Regional Development In Tamil Nadu

Transcription

1 Regional Development In Tamil Nadu Brinda Viswanathan (MSE, Chennai) ESPA workshop on Building Sustainable Governance April, 5 th 2009 Coastal Features Of TN o A long coastal line of about 1000 kms accounting for 1/6 th of the Indian coastline o This coastline has about 26 urban centers, and 556 marine villages o Fisher population has risen from 5.2 lakhs in 1991 to 2.8 lakhs in 2000 with 39% engaged in active fishing TN: Demography TN: Urbanization Decadal Growth Rate of Population: North Blue Shaded: Coastal Districts South Chennai Kancheepuram Thiruvallur Cuddalore Villupuram Vellore Thiruvanamalai Salem Namakkal Dharmapuri Erode Coimbatore Nilgiris Trichy Karur Perambalur Ariyalur Madurai Theni Dindigul Virudhunagar Sivagangai Thanjavur Thiruvarur Nagapattinam Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Kanniyakumari Level of Urbanisation (%): Blue Shaded: Coastal Districts 90 North South Chennai Kancheepuram Thiruvallur Cuddalore Villupuram Vellore Thiruvanamalai Salem Namakkal Dharmapuri Erode Coimbatore Nilgiris Trichy Karur Perambalur Ariyalur Madurai Theni Dindigul Virudhunagar Sivagangai Thanjavur Thiruvarur Nagapattinam Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Kanniyakumari TN: Income TN: Human Development Index Net State Domestic Product (Rs. billion): Blue Shaded: Coastal Districts North South Chennai Kancheepuram Thiruvallur Cuddalore Villupuram Vellore Thiruvanamalai Salem Namakkal Dharmapuri Erode Coimbatore Nilgiris Trichy Karur Perambalur Ariyalur Madurai Theni Dindigul Virudhunagar Sivagangai Thanjavur Thiruvarur Nagapattinam Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Kanniyakumari Human Development Index: Blue Shaded: Coastal Districts North South Chennai Kancheepuram Thiruvallur Cuddalore Villupuram Vellore Thiruvanamalai Salem Namakkal Dharmapuri Erode Coimbatore Nilgiris Trichy Karur Perambalur Ariyalur Madurai Theni Dindigul Virudhunagar Sivagangai Thanjavur Thiruvarur Nagapattinam Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Kanniyakumari 1

2 TN: Development TN: Regional Poverty Rates o Lot more disparity in domestic product o HDI values vary less Mainly due to less variation in the other two components of health and education 40 Poverty Rates: Coastal North Coastal South Source: Estimated from unit record data of NSSO Inland South Inland North Rural All Urban TN: Coastal Vulnerability Index (Kumar and Tholkappian, 2005) o Uses both climatic and non-climatic stresses into consideration, and focusing on sensitivity and adaptive capacity of units of analysis (namely, districts). Demographic: (a) Population density (2001); (b) Annual growth rate of population; (c) Population at risk due to sea level rise. Economic: (a) Agricultural dependency (expressed in terms of population dependent on agriculture and other primary sectors); (b) Income and/or Infrastructure index. Social: (a) Literacy; (b) Spread of institutional set up. TN: Coastal Vulnerability Index (Kumar and Tholkappian, 2005) o Uses both climatic and non-climatic stresses into consideration, and focusing on sensitivity and adaptive capacity of units of analysis (namely, districts). Physical: (a) Coast length; (b) Insularity (defined as ratio of coastal length to the area of the district); (c) Frequency of cyclones (weighted to account for cyclones of different intensities) based on historic data; (d) Probable maximum surge height; (e) Area at risk of inundation due to sea level rise; (f) Vulnerable houses both at the risk of damage and collapse (1991 census). Vulnerability Index for Coastal Districts: India TN: Share of value added from Fishing Year Fishing / Agriculture Share of NSDP for Tamil Nadu Fishing/ Total Share of NSDP Tamil Nadu among other coastal states 1 Agriculture/ Total Fishing Agriculture Source: Kumar and Tholkappian (2005) 2

3 TN: Value Added from Fishing TN: Landings Over Time (Source: Irene, 2007) Fishing / Agriculture Fishing/ Total Agriculture/ Total Districts Chennai Kancheepuram Thiruvallur Cuddalore Nagapttinam Pudukottai Ramanathapuram Tuticorin Nagercoil All Landings per unit effort time landings/countrycraft landings/catamarans landings/mechanised Boats 3

4 Well-Being of Whom? Development on the Tamil Nadu Coast: Some Issues of Well-Being Ajit Menon Madras Institute of Development Studies Fishers and Non-Fishers Different type of fishers:mechanized vs. non-mechanized, motorized vs. nonmotorized, labourers Others who depend on the coast in a disaggregated way Well being of the coast (ecological concerns) Major Processes Affecting Development and Well-Being Blue Revolution modernizing the fisheries sector (mechanization of boats and support infrastructure) promotion of export Liberalization phase WTO impact on fisheries sector (in a disaggregated way) impact on other sectors like tourism, industry Post-tsunami how has the tsunami affected the coast and various stakeholders (CZM regulations) Well-Being Impacts of Changes in Fishing Economy Blue Revolution - Emergence of a dual economy with adverse impacts on artisanal fishers (this dual economy continues to exist) Break down of local management systems Neglect of social well-being Export surge international actors Further pressure on existing social systems and fishing stock Liberalisation further marginalization of artisanal fishers due to opening up of markets and new quality standards Changing Coastal Priorities and Well-Being Liberalisation Encouraging development on the coast: tourism, industries From CRZ to CZM providing the legal framework to legitimize policy shifts From regulation to management Reclassifying areas (e.g. no development zone scrapped) Special Economic Zones (SEZs) many located near the coast Post-tsunami rehabilitation opportunity to have a new vision for the coast? What We Need to Know or Do? Measuring Impact of Change indicators of well-being (economic and non-economic) Data needs given choice of well-being indicators (is there adequate data in fisheries census and CMFRI reports) What is the relationship between governance structures and well-being? How do we build indicators of process into a well-being discussion? 1

5 Outline of Presentation Marine and Coastal Policies in India CRZ CMZ Some Issues in Fisheries Summary R. Ramesh and R. Purvaja Institute for Ocean Management Anna University, Chennai The Indian Coast Goa India has a vast coastline of 8129 km. Bordering 9 coastal states and 4 UT. About 250 million people live alongg the coastal areas. Harbours fragile ecosystems Derive their livelihood security. Place for setting up developmental activities Puts the life and property in danger due to hazards. Strategically important 1

6 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 Coastal Zonation HTL NDZ The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India extended the coastal regulation to the entire country. Definition Declares the coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action (on the landward side) upto: 500 metres from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as Coastal Regulation Zone; 100 m or width of the tidal water bodies and imposes restrictions on the activities to be taken up in this Coastal Regulation Zone SEA A & N & Lakshadweep (CRZ-IV) CRZ-I (ii) CORALS LAND CRZ-I (i) 500m HTL Estuary LTL LTL 200 m 100 HTL 500 CRZ-II Coastal Regulation Zone - I Coastal Regulation Zones II and III CRZ-II Built-up Area CRZ-III CRZ IV- Andaman Island Issues in CRZ The Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) issued the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification on 19 th February 1991 (with many amendments) Coastal stretches were declared Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) and restrictions were imposed on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations and processes in the said zones for its protection CRZ notification1991 Law as a problem and Problem for law 2

7 Due to the continuing difficulties posed by the Notification in its effective implementation, the MoEF constituted an Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Prof. M. S. Swaminathan, along with experts in various fields, to make: the coastal regulatory framework consistent with well established scientific principles of Coastal Zone Management New legal framework based on 8 principles- cross sectoral integrated life and livelihood security of local communities conservation and protection as cornerstones public awareness and education precautionary approach polluters pays principle The prime objective of the CMZ Notification is: protection and sustainable development of the coastal stretches and marine environment through sustainable coastal zone management practices based on sound scientific principles taking into account the vulnerability of the coast to natural hazards, sustainable livelihood security for local communities, and conservation of ecologically and culturally significant coastal resources Coastal Zone The "Coastal Zone" means the areas from the territorial waters limit (12 nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline) including its sea bed the adjacent land area along the coast, and inland water bodies influenced by tidal action including its bed, up to the landward boundary of the local self government or local authority abutting the sea coast In case of ecologically and culturally sensitive areas, the entire biological or physical boundary of the area may be included ICZM & ICZMP "Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)" means a process by which decisions are made for protection of coastal population and infrastructure, protection and conservation of coastal and marine areas and resources and sustainable development "Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP)" is the landuse plan or development plan prepared for implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Local Self Government/ Local Authority "Local Self Government or Local Authority" means a village Panchayat, or a urban local body, or any other body or authority, by whatever name called, for the time being invested by law: for rendering essential services or, with control and management of civic services within a specified local area abutting the sea coast or inland tidal water having tidal action Setback (Hazard) Line "Setback Line" means a line demarcated along the coast, based on its vulnerability to sea-level rise, flooding and shoreline changes The Setback lines in the coastal management zones categorized as: CMZ-I CMZ II and CMZ III Will be based on vulnerability of the coast to natural and manmade hazards 3

8 For the purpose of mapping the vulnerability of the coast four parameters are taken into account: The elevation data shall be obtained from the available coastal toposheets and satellite data surveys with contour intervals of 0.5 and 1 meter Elevation G ph l Geomorphology Sea level trends, and Horizontal shoreline displacement (erosion or accretion) The sea level trend data shall be based on the reports of the United Nations InterGovernmental Panel on Climate Change The erosion or accretion data of horizontal shoreline displacement shall be obtained from long term information derived from Survey of India Topographic maps (1967) and the latest satellite data Horizontal shoreline displacement shall be estimated (median estimate) over the next 100 years 1 in 100 Flood 1 in 50 Flood x Sea level rise ((100 yyrs)) High tide Basic principles of hazard return-interval zonation New development No development observed 4

9 For the purposes of management and regulation, the coastal zone shall be divided into four: Coastal Management Zone - 1 (CMZ -I) shall consist of areas designated as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) Mangroves Coral reefs Sand S d Beaches B h andd Sand S d Dunes D Mudflats Marine wildlife protected areas under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Coastal freshwater bodies such as creeks, lakes; etc Salt Marshes Turtle nesting grounds Horse shoe crabs habitats Sea grass beds Sea weed beds Nesting grounds of birds "Ecologically Sensitive Areas" are those areas of the coastal zone that play an important role in maintaining the functional integrity of the coast, including acting as natural barriers to coastal hazards and, and or harbouring a diverse biodiversity that provide valuable resources to local communities Coastal Management Zone - 1 (CMZ -I) Coastal Management Zone - II (CMZ - II) shall consist of areas, other than CMZ - I and coastal waters, identified as "Areas of Particular Concern (APC)" such as: economically important areas high population density areas, and culturally and, or strategically important areas The administrative boundaries of these "Areas of Particular Concern" would be boundaries of CMZ II a) Coastal Municipalities/Corporations (the entire notified area) b) Coastal Panchayats with population density more than 400 persons/km2 (the entire notified area) as per the latest Census of India c) Ports and Harbours d) Notified Tourism Areas e) Mining sites f) Notified Industrial Estates g) Foreshore facilities for Special Economic Zones h) Heritage areas i) Notified Archaeological sites under the Protected Monuments Act. j) Defense areas/installations k) Power Plants l) Green field airports and expansion and modernization of existing airports Coastal Management Zone - II (CMZ - II) Coastal Management Zone -III (CMZ - III) shall consist of all other open areas including coastal waters and tidal influenced inland water bodies, that is, all areas excluding those classified as CMZ -I, II and IV 5

10 Coastal Management Zone -III (CMZ - III) (a) Coastal Management Zone -IV (CMZ - IV) shall consist of island territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, and other offshore islands (b) In respect of the islands in coastal backwaters areas which are not included in CMZ - 1 or CMZ - II, such areas may be included in CMZ - IV at the option of the Local Authority; otherwise they would be included in CMZ III Once exercised, the option of the Local Authority would not be subject to change Coastal Management Zone -IV (CMZ - IV) The management methodology and approach for the Coastal Management Zone consists of: Notification of the Setback Line Coastal Management Zone I Coastal Management Zone II Coastal Management Zone III Coastal Management Zone IV The Setback Line, for the entire coast, excluding CMZ-I and CMZ - IV areas, will be notified in one or more stretches at a time in a map on cadastral scale by the Central Government Till the Setback Line in respect of area under each local authority as per these technical guidelines is notified by the Central Government the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 shall prevail. All activities in CMZ - I areas shall be regulated by the State or Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority concerned on the basis of- an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) to be prepared by the concerned State or Union territory Administration with the help of National Institute of Sustainable Coastal Zone Management or one or more competent and established scientific research institutions specializing in coastal resources management, and notified by the Central Government and notified under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans prepared for CMZ-I areas would be endorsed by the Central Government The ICZMPs prepared shall ensure proper protection and conservation of all ecological entities within the notified ecologically sensitive areas keeping in view the safety and livelihood needs of the local communities and essential development There shall be no restriction in the fishing and fisheries related activities of local communities living in the area The implementation of the ICZMPs by the State Government or Union territory Administration shall be monitored by the concerned State or Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority and by the National Coastal Zone Management Authority 6

11 In the administrative boundaries of areas of the Coastal Municipalities or Corporation and coastal Panchayat with population density of more than 400 persons/km 2, activities shall be regulated based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan approved by the Central Government The activities proposed p on the seaward side of the setback line in the above administrative boundaries shall be regulated to ensure that no further development takes place other than foreshore requiring facilities and basic infrastructure The development on the landward side of the setback line shall be as per the local town and country planning rules as existed on the day of this notification The activities that may be permitted or prohibited on the seaward side of the setback line The existing dwelling units and other infrastructure existing on the seaward side of the setback line shall not be disturbed/relocated No activities relating to fishing by traditional communities shall be disturbed All activities shall conform to the approved Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans, which shall be determined in each case by the concerned State or Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority While, preparing the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans it shall be ensured that no developments are permitted in the corals, mangroves, breeding and spawning of endangered species other than those minimum essential activities required for local communities o Ensuring sustainability of fish population o Securing livelihood of people dependent on it (about 6 million people p in the primary sector in India, FAO 2000) (after Soumya and Shah, 2005) Division of powers between the Centre and States o Under the Constitution of India, fisheries within the territorial waters, which extend up to a distance of twelve nautical miles from shore, is a state subject and the primary responsibility of its development rests with the state government o The central government is responsible for all fishing activity that takes place beyond this limit- the deep sea or EEZ (exclusive economic zone) than extends up to a distance of 200 nautical miles o There is no ministry of fisheries at the central level, and the two bodies of the Ministry of Agriculture - Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying and the Indian Council for Agricultural Research- are responsible for fishery activities o The state government has command over the fisheries, which are in the territorial waters of 12 miles, over communities that are dependent of the fisheries in the area and the marine resources in the area (after Soumya and Shah, 2005) 7

12 o The act was formulated to regulate fishing activities, protect interest of different sections, conserve fish and resolve law and order at sea. The acts call for the following: o Three nautical miles to traditional fishermen, beyond that mechanized boats to carry operations o Mechanized fishing boats to leave only after 5 am and come back not later than 9 pm o Registration and licensing of all vessels o Regulations on gear and mesh size (after Soumya and Shah, 2005) 8

13 4/7/2009 Group I Discussions 5 th Apr 09 A Policy not known and understood well widely is as good as no policy need of horizontal and vertical dissemination How to create a system to disseminate policy details to all statkeholders, vertically and horizontally. This is to help stake holders have clear understanding before involving in meaningful discussions, taking informed decisions and implementing the policy with shared responsibility. The knowledge gap between community, the policy makers, scientists and other facilitators to be addressed What are the the existing knowledge /communication gaps between community, the policy makers, scientists and other facilittaiors. How to address the problem? What is the rationale of what the community practice or do or the local institutions, has to be first understood. What are information base on the local and traditional fisheries managemnt practices, local institutions in charge and it rationale. The system now is to respond or react to if there is a strong objection or conflict How to create an atmosphere and mechanisms for regular and systematic participatory planning and decision making in fisheries governance? The need of taking the scientific information down to the fishers What are the effective extension methodologies to take the scientific information in a demystified manner to the community? More important is to ensure participation of fishers in formulating the policy itself Issue of of technologies once promoted by government, now to be /being regulated e.g.trawling. Fishers if given the scientific information with good intentions appropriately the fishers do come forward to conserve important resource cages for crab, to avoid catching juveniles The need of addressing the grass root officer to be equiped and capacitated well to manage How to make the grass root level officers more effective in their work of local governance and ensuring fisher community well being? The research project need to focus on the community and to address all the linkages till the market completely fisher from A&N empowered to send crabs directly to exporter in main land without middleman How to make technical interventions comprehensive upto the level of effective marketing? The high development in fishing pressure and access issues increased vulnerability of fishers hence it is to address this vulnerability reduction How to empower the fisherrs to fish responsibly and assure their rights? There is a need of find the right opportunities for the fishers, younger generations to find other occupations to reduce pressure on resource while at the same to make them value fishing as respectable occupation Sri Lankan example What are the appropriate strategies to educate and capacitate the younger generation for better employment? How to make it suit theirdesires desires, aspirationsandensurequalityeducationthatassure and education that assure sustainble livelihoods(well being)? How do we define poverty in the fishing sector? Need of more data on socio economics to make decision India have better data, Sri Lanka doesn t have much data. Need of finding what the fishers really need rather than what other assume they want. need of building mutual understanding. It is their well being How do we understand the logical desires an need of the fishers in a systematic manner? 1

14 Research Questions Group 2 Key Points Assumption based on vast experience: for fishers, wellbeing based on capacity to adapt ESPA Workshop April 5, What are current relationships among governing actors? 2. How do they impact wellbeing? 3. What promotes or inhibits adaptation in the current governance structure? Quantity vs. Quality in interactive governance We do not just want to increase interactions with assumption that they will lead to better wellbeing Also have to attend to the quality of interactions o E.g. more highly unequal interactions are not necessarily desirable 1

15 We need to be sure we are clear on: What we don t know? Remaining tasks Problems what we don t know ongoing activities (what are we doing) hopes/questions around WB IG (what can they do / potential) Feedback from groups Problems What we don t know Ongoing activities (what are we doing) Hopes/ questions around Wellbeing and Interactive Governance (what can they do / potential) Group 1 Problems Knowledge gap and lack of understanding between communities, policy makers, scientists t [lack of trust?] t?] No means of responding to conflict What do we not know what do fishers really need Ongoing activities management that is based assumptions of what fishers want [is this true?] Sticky note themes Problems what we don t know ongoing activities (what are we doing) hopes/questions around WB IG (what can they do / potential) Group 2 Wellbeing is based on capacity of fishers and society to adapt/ can t speak of wellbeing unless fishers have this capability? What we don t know Fisher responses to changes and pressures Governance interactions [state and non state] What types of governance fosters adaptive abilities/ how do these interactions impact wellbeing? [power distributions/ unequal governance is undesirable] We don t know about non state governance [nor about state governance!] [Lack of trust to self govern?] State reliance/ dependency Is governance the job of scientists and policy makers? Within the ESPA programme we need to be aware of a number of key points: p.30 Poor people affect the stock and flow of ecosystem services through their management behaviour and choices. What is known abut how poor people s perceptions, uses and values of ES feedback and feedback and affect the management and trends in ES? Need for info. on migration and adaptation strategies of poor people There is scant understanding about these behavioural and motivational factors: much of ffindings are based on assumptions about what motivates t people s behaviours p.53 Knowledge gaps [So, are SA fishers poor?] Base line data and time series on ES and coastal poverty, including time series data, are often lacking. This limits the ability to identify trends, understand dynamics of change or project impacts of changes on the wellbeing of the coastal poor p Dynamics of linkages between poverty and ES (links and relationships) Plugging knowledge gaps: Questions in the system to be governed {SG} Where are the poor in fisheries? (p.62 ) Why are South Asian fishers poor? Shifting dependencies Shifting vulnerabilities in a changing world - Implications for wellbeing? Who are poor and how are vulnerabilities changing? Movements in and out of poverty [fisheries-dependent people in the SG] Plugging knowledge gaps: Influence of the Governing System on the wellbeing of fisheriesdependents? [Governance influence at different levels] Why are fishers poor because they are marginalized by the governing system at different scales [household, community, state] [Access and reduced capabilities] How the governance system has evolved? d?tie in with trends, environmental degradation, population growth, policy change [response to pressures and conflicts] [what are the major fisheries conflicts in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka] How has fisher behaviour and motivation responded to trends?

16 Evolving What we don t know into a research focus Context Shifting vulnerabilities [Ecosystem-fisher relations] 1. System to be governed (SG) - Who is adapting? Who isn t? How does this relate to wellbeing aspirations, and wellbeing strategies (what people are doing to achieve wellbeing), and how these are being met? 2. How does governance take place (Governance System) [access, power, its evolution] 3. How is the SG influenced [supported or frustrated] by the governance system? 4. [Action research to building capacity for] A common platform (?) to access data, exchange information, authentication of different understandings, share knowledge, leading to shared self-learning, [better conflict policy response mechanisms based on this] [phase 1] Compilation of existing information what are knowledge gaps Parallel activities Action research is an approach to plug knowledge gaps Wellbeing toolkit methodology to investigate System to be governed Interactive methodology to look at how governance system takes place This project will identify the changes in the governing system that are necessary to ensure the health of the ecosystem and the wellbeing of all those currently involved in marine fisheries Orienting [adapting (more comfortable)/ or restructuring] governing systems to enhance wellbeing through better management of ecosystem health and services [...for overall wellbeing of marine fishers and related Ecosystem health and services] [...through sustainable ES services] Working towards a Goal ESPA text: Achieving sustainably managed ecosystems whilst contributing to poverty alleviation and wellbeing improvements in developing countries [through understanding ecosystem services and society, capacity building, integrating science into policy and policy implementation] 1 st Iteration: Through collaborative interdisciplinary networks to understand the relationship between marine ecosystem services and society in order to adapt governing systems to enhance the wellbeing of fishers through sustainable environment management in South Asia. Final Goal The goal of this project is to improve the wellbeing of poor people in fisheries in South Asia in a way that is positive for ecosystem conservation, through the improvement of systems of governance.

17 ESPA Workshop 1, Chennai April, 2009 Appendix 4. Summary of workshop discussions Day 1 Three introductory papers covering the ESPA programme, and the specific approaches/ methodologies that formed the backbone of the project proposal set the scene and context for the workshop. Discussions centred on 2 areas of questioning: (1) the subject to which these approaches/methodologies could be applied, and (2) peoples own individual position and interest within the spectrum of this project and the wider programme. In terms of subject, it was clear that the group shared an interest in issues around poverty, livelihoods and fisheries and fisheries management. A frustration perhaps within the group related to the failure of current management strategies centred around co-management, issues of power and patronage, and the way fisheries are modelled and their applicability to the situation on South Asia. Other issues that were raised was that a diversity in coastal types had a concomitant diversity fisheries and thereby livelihoods. Academic issues concerning how new methods and approaches can be measured and the relationship between political economy, ecosystem assessment (incl. Hazards) and policy. It was pointed out that to understand the wellbeing of societies dependent on the environment, involves understanding the environment itself. Couple with this is setting a time scale to the analysis as ones wellbeing is not static but can change over time and might vary depending on who is making the analysis. In the policy arena of India plurality on the ground is not recognised. One system turns a blind eye to the other and different governing systems stand apart without interaction. There is a need for triangulation of objective and subjective needs hedonic WB, psychological WB and Eudemonic WB. We must link subjective wellbeing and aspirations with people s needs DAY 2 & 3 There followed a series of background presentations to set the Tamil Nadu perspective specifically. The presentations highlighted the dynamics of fisheries in Tamil Nadu where fishers might not necessarily be poor now but changes in dynamics of resources and economy might mean they could be in the future. Not all fishers are alike which could indicate that some are better and/or more able to adapt to change, including changing profession. This might be affected by issues such as Caste and occupation, and how communities are seen by others (e.g. migrants, gender), as well as the influence of non-fishers. An exercise on What do we need to know or do? produced a thought experiment on what the group saw as the problems and what is not known about them that prevents them being solved along with some ideas on how Wellbeing and Interactive Governance might contribute to finding answers (see following diagram). Key features that should be addressed are: Determining the impacts of change through analysing changes in wellbeing Determining the relationship between governance structures and wellbeing how do different systems impact on wellbeing (enabling or disabling wellbeing strategies) Processes on the coast how is ICM policy done or not done The group then began to discuss what future Research goals might be. Concepts of Governing system, wellbeing and ecosystem services and knowledge gaps in the governing system were discussed focussed on the relationship between wellbeing and ecosystem services; Wellbeing who are involved and whose wellbeing?; Ecosystem services distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic disturbance and influence, and what could ecosystems generate if they were managed in a different way? An important point raised in the context of research is India is that access to data is often more of a constraint than availability of data, and an inventory of data is often lacking. 75

18 ESPA Workshop 1, Chennai April, 2009 Day 4 ESPA Policy Seminar Opening presentations set a scene of over exploitation of resources and resulting conflict coupled with a lack of dialogue within a policy framework. The discussion was focussed around questions: 1. What causes clashes? A complicated interaction between fishers with their resources, the market and governing systems that tends to divide so a challenge is to find common ground for building consensus where benefits are spread out and trade-offs reached even if not wholly equitably. In trying to address these issues there is often an assumption that knowledge will lead to the right answer and everyone will want to take part. Often focus is placed on those who want to play and those not present are often key. 2. What realistically can be done? Fisheries do not have a divine right to exist (e.g. Story of Brighton beach fishing boat in a museum. By 1920s, all boats turned to tourism). To do more, what things do we need more capability in? Could include aspects of accountability monitoring people who are accountable in governance, monitoring mechanisms for who is to be held accountable, interface between project runners and decision makers in the government. Another consideration is to work towards what constitutes a plausible future instead of a possible future given our current status of understanding. Scenario planning, people can state their preferred scenarios, consensus on preferred futures rather than star gazing, allows for a process of self-learning. In terms of might constitute a future research programme, it could be based from a series of mini exercises, resulting in a larger regional exercise including public figures and key stakeholders in South Asia a- a programme would need to have legitimacy in the systems of the movement and build up from the grassroots. Key messages from policy forum: 1. Asked us to be more realistic a lot of what we know gets filtered out of research proposals. 2. To be imaginative we have different problems from before and in that sense we need to use our imagination. The workshop closed with each participant expressing how they would see their interest and commitment within a future proposal. 76