of the District rea (Sq.Km. No of Tehsils Development Blocks No. of Towns 1 riyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kancheepuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukottai Ramanthapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Tiruvarur Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tiruppur Tuticorin Vellore Villupuram Virudhunagar Total U.T. of Puducherry Source: censusindia.gov.incensus011 Table 1: DMINISTRTIVE DIVISIONS

16 PLTE I QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY DMINISTRTIVE DIVISIONS 0 50 kilometers 1 N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. Chennai Vellore Palar R. Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Udagamandalam Erode Namakkal Tiruppur Tirumanimuttar R. Coimbatore Karur Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Salem Cuddalore Perambalur riyalur Tiruchirapalli karaikal Cauvery R. Thanjavur Pondicherry PUDUCHERRY Villupuram Tiruvarur Nagapattinam B Y O F B E N G L Pudukkottai K E R L Dindigul PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY LEGEND Tirunelveli Tambraparni R. Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Block Boundary Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Kanyakumari I N D I N O C E N Drainage Road Railway

17 Table : River Basins and Sub Basins Catchment area in sq.km Place of origin S. No. Basin Sub basin of main river Total in Tamilnadu No. of water sheds Sharing state Sub Basin rea in Tamil Nadu (Sq.Km. rea in Tamil Nadu River Basin (Sq.Km. 1 K BSIN (CHENNI GNIYR Tiruvalluar District Tiruchirapalli district Misc. between Madras and Nellore 1 ndhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu 69 Misc. around Madras 7 ndhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu 5968 Vaigai to Cauvery 9 Tamil Nadu Left Bank 5 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Right Bank 3 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Kabbani 1 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Pulantoa to Mahe 1 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu CUVERY Talakaveri, Kodugu, Karnataka Bhavani 5 Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu 556 Noyil 4 Tamil Nadu maravati 7 Kerala and Tamil Nadu 8687 L.B.Nanganji confluence to Stanley 4 Tamil Nadu 4966 Thanjavur to maravati Confluence 4 Tamil Nadu 6408 Cauvery Delta upto Thanjavur 7 Tamil Nadu GUNDR Madurai District 5 KLLR Tuticorin District Gundar 7 Tamil Nadu Chittar to Vaigai 7 Tamil Nadu KODIYR Kanyakumari District 7 NMBIYR Tirunelveli District Cape Comorin to Kolloda Kerala and Tamil Nadu Cape Comorin to Chittar 3 Tamil Nadu PLR Nandi hills, Kolar district Karnataka 9784 Upper Palar 4 ndhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu 198 Lower Palar upto Vellore 7 ndhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu PRMBIKULM Coimbatore district Pulantoa Ponndni 3 Kerala and Tamil Nadu Periyar to Ponndni 1 Kerala and Tamil Nadu PRVNR 11 PK RIYR Dindigul District 1 PONNIYR 13 TMBIRPRNI Cuddalore District Karnataka gastyarkoodam peak, Podhigai hills, Tirunelveli District Between Cauvery and Ponnaiyar 1 Tamil Nadu Lower Pannaiyar upto Sathanur Dam 79 Vaigai to Cauvery 4 Tamil Nadu Upper Pannaiyar beyond Sathanur dam Lower Pannaiyar upto Sathanur Dam 8 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu 5 Tamil Nadu Tambaraparni to Chittar 5 Tamil Nadu Cape Comorin to Kolloda 1 Kerala and Tamil Nadu chankord Pamliyar 1 Kerala and Tamil Nadu VIGIYR Varushanad hills, Theni District 15 VIPPR Theni district Vaigai 7 Tamil Nadu Chittar to Vaigai 6 Tamil Nadu VRHNDI 17 VELLR Kilpenathur, Tiruvannamalai District Shevaroy hills, Salem District Misc. around Pondicherry Between Cauvery and Ponnaiyar 6 Tamil Nadu 8 Tamil Nadu Total Source: State Ground & Surface Water Resources Data Centre, Taramani, chennai

18 PLTE II QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY RIVER BSINS kilometers N D H R P R D E S H chennai Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram PLR K R N T K Udagamandalam Tiruppur Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Dharmapuri Salem CUVERY Erode Tirumanimuttar R. Karur Coimbatore Namakkal Krishnagiri Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. PONNIYR Tiruvannamalai VRHNDHI Tiruchirapalli Cuddalore VELLR PRVNR Cauvery R. Villupuram Perambalur riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Thanjavur Nagapattinam PRMBIKULM LYR Pudukkottai PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul GNIYR PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Manimuttar R. Madurai PMBRKOTTKRIYR Sivaganga VIGI rjuna R. Vaippar R. VIPPR Virudunagar GUNDR Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY KLLR Tuticorin Tirunelveli TMBRPRNI Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR LEGEND KODIYR Kanyakumari NMBIYR RIVER BSINS I N D I N O C E N PRVNR PONNIR State Capital GNIYR KODIYR TMBRPRNI District Headquarters Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India CUVERY K BSIN (CHENNI GUNDR KLLR NMBIYR PLR PMBRKOTTKRIYR PRMBIKULMLYR VIGI VIPPR VRHNDI VELLR State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Sub Basin

19 Table 3 : District wise distribution of Principal quifer Systems S.N. District Name lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives Total rea rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % rea % 1 RIYLUR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 195 CHENNI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N COIMBTORE N N N N N N N N N N N N CUDDLORE N N N N N N N N N N N N DHRMPURI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N DINDIGUL N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N ERODE N N N N N N N N N N KNCHEEPURM N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N KNYKUMRI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N KRUR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N KRISHNGIRI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N MDURI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NGPPTTINM N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NMKKL 76. N N N N N N N N 76. N N N N N NILGIRIS N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N PERMBLUR 51.9 N N N N N N N N N N N N PUDUKKOTTI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N RMNTHPURM N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N SLEM N N N N N N N N 7 5. N N N N N N SIVGNG N N N N N N N N N N N N N N THNJVUR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 3438 THENI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N THIRUVRUR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N TIRUCHIRPPLLI N N N N N N N N TIRUNELVELI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N TIRUPPUR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N TIRUVLLUR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N TIRUVNNMLI N N N N N N N N N N N N N N TUTICORIN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N VELLORE N N N N N N N N N N N N VILLUPPURM N 1 N N N N N N N N N N VIRUDUNGR N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 4314 Total U.T.of Puducherry 1 PUDUCHERRY N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 317 KRIKL N N 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 163 rea: in Sq.Km. Total N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 480

20 PLTE III QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY PRINCIPL QUIFER SYSTEMS 0 50 kilometers 1 N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Coimbatore Karur Tiruchirapalli Cauvery R. Thanjavur riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR quifers LEGEND lluvium Quartzite State Capital Kanyakumari I N D I N O C E N Laterite Sandstone Shale Limestone Granite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Schist Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India

21 Table 4: quifer Systems Sl.No. Principal quifers code Principal quifers rea Major quifer Code Major quifer rea % of Total area L01 Fluvial lluvium L0 Pebble/Gravel 86 1 L lluvium L04 eolian lluvium 56 L05 Coastal lluvium 5965 LT Laterite 401 LT01 Laterite / Ferruginous concretions ST01 Sand Stone/Conglomerate 3551 ST Sand Stone ST04 Sandstone with clay SH Shale 50 SH01 Shale with Lime stone 45 SH03 Shale,Limestone,Sandstone LS Limestones 63 LS0 Dolomite, Limestones GR Granite 1488 GR0 cidic Rocks (Pegmatite, Granite, Syenite, Rhyolite etc SC Schist 34 SC01 Schist 14 SC0 Phyllite QZ Quartzite 9 QZ01 Quartzite CK Charnockite 3336 CK01 Charnockite KH Khondalite 1978 KH01 Khondalite, Granulites BG Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC 1 GN Gneiss BG01 Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC GN0 Gneiss 453 GN03 Migmetitic Gneiss IN Intrusives 509 IN01 Basic Rock (Dolerite, northosite etc. IN0 Ultramafic (Epidiorite, Granphyre, etc Total U.T. OF PUDUCHERRY 1 L lluvium 450 L01 Fluvial lluvium ST Sand Stone 30 ST1 Sand Stone Total rea : in Sq.Km.

22 PLTE IV QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY MJOR QUIFER SYSTEMS kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Ponnaiyar R. Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Coimbatore Karur Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Tiruchirapalli Cauvery R. Thanjavur riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L Pudukkottai K E R L Dindigul PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR quifers LEGEND State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Fluvial lluvium (L01 Drainage Kanyakumari Pebble/Gravel (L0 cidic rock(granite, Pegmatite, etc (GR0 I N D I N O C E N eolian lluvium(l04 Coastal lluvium (L05 Laterite(LT01 Sandstone/Conglomerate (ST01 Sandstone with Clay (ST04 Shale with Limestone (SH01 Schist (SC01 Phyllite (SC0 Quartzite (QZ01 Charnockite(CK01 Khondalite, Granulite (KH01 Basement Gneissic Complex (BG01 Migmatitic Gneiss (GN03 Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Shale, Limestone and Sandstone (SH03 Limestone/Dolomite (LS0 Basic rock(dolerite, northosite, etc (IN01 Ultramafic (Epidiorite, Granphyre, etc (IN0

23 Table 5 : Parliamentary Constituencies Parliamentary PC_ S.N. Constituencies lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Code Name Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusi ves Total rea (Sq.km. 1 S01 Madras North S0 Madras Central 3 S03 Madras South 4 S04 Sriperumbudur 5 S05 Chengalpattu 6 S06 rakkonam 7 S07 Vellore 8 S08 Tiruppattur 9 S09 Vandavasi 10 S10 Tindivanam 11 S11 Cuddalore 1 S1 Chidambaram 13 S13 Dharmapuri 14 S14 Krishnagiri 15 S15 Rasipuram 16 S16 Salem 17 S17 Tiruchengode 18 S18 Nilgiris 19 S19 Gobichettipalayam 0 S0 Coimbatore 1 S1 Pollachi S Palani 3 S3 Dindigul 4 S4 Madurai 5 S5 Periyakulam 6 S6 Karur 7 S7 Tiruchirappalli 8 S8 Perambalur 9 S9 Mayiladuturai 30 S30 Nagapattinam 31 S31 Thanjavur 3 S3 Pudukkottai 33 S33 Sivaganga 34 S34 Ramanathapuram 35 S35 Sivakasi 36 S36 Tirunelveli 37 S37 Tenkasi 38 S38 Tiruchendur 39 S39 Nagercoil Total UT of Puducherry 40 Source: censusindia.gov.in Puducherry

24 PLTE V QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY PRLIMENTRY CONSTITUENCIES 0 50 kilometers 1 N D H R P R D E S H Vellore Vellore Palar R. rakkonam Nagari R. Madras North Sriperumbudur Tiruvallur CHENNI Madras Central Madras South Kancheepuram K R N T K K E R L Gobichettipalayam Coimbatore Coimbatore Pollachi Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Udagamandalam Erode Nilgiris Tiruchengode Tiruppur Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Chengalpattu Krishnagiri Cuddalore Salem Salem Rasipuram Cauvery R. Nagapattinam Palani Pudukkottai Pudukkottai Dindigul Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Vandavasi Tiruppattur Tiruvannamalai Tindivanam Villupuram Cuddalore Chidambaram PUDUCHERRY Puducherry Perambalur riyalur Namakkal Perambalur Mayiladuthurai Puducherry Karur Tiruchirapalli Karur karaikal Tiruchirappalli Tiruvarur Thanjavur Nagapattinam Thanjavur B Y O F B E N G L Dindigul PLK STRIT Theni Periyakulam Suruli R. Vaigai R. Madurai Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga Sivaganga rjuna R. Sivakasi Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. Ramanathapuram PLK BY quifers LEGEND Tenkasi Tirunelveli Nagercoil Tirunelveli Tuticorin Tambraparni R. Tiruchendur GULF OF MNNR lluvium Laterite Sandstone Shale Limestone Granite Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Kanyakumari Schist Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India I N D I N O C E N Parliamentary Constituency

25 Table.6 : Population Census S.N. District Population 011 Population 1 Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Density of Population Decennial Growth rate (% Sex Ratio No of females per 10 males 1 RIYLUR CHENNI 3 COIMBTORE 4 CUDDLORE 5 DHRMPURI 6 DINDIGUL 7 ERODE 8 KNCHEEPURM 9 KNNIYKUMRI 10 KRUR 11 KRISHNGIRI 1 MDURI 13 NGPTTINM 14 NMKKL 15 PERMBLUR 16 PUDUKKOTTI 17 RMNTHPURM 18 SLEM 19 SIVGNG 0 THNJVUR 1 THE NILGIRIS THENI 3 THIRUVLLUR 4 THIRUVRUR 5 THOOTHUKKUDI 6 TIRUCHIRPPLLI 7 TIRUNELVELI 8 TIRUPPUR 9 TIRUVNNMLI 30 VELLORE 31 VILLUPURM 3 VIRUDHUNGR Total U.T. OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry KarIkal Total Source: Census Hand Book India

26 PLTE VI QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY POPULTION DENSITY kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Vellore Palar R. Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Coimbatore Karur Tiruchirapalli Tiruvannamalai Cauvery R. Thanjavur riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L Pudukkottai K E R L Dindigul PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Kanyakumari Tambraparni R. Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR quifers lluvium Laterite Sandstone Shale Limestone Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss LEGEND State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary I N D I N O C E N Granite Schist Intrusives Drainage Population Density (Persons/sq.km Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India < >1 Source : Census Handbook India 011

27 Table 7: quifer Distribution River basin wise S.N. Basin lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives Total 1 K BSIN GNIYR 3 GUNDR 4 KLLR 5 KVERI 6 KODIYR 7 NMBIYR 8 PLR 9 PRMBIKULM 10 PRVNR 11 PKRIYR 1 PONNIYR 13 TMBRPRNI 14 VIGIYR 15 VIPPR 16 VRHNDI 17 VELLR N N N 499 N 1095 N N N N 19 N N N N N 1448 N 477 N N N N N N 118 N 66 N 15 N N N N N 34 N N 1385 N N N 4 N N N N N N 605 N 676 N 0 N N N N N N 799 N N N N 4899 N N N N N N N N N N N 136 N 479 N N N N N N N N 0 N N N N N N N N 75 N N N 13 N N N N N 3649 N 351 N 609 N N 47 N N N 1345 N 491 N 74 N N N N N 179 N N 390 N 57 N 436 N N N N N 15 N N N N N N 884 N Total Units: sq. km.

28 PLTE VII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY QUIFER RIVER BSIN WISE kilometers N D H R P R D E S H K BSIN Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Vellore Palar R. Kancheepuram PLR K R N T K Bhavani R. Udagamandalam Erode Tiruppur Noyil R. amaravati Dharmapuri Salem CUVERY Tirumanimuttar R. Krishnagiri Ponnaiyar R. Coimbatore Karur Tiruchirapalli Cheyyar R. PONNIYR Tiruvannamalai VRHNDHI Villupuram Cuddalore VELLR PRVNR Perambalur riyalur Namakkal Cauvery R. karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam Thanjavur PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L PRMBIKULM LIYR K E R L Pudukkottai Dindigul GNIYR PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Manimuttar R. Madurai PMBRKOTTKRIYR Sivaganga GUNDR VIGI rjuna R. Vaippar R. VIPPR Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY LEGEND KLLR Tuticorin Tirunelveli TMBRPRNI Tambraparni R. NMBIYR KODIYR Kanyakumari GULF OF MNNR quifers lluvium Laterite Sandstone Shale Limestone Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary I N D I N O C E N Granite Schist Intrusives Drainage Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India River Basin

29 Table 8: River Gauge and Discharge (G&D Sites in Different quifers S.N. Basin lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives Total 1 K BSIN GNIYR 3 CUVERY 4 GUNDR 5 KLLR 6 KODIYR 7 NMBIYR 8 PLR 9 PRMBIKULM 10 PRVNR 11 PKRIYR 1 PONNIYR 13 TMBRPRNI 14 VIGIYR 15 VIPPR 16 VRHNDI 17 VELLR N N 0 0 N 0 N 0 N N N N 0 N N N N 0 0 N N N 0 N N N N N 0 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N N N N N 0 N N 0 N 0 N 0 N N N N N 1 0 N 1 N 0 N N N N N N N 0 0 N 0 N 0 0 N N 0 0 N 1 N 1 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 0 N N N N N 0 N N N 0 0 N N N 0 N N N N N N N N 1 N 0 0 N N N 0 N N 0 N 0 N 1 0 N N N N N N 0 0 N 1 N 1 0 N N N N N N 0 N 0 0 N N N N 0 N N 0 N Total source: CWC Statistical Hand book 011 N: Formation Not vailable; 0: Stations of CWC not available

30 PLTE VIII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY RIVER GUGE ND DISCHRGE SITES kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Vellore Palar R. Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Coimbatore Karur Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Cauvery R. Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Tiruchirapalli riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Thanjavur Nagapattinam PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Tambraparni R. Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR quifers LEGEND lluvium Quartzite State Capital Kanyakumari Laterite Sandstone Shale Charnockite Khondalite BGC District Headquarters State Boundary I N D I N O C E N Limestone Granite Schist Gneiss Intrusives District Boundary Drainage River Basin Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Location of River G & D Sites S O U R C E : C W C S T T I S T I C L H N D B O O K 0 1 1

31 Table 9 : Districts having Multi quifer Systems Sl.No. Districts lluvium Sandstone 1 riyalur Cuddalore Kancheepuram Nagapattinam 4 N 5 Ramanthapuram Sivaganga Thanjavur Tiruvarur Tiruvallur Tiruchirapalli 60 0 UT of Puducherry 1 Karaikal 163 N N: Formation not vailable; 0: Multi quifer System do not exist

32 PLTE IX QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY QUIFER SYSTEM kilometers N R DH PR S DE H Nagari R. Tiruvallur CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram rr ya ey Ch. T K Krishnagiri K r R. PUDUCHERRY Villupuram Salem R. im ut t ar ni R. Udagamandalam Erode Vellar Ti r um an a Bhav Cuddalore Perambalur R. riyalur Namakkal Tiruppur Noyil R. Tiruchirapalli Karur Coimbatore C er auv yr. karaikal Tiruvarur ati av ar am Y O F B EN G L Pon naiy a R Dharmapuri B N Tiruvannamalai Nagapattinam Thanjavur Pudukkottai L Dindigul PLK STRIT R Su ru li R. Va ig Theni M an im ai R Madurai. ut ta rr. K E Sivaganga r ju na R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Va ip pa rr Gu nd ar. PLK BY R. Tuticorin Tirunelveli Tam bra par ni R. G F UL F O R N N M LEGEND quifers Kanyakumari INDIN OCEN State Capital Quartzite Laterite Charnockite Sandstone Khondalite Shale BGC Limestone Gneiss District Boundary Granite Intrusives Drainage Schist quifer System Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India lluvium Predominantly single aquifer Multiple aquifer District Headquarters State Boundary

33 Table 10: District wise & quifer wise Number of Exploratory Wells S.N. District Name lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestone Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives Total 1 RIYLUR 0 N N N N 0 N N 0 N 15 CHENNI 8 0 N N N N N N 3 N N N N 11 3 COIMBTORE 0 N N N N N N CUDDLORE N N N 1 N N 5 N DHRMPURI N N N N N 0 N N DINDIGUL N N N N N N N N ERODE 0 N N N N 4 0 N KNCHEEPURM N N N N N 75 N N 0 N 99 9 KNYKUMRI 0 N 0 N N N N N 15 5 N 5 N 5 10 KRUR 0 N N N N N N N N KRISHNGIRI N N N N N 6 N N MDURI 0 N 0 N N N N N 9 1 N 75 N NGPPTTINM 35 N N N N N N N N N N N N NMKKL 0 N N N N 0 N N NILGIRI N N N N N N N N 0 N 1 0 N 1 16 PERMBLUR 0 N N N N 3 0 N 13 N PUDUKKOTTI N N 1 N N N N 7 3 N RMNTHPURM 80 N 0 N N N N N N N N 3 N SLEM 0 N N N N 8 N N 33 0 N SIVGNG N N N N N N N 45 1 THNJVUR N N N N N N N 0 0 N 8 THENI 0 N N N N 0 N N 50 N N 15 N 65 3 THIRUVRUR N N N N N N N N N N 3 4 TIRUCHCHIRPPLLI 0 N 0 0 N 0 N N TIRUNELVELI 3 N N N N N N N 4 N 74 6 TIRUPPUR 0 N N N N 1 N N N 37 7 TIRUVLLUR N N N 0 N 0 N 17 N N 77 8 TIRUVNNMLI 1 N 1 N N N N N N 68 9 TUTICORIN 15 N 0 N N N N N 1 N N 37 N VELLORE 0 N 0 N N 1 15 N 5 N N 1 31 VILUPPURM N N N N 69 3 VIRUDUNGR 0 N 0 N N N N N 0 N N 61 N 61 Total U T of PUDUCHERRY 1 PUDUCHERRY 34 N 13 N N N N N N N N N N 47 KRIKL 15 N N N N N N N N N N N N 15 Total Grand Total N: Formation Not available: 0: Wells do not exist

34 PLTEX QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY GROUND WTER EXPLORTORY WELLS Tiruvallur CHENNI Vellore Kancheepuram Krishnagiri Tiruvannamalai Dharmapuri PUDUCHERRY Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur riyalur Namakkal Tiruppur Karur Tiruchirapalli karaikal Coimbatore Tiruvarur Nagapattinam Thanjavur Pudukkottai Dindigul PLK STRIT Theni Madurai Sivaganga Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tuticorin Tirunelveli LEGEND quifers lluvium Quartzite State Capital Laterite Charnockite District Headquarters Kanyakumari Sandstone Khondalite State Boundary Shale BGC I N D I N O C E N District Boundary Limestone Gneiss K R N T K K E R L Bhavani R. Suruli R. Noyil R. amaravati rjuna R Vaigai R. Vaippar R. Tambraparni R. Tirumanimuttar R. kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Gundar R. GULF OF MNNR Manimuttar R. Ponnaiyar R. Granite Schist Cheyyar R. Cauvery R. Palar R. Intrusives Nagari R. B Y O F B E N G L Drainage Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Exploratory Wells

35 S.N. District Name DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz DW Pz 1 riyalur 0 0 N N N N N N N N 0 0 N N N N 0 0 N N 6 8 Chennai N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 0 N N N N N N N N Coimbatore 0 0 N N N N N N N N 1 1 N N N N Cuddalore N N N N N N 0 N N N N 1 N N Dharmapuri N N N N N N N N N N 1 0 N N N N Dindigul N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Erode 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N Kancheepuram N N N N N N N N N N 17 6 N N N N 0 0 N N Kanyakumari 6 5 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N 4 1 N N 1 N N Karur 1 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Krishnagiri N N N N N N N N N N 5 N N N N Madurai 4 0 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N 43 N N Nagapattinam 10 7 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Namakkal 1 0 N N N N N N N N 0 0 N N N N Nilgiris N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 6 0 N N N N Perambalur 1 0 N N N N N N N N N N 5 N N Pudukkottai N N N N 3 1 N N N N N N N N N N Ramanathapuram 5 4 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 0 0 N N Salem 0 0 N N N N N N N N 1 1 N N N N N N Sivaganga N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Thanjavur N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Theni 6 0 N N N N N N N N 0 0 N N N N 7 37 N N N N 0 0 N N Tiruvarur N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Tiruchirapalli 1 0 N N N N 0 0 N N N N Tirunelveli 3 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Tiruppur 0 0 N N N N N N N N 0 0 N N N N N N Tiruvallur N N N N N N 0 0 N N 0 0 N N 3 8 N N N N Thiruvannamalai 0 0 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N Tuticorin 6 0 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N 1 0 N N N N 16 1 N N Vellore 6 1 N N 0 0 N N N N 0 1 N N 4 N N N N Villupuram N N 0 0 N N N N Virudhunagar 0 0 N N 0 0 N N N N N N 0 0 N N 1 0 N N N N N N Total U.T. OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry 4 7 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Karaikal 3 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Total 7 7 N N 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Grand Total lluvium N: Formation Not available: 0: Wells do not exist Table 11 : District wise and quifer wise number of GW Observation Wells (Dugwells/ Peizometers Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestone Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite Intrusives N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N B G C Gneiss Total Grand Total

36 PLTE XI QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY GROUND WTER MONITORING WELLS Tiruvallur Vellore Kancheepuram Krishnagiri Tiruvannamalai Dharmapuri PUDUCHERRY Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur riyalur Namakkal Tiruppur Karur Tiruchirapalli karaikal Coimbatore Tiruvarur Nagapattinam Thanjavur Pudukkottai Dindigul PLK STRIT Theni Madurai Sivaganga Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tuticorin LEGEND Tirunelveli quifers lluvium Quartzite Laterite Charnockite Kanyakumari Sandstone Khondalite K R N T K K E R L Bhavani R. Suruli R. Noyil R. amaravati rjuna R. Vaigai R. Vaippar R. Tambraparni R. I N D I N O C E N 0 50 Tirumanimuttar R. kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Gundar R. GULF OF MNNR Manimuttar R. 1 Ponnaiyar R. Shale Limestone Granite Schist Cheyyar R. Cauvery R. Palar R. BGC Gneiss Intrusives Nagari R. CHENNI B Y O F B E N G L State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Dug Well Piezometer

37 S.N. District Name Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 1 riyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kancheepuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukottai Ramanthapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Tiruvarur Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tuticorin Vellore Villupuram Virudhunagar U.T.OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry Karaikal Units: mbgl (metre below ground level lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestone Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Table 1: District wise and quifer wise Depth to Water Level ( Pre monsoon 011 Gneiss Intrusives

38 PLTE XII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY DEPTH TO WTER LEVEL (PREMONSOON MY kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Karur Coimbatore Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Tiruchirapalli Cauvery R. riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam Thanjavur PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR quifers lluvium Laterite Quartzite Charnockite LEGEND State Capital Sandstone Shale Khondalite BGC District Headquarters State Boundary Kanyakumari Limestone Gneiss District Boundary I N D I N O C E N Granite Schist Intrusives Drainage Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Depth to Water level (m bgl < >

39 lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives S.N. District Name Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 1 riyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kancheepuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukottai Ramanthapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Tiruvarur Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tuticorin Vellore Villupuram Virudhunagar Total Table 13 : District wise and quifer wise Depth to Water Level (Post monsoon U.T.OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry Karaikal Total Units: mbgl (metre below ground level

40 PLTE XIII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY DEPTH TO WTER LEVEL (POSTMONSOON JN kilometers 1 N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tirumanimuttar R. Karur Coimbatore Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Villupuram Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Tiruchirapalli Cauvery R. riyalur karaikal Tiruvarur Thanjavur Nagapattinam PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR quifers lluvium Quartzite LEGEND State Capital Laterite Charnockite Kanyakumari I N D I N O C E N Sandstone Shale Limestone Granite Schist Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Depth to Water level (m bgl Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India < > 0

41 Sl.N. Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 1 riyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode 8 Kancheepuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal 15 Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukottai Ramanthapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Tiruvarur Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur District Name 7 Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tuticorin Vellore Villupuram Virudhunagar Total Table 14 : District wise and quifer wise Seasonal Ground water level fluctuation lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestone Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives U.T.OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry Karaikal Total Units: metre

42 PLTE XIV QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY WTER LEVEL FLUCTUTION (MY 011JN kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Bhavani R. Udagamandalam Tiruppur Coimbatore Noyil R. amaravati Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Salem Erode Namakkal Karur Tirumanimuttar R. Ponnaiyar R. Tiruchirapalli Cheyyar R. Tiruvannamalai Perambalur riyalur Cauvery R. Villupuram Cuddalore karaikal Tiruvarur Thanjavur Nagapattinam PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R. PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR quifers lluvium Quartzite LEGEND State Capital Laterite Charnockite Kanyakumari I N D I N O C E N Sandstone Shale Limestone Granite Schist Khondalite BGC Gneiss Intrusives District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Water level fluctuation (m Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India 0 Rise 4 Rise > 4 Rise 0 Fall 4 Fall > 4 Fall

43 S.N. District Name Table 15 : District wise Pre monsoon Depth to Water Level (Decadal Mean 011 lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 1 riyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kancheepuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukottai Ramanthapura m 19 Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Tiruvarur Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tuticorin Vellore Villupuram Virudhunagar Total U.T.OF PUDUCHER 1 Puducherry Karaikal Total Units: mbgl (metre below ground level

44 PLTE XV QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY DEPTH TO WTER LEVEL (PREMONSOON DECDL MEN kilometers N R DH PR S DE H Tiruvallur CHENNI Vellore Kancheepuram T K Krishnagiri R N Tiruvannamalai Dharmapuri Cuddalore Salem Udagamandalam Y O F B EN G L K PUDUCHERRY Villupuram Erode Perambalur Namakkal Tiruppur Tiruchirapalli karaikal B Tiruchirapalli Coimbatore Nagapattinam Thanjavur Pudukkottai L Dindigul PLK STRIT Madurai Sivaganga K E R Theni Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tirunelveli Kanyakumari INDIN OCEN R N N Tuticorin M F O F L U G LEGEND quifers lluvium Quartzite Laterite Charnockite Sandstone Khondalite Shale BGC Limestone Gneiss Granite Intrusives Schist Depth to Water level (m bgl Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India < > State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage

45 S.N. District Name Table 16: District wise Post monsoon Depth to Water Level (Decadal Mean 011 lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 1 riyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kancheepuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukottai Ramanthapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Tiruvarur Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tuticorin Vellore Villupuram Virudhunagar Total U.T.OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry Karaikal Total Units: mbgl (metre below ground level

46 PLTE XVI QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY DEPTH TO WTER LEVEL (POSTMONSOON DECDL MEN kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur CHENNI Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Udagamandalam Tiruppur Coimbatore Erode Krishnagiri Tiruvannamalai Dharmapuri Villupuram PUDUCHERRY Cuddalore Salem Namakkal Perambalur Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli karaikal Nagapattinam Thanjavur B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Theni Madurai Sivaganga Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR lluvium Laterite quifers Quartzite Charnockite LEGEND State Capital Sandstone Shale Khondalite BGC District Headquarters State Boundary Kanyakumari Limestone Gneiss District Boundary I N D I N O C E N Granite Schist Intrusives Drainage Depth to Water level (m bgl Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India < > 40

47

48 PLTE XVII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY WTER TBLE ELEVTION kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur Nagari R. CHENNI 5 Vellore Palar R. Kancheepuram K R N T K Udagamandalam 1,0,0 Bhavani R. Noyil R. amaravati Dharmapuri Erode Namakkal Tiruppur Tirumanimuttar R. Krishnagiri Ponnaiyar R. Cheyyar R. Salem Cuddalore Coimbatore Karur Tiruchirapalli Tiruvannamalai 1 Cauvery R. Villupuram Perambalur riyalur Thanjavur 1 karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam 10 PUDUCHERRY B Y O F B E N G L Pudukkottai K E R L 3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 Dindigul PLK STRIT Suruli R. Theni Vaigai R. Madurai 1 Manimuttar R. Sivaganga rjuna R. 10 Vaippar R. Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Gundar R PLK BY Tirunelveli 3 Tuticorin Tambraparni R. GULF OF MNNR quifers lluvium Laterite Quartzite Charnockite LEGEND State Capital Sandstone Shale Khondalite BGC District Headquarters State Boundary Kanyakumari Limestone Gneiss District Boundary I N D I N O C E N Granite Schist Intrusives Drainage Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India 3 Ground Water Flow Direction Water Table Elevation (m amsl

49 Table 17: Districts showing more than permissible limits of Salinity, Nitrate and Fluoride S.N. Constituents Parts of Districts having more than permissible limits of Salinity, Nitrate and Fluoride 1 EC (> 30 µ simens/cm at 5 C Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Dharmapuri,Erode, Karur, Namakkal, Nagapattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Tiruvannamalai, Thiruchirapalli, Thanjavur, Thoothukudi,Tirunelveli, Theni, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudunagar NO 3 (> 45 mg/l Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Dharmapuri, Erode, Kancheepuram, Kanyakumari, Karur, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Shivaganga, Theni, Tiruvannamalai, Thanjavur, Thoothukudi,Tirunelveli, Tiruvallur, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudunagar 3 F (>1.5 mg/l Coimbatore, Dindigul, Dharmapuri,Erode, Karur,Krishnagiri, Namakkal, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Shivaganga,Theni, Tiruvannamalai, Thiruchirapalli, Vellore, Virudunagar

50 PLTE XVIII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMIL NDU & PUDUCHERRY GROUND WTER QULITY SHLLOW QUIFER (EC, F, NO kilometers R DH H 0,5,5 1,5,5, ,5 N PR S DE Nagari R. l CHENNI l Palar R. l 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1, ,,,,,55, K R. ey T Ch r ya R N l K Po n l 0,0,0 3,0,0, ,0 naiy ar R. PUDUCHERRY l l ,,,,,,555 l l. l ir avan Bhl Tir um an im l ,,,,,, utt ar R. l Vellar R.,5 0 1,5,5, ,5 l,,, ,,,0 l Noyil R. ry uve Ca 3, 3, 3, 0 0 3, 3, 3, R. B 0,0,0 3,,0,0 3, ti va ara am l L ,,,,,, l ru li R. M ig a ir an im ut. ta rr. K E Su R PLK STRIT l l Va 1, 1, 1, , 1, 1, l l Y O F B EN G L l l r ju na ,,,,,l 3 R. Gu n Va ip pa l rr. l PLK BY da rr.,50,, 50 50,,, 50 ll l 0 5 0, 5,5 5,, l 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 l l l l l Tam b ra par l l ni R. F UL G F O M R N N LEGEND l l l l l INDIN OCEN lluvium Quartzite Laterite Charnockite Sandstone Khondalite Shale BGC Limestone Gneiss Granite Intrusives Schist Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Quality EC (micro siemens per cm l Nitrate (> 45 mg/l l Fluoride (> 1.5 mg/l State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage

51 Table 18 a: quifer wise rea under Over Exploited (OE Blocks S.N. District Name lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives 1 CHENNI COIMBTORE 3 CUDDLORE 4 DHRMPURI 5 DINDIGUL 6 KNCHEEPURM 7 KRUR 8 KRISHNGIRI 9 MDURI 10 NGPPTTINM 11 NMKKL 1 PERMBLUR 13 SLEM 15 THNJVUR 16 THENI 17 THIRUVRUR 18 TIRUCHIRPPLLI 19 TIRUNELVELI 0 TIRUVLLUR 1 TIRUVNNMLI TUTICORIN 3 VELLORE 4 VILLUPPURM 5 VIRUDUNGR Total U.T.Of Puducherry 1 PUDUCHERRY Total N N N N N N 4 N N N N 86 N N N N 13 N N N N N 0 N N 8 N N N N N N 31 N N N N N N N N N N N 9 N N N N N N 1 N 7 N N N N N N N N N N N N N 11 N N N 67 N N N N N N 48 N 983 N N N N N N N N N N N N 9 N N N N 0 N N N N N N N 906 N 1 N N N N 71 N N N N N N N N N N 0 15 N 0 N N N N N N 53 N N 38 N N N N N N N N N N N 79 N 7 6 N 1 N N N N N N N N N N 603 N N N N N N 3 N 539 N N 46 N 74 N N N N N N 46 N N N N N N N 34 N N 86 N 56 N N N N N 11 N N N 1 N N N 67 N N N N N N N N N N 93 N N 491 N N N 193. N N N N N N N N N N 1. N 193. N N N N N N N N N N Table 18 b: quifer wise rea under Critical Blocks (Sq.km S.N. District Name lluvium Laterite Sand Stone Shale Limestones Granite Schist Quartzite Charnockite Khondalite B G C Gneiss Intrusives 1 COIMBTORE ERODE 3 KNCHEEPURM 4 KRUR 5 KRISHNGIRI 6 MDURI 7 NGPPTTINM 8 NMKKL 9 SLEM 10 THENI 11 TIRUNELVELI 1 TIRUVNNMLI 13 TUTICORIN 14 VELLORE 15 VILLUPPURM 16 VIRUDUNGR Total rea: in Sq.km. N N N N N N N N 18 N N 193 N N N N N N 17 N N N N N 18 N 59 N 33 N N N N N 47 N N N N 3 N N N N N N N N N N 303 N N N N N N N N N 5 N 63 N N N N N N N N N N N 54 N 197 N N N N N N N N N N N N 3 N N N N N N N 06 1 N 06 N N N N N N 33 N N 38 N N 644 N N N 41 N N 6 N N 177 N N 3 N 181 N N N N N N 7 N 56 N 6 N N N N N N N N N 906 N N 14 N 4 N N N N N N N N 165 N 17 N N N N N 368 N 451 N 197 N 1 N N N N N N N N 4 N N 1 7 N N N N N 138 N N 150 N N N N

52 PLTE XIX QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY CTEGORISTION OF GROUND WTER SSESSMENT UNITS (S ON MRCH kilometers N R DH PR S DE H Nagari R. Tiruvallur Tiruvallur CHENNI Palar R. Vellore Vellore rr ya ey Ch. T K Krishnagiri Krishnagiri Kancheepuram Kancheepuram N Tiruvannamalai Tiruvannamalai Pon naiy a K R Dharmapuri Dharmapuri r R. PUDUCHERRY Salem Salem R. Cuddalore Cuddalore im ut t ar Udagamandalam Udagamandalam Erode Erode Vellar Perambalur Perambalur riyalur riyalur Namakkal Namakkal Tiruppur Tiruppur R. Noyil R. Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli Karur Karur Coimbatore Coimbatore C er auv yr. karaikal karaikal B ni R. Ti r um an a Bhav Y O F B EN G L Villupuram Villupuram Tiruvarur Tiruvarur ati av ar am Nagapattinam Nagapattinam Thanjavur Thanjavur Pudukkottai Pudukkottai L Dindigul Dindigul Theni Theni Va ig M an im ai R Madurai Madurai. ut ta rr. Sivaganga Sivaganga K E R Su ru li R. PLK STRIT r ju na R. Virudunagar Virudunagar Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram Va ip pa rr Tirunelveli Tirunelveli Gu nd ar. PLK BY R. Tuticorin Tuticorin Tam bra par ni R. Kanyakumari Kanyakumari INDIN OCEN G F UL F O R N N M LEGEND quifers lluvium Quartzite Laterite Charnockite Sandstone Khondalite Shale BGC Limestone Gneiss Granite Intrusives State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary Drainage Schist Category (s on March 9 Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Safe OverExploited SemiCritical Saline Critical

53 Table 19: Districtwise Distribution and Characteristics of lluvium quifers S.N. District Major quifers lluvium (L ( Sq.km Younger lluvium Pebble/ Gravel eolian alluvium Coastal lluvium L01 L0 L04 L05 Total quifer System Type of quifer Thickness of Weathered zone DTWL (m May 011 Granular Zones encounter ed quier Properties Transmissivity (m /day S/Sy Quality EC (µs/cm Cl (mg/l Remarks 1 riyalur Multiple Un confined to N x x Chennai 3 Coimbatore 4 Cuddalore 5 Erode 6 Kancheepuram Single Un confined N x x Single Un confined N Single Un confined N x x Single Un confined N 591 Single Un confined N Kanyakumari 8 Karur Single Un confined N Single Un confined N Madurai 10 Nagapattinam 11 Namakkal 1 Perambalur 13 Pudukottai 14 Ramanthapuram 15 Salem 16 Sivaganga 17 Thanjavur Single Un confined N 4 Multiple Un confined to 76 Single Un confined N 51 Single Un confined N N x x Single Un confined N x x Multiple Un confined to 16 Single Un confined N Multiple 1834 Multiple Un confined to Un confined to N x N x x N x x Theni 366 Single Un confined N 19 Tiruvarur Multiple Un confined to N x x Tiruchirapalli Multiple Un confined to N 1 Tirunelveli Single Un confined N x Tiruppur Single Un confined N 3 Tiruvallur Single Un confined N x x Seawater intrusion observed in coastal areas 4 Tiruvannamalai Single Un confined N Tuticorin Single Un confined N x Vellore Single Un confined N 7 Villupuram Single Un confined N x Virudhunagar 9 9 Single Un confined N Grand Total x x Puducherry Karaikal Single Un confined N x x Multiple Un confined to N x x Grand Total x x

54 PLTE XX QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY LLUVIUM QUIFER SYSTEM kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur CHENNI Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Tiruvannamalai Villupuram PUDUCHERRY Salem Cuddalore Udagamandalam Coimbatore Tiruppur Erode Karur Namakkal Perambalur! riyalur Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur! karaikal Tiruvarur Nagapattinam B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Theni Madurai Sivaganga Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR LEGEND Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Kanyakumari I N D I N O C E N Major lluviul quifers Fluvial lluvium (L01 Pebble/Gravel/Bazada (L0 eolian lluvium (L03 Coastal lluvium (L04 State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary

55 Table 0: District wise Distribution and Characteristics of Sandstone quifers S.N. District Major quifers Sandstone (ST ( Sq.km Sandstone/ conglomerte ST37 Sandstone with Clay ST38 Total 1 riyalur Multiple Cuddalore Multiple 3 Kancheepuram Multiple 4 Kanyakumari Madurai Perambalur quifer System Type of quifer Thickness of Weathered zone DTWL Granular Zones (m May encountered 011 quifer Properties Transmissivity (m /day N x x N x x Tertiary SST N x Gondwana SST S/Sy Quality EC (µs/cm Cl (mg/l Remarks 7 Pudukottai Single Unconfined N x x Ramanthapuram 9 9 Multiple N x t a depth of 3 m bgl 9 Salem 10 Sivaganga Multiple 11 Thanjavur Multiple N x x N x x Tiruvarur 7 7 Single 13 Tiruchirapalli Single 14 Tiruvallur Multiple N x Seawater intusion observed in coastal areas Gondwana SST 15 Tiruvannamalai Single 16 Tuticorin 8 8 Single 17 Vellore Single 18 Villupuram Single Unconfined N x Calcareous SST 19 Virudhunagar Single Unconfined N Grand Total U.T. OF PUDUCHERRY 1 Puducherry Single Unconfined N x x Grand Total 30 30

56 PLTE XXI QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY SNDSTONE QUIFER SYSTEM kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur CHENNI Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Krishnagiri Dharmapuri Tiruvannamalai Villupuram PUDUCHERRY Udagamandalam Coimbatore Tiruppur Erode Salem Namakkal Karur Perambalur riyalur Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur Cuddalore karaikal Nagapattinam B Y O F B E N G L Dindigul Pudukkottai K E R L PLK STRIT Theni Madurai Sivaganga Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR Kanyakumari I N D I N O C E N LEGEND Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Sandstone quifers Sandstone/Conglomerate (ST01 Sandstone with Clay (ST04 State Capital District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary

57 Table1 Districtwise Distribution and Characteristics of Charnockite quifers S.N. District Charnockite (sq.km quifer System Type of quifer Thickness of Weathered zone in mbgl DTWL (m May 011 Yield in LPS Transmissivity (m /day Storativity Quality EC (µs/cm Cl (mg/l 1 riyalur Chennai 4 3 Coimbatore 11 4 Cuddalore Dharmapuri 508 Single Unconfined x x Dindigul 349 Single Unconfined x x Erode 3 Single Unconfined x x Kancheepuram 69 Single Unconfined x Kanyakumari 416 Single Unconfined N Krishnagiri 114 Multiple x x Madurai 1539 Multiple x x Namakkal 1405 Multiple x x Nilgiris 1865 Multiple 14 Perambalur 410 Multiple Salem 736 Multiple x x Theni 170 Multiple x x Tiruchirapalli 746 Multiple x x Tirunelveli 1817 Multiple x x Tiruppur 33 Single Unconfined N 0 Tiruvallur 3 1 Tiruvannamalai 4397 Multiple x x Tuticorin 6 3 Vellore 141 Multiple x x Villupuram 449 Multiple x x Virudhunagar 30 Grand Total x x

58 PLTE XXII QUIFER SYSTEMS OF TMILNDU & PUDUCHERRY CHRNOCKITE QUIFER SYSTEM kilometers N D H R P R D E S H Tiruvallur CHENNI Vellore Kancheepuram K R N T K Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Tiruvannamalai Villupuram PUDUCHERRY Udagamandalam Coimbatore Tiruppur Erode Salem Namakkal Karur Perambalur riyalur Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur Cuddalore karaikal Nagapattinam B Y O F B E N G L K E R L Dindigul Pudukkottai PLK STRIT Theni Madurai Sivaganga Virudunagar Ramanathapuram PLK BY Tirunelveli Tuticorin GULF OF MNNR Kanyakumari LEGEND I N D I N O C E N State Capital Central Ground Water Board South Eastern Coastal Region Ministry of Water Resources Government of India Chornockite quifers Charnockite (CK01 District Headquarters State Boundary District Boundary