Progress in Levitated Dipole Research. Darren Garnier
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1 Progress in Levitated Dipole Research Columbia University Darren Garnier Columbia University for the LDX Team 2002 Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop University of Maryland College Park, MD January 23, 2002
2 LDX Collaboration Columbia University, Department of Applied Physics Mike Mauel, Darren Garnier, Alex Hansen, Thomas Sunn Pedersen, Eugenio Ortiz MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center Jay Kesner, Joe Minervini, Chris Jones, Ishtak Karim, Phil Michael, Alexi Radovinsky, Joel Schultz, Brad Smith, Alex Zhukovsky, and many others Other Universities / Laboratories PPPL, LBNL, BNL, Efremov Institute Industrial Partners Ability Engineering Technology, Everson Electric, IGC-Advanced Superconductor, American Superconductor, DynaVac
3 Introduction to the Levitated Dipole Physics of dipole plasma confinement MHD equilibrium and linear stability Recent Theoretical Work Linear drift wave theory Non linear theory The Levitated Dipole Experiment LDX Machine Design Current construction status Conclusion Outline
4 Magnetic Dipole Confinement Simplest magnetic field Nature s method of high-β magnetic confinement. β ~ 2 in Jupiter Possibility of fusion power source with near-classical energy confinement Opportunity to study new physics relevant to fusion and space science
5 Oops! Aurora Plasma Loss Plasma is mirror trapped with open field lines which end at planetary ionosphere Bright spots at lower latitude from auroral ring are caused by untrapped plasma particles streaming from Io, a natural internal fuelling source. For fusion, get rid of poles! Levitated superconducting dipole coil
6 Dipole Plasma Confinement If pv = pv γ γ , then interchange does not change pressure profile. dlnt 2 For η = =, density and dln n 3 temperature profiles are also stationary. Toroidal confinement without toroidal field Stabilized by plasma compressibility Not average well No magnetic shear No neoclassical effects No TF or interlocking coils Poloidal field provided by internal coil Steady-state w/o current drive J = 0 -> no kink instability drive
7 Dipole Confinement continued... Marginally stable profiles satisfy adiabaticity condition. M.N. Rosenbluth and Longmire, Ann. Phys. 1 (1957) 120. dl δ( pv γ ) δ( S) = 0, where V, γ = B Equilibria exist at high-β that are interchange and ideal MHD ballooning stable For marginal profiles with η = 2/3, dipoles may also be drift wave stable Near-classical confinement? Theoretical work in this area has heated up in the last year No Magnetic Shear -> Convective cells are possible For marginal profiles, convective cells convect particles but not energy. Possible to have low τ p with high τ E. 5 3
8 Progress in Dipole Theory Numerous Institutions - Columbia, MIT, IFS, UMd, UCLA, UCSD, others MHD Krasheninnikov, Catto, Hazeltine, PRL 82 (1999) 2689, and others. Garnier, Kesner, Mauel, Phys Pl 6(1999) Simakov, Catto, Krasheninnikov, Ramos, Phys Pl 7 (2000) Kinetic theory (Electrostatic) Kesner, Phys Plasmas 7 (2000) Simakov, Catto, Hastie Phys Plasmas 8, 4414 (2001) Kesner and Hastie, to be published in Phys Pl (2002). P Kinetic theory (Electromagnetic) V. Pastukhov and A. Yu. Sokolov, Nuc. Fusion 32 (1992) Wong, Horton, Van Dam, Crabtree, Phys Pl 8 (2001) P Simakov, Hastie, Catto, Phys Pl 9 (2002) 201. P Goswami, Dorland, Rogers, Garnier, 2001 APS DPP (LP1058) Non-linear (Convective Cells) Tonge, Huang, Leboeuf, Dawson, 2001 APS DPP (LP1059). Pastukhov and Chudin, Plasma Physics Report, 27, (2001) 963. Rey and Hassam, Phys. Plasmas 8, 5151 (2001). P. 2.23
![Electrostatic Kinetic Stability d ω* p dln p = or p V d ω dlnv d [after Kesner and Hastie, 2002] Linear electrostatic drift-wave stability boundaries shown Plasma outside pressure peak (in bad](/docs-images/93/111051251/images/9-0.jpg "curvature) can be drift wave stable Experiment should be drift wave stable inside of pressure peak Reactor may not be What happens when linear stability thresholds are exceeded?")
9 Electrostatic Kinetic Stability d ω* p dln p = or p V d ω dlnv d [after Kesner and Hastie, 2002] Linear electrostatic drift-wave stability boundaries shown Plasma outside pressure peak (in bad curvature) can be drift wave stable Experiment should be drift wave stable inside of pressure peak Reactor may not be What happens when linear stability thresholds are exceeded? Convective cells form Tonge, Huang, Leboeuf and Dawson, [APS 2001] 3-D PIC code shows evolution towards d = 5/3 and η = 2/3
10 Super-critical non-linear evolution Pastukhov solved non-linear fluid equations for hard-core z-pinch in 2-D Pastukhov, Chudin, Pl Phys Reports 27 (2001) 907 η = 2/3 Unstable S < 0 edge constraint Equilibrium with flow found with large convective cells S core > S edge Transport is non-local in nature 2.0 ( ) s 0 F a x Average radial profiles of S and χ eff / χ classical x Potential Contours
11 LDX Experimental Goals Investigate high-beta plasmas stabilized by compressibility Also the stability and dynamics of high-beta, energetic particles in dipolar magnetic fields Examine the coupling between the scrape-off-layer and the confinement and stability of a high-temperature core plasma. Study plasma confinement in magnetic dipoles Explore relationship between drift-stationary profiles having absolute interchange stability and the elimination of drift-wave turbulence. Explore convective cell formation and control and the role convective cells play in transport in a dipole plasma. The long-time (near steady-state) evolution of high-temperature magnetically-confined plasma. Demonstrate reliable levitation of a persistent superconducting ring using distant control coils.
12 LDX Experiment Cross-Section A day in the life
13 LDX Floating Coil Overview Unique high-performance Nb3Sn superconducting coil 1.5 MA, 800 kj 1300 lbs weight 8 hr levitation Inductively charged Cryostat made from three concentric tori Design < 1 Watt heat leak to Coil Helium Pressure Vessel Lead Radiation Shield Outer Vacuum Shell
14 Floating Coil Cross-Section 1. Magnet Winding Pack 2. Heat Exchanger tubing 3. Winding pack centering clamp 4. He Pressure Vessel (Inconel 625) 5. Thermal Shield (Lead/glass composite) 6. Shield supports (Pyrex) 7. He Vessel Vertical Supports/Bumpers 8. He Vessel Horizontal Bumpers 9. Vacuum Vessel (SST) 10. Multi-Layer Insulation 11. Laser measurement surfaces 13. Outer structural ring
15 Floating Coil Winding Pack Complete 8 mm Advanced Nb 3 Sn react & wind conductor Conductor insulation taping head in operation Winding 1/3 complete: pancake finished on right, layer winding continues
16 Floating Coil Test is a Success! MA 6 T Time (s) Floating coil on test probe and being lowered into LHe cryostat for powered test at 4.2 K Full current driven test in test cryostat. First current ramp sequence to 106% of normal operating current. Maximum di/dt = 12.5 A/s The coil did not quench! No observable degradation of conductor parameters
17 LDX F-Coil Helium Pressure Vessel Inconel 625 Pressure Vessel 125 ATM at 300 K 2-3 ATM cold 1.5 kg He storage Fully machined weight 150 kg Completed construction at Ability Engineering Technology, South Holland, IL. He vessel formed and machined F-coil & supports fitted Heat exchange tubing installed 2 closure welds Pressure tested & code stamped Leak test to 125 atm. for both vessel and heat exchanger
18 Intercepts heat leak from warm vacuum vessel to cold He vessel Operates from K Cored fiberglass composite construction (sailboat technology) 2 fiberglass skins, 0.5mm thick and separated by core provides strength Lead panels provide thermal inertia Copper heat exchange tubing & conduction strips Process prototypes built and tested at MIT Major fabrication complete, undergoing acceptance testing. Thermal Radiation Shield
19 Specification Hold heat leak to 5 K < 10 mw Withstand 10g crash Solution Stack of 400 4mil thick washers Status: Complete! Prototype testing complete 24 Stacks (~7000 coins) Assembled Awaiting integration into F-coil cryostat Support Washer Stacks
20 Floating Coil Cryostat & Charging Station Cryostat Assembly tooling complete Current work on cryostat vacuum vessel, support space frame and other details Cryostat assembly tooling Charging station vacuum vessel under construction Cryostat vacuum vessel and support space frame Charging station vacuum vessel
21 Superconducting Charging Coil Large superconducting coil NbTi conductor 4.5 K LHe pool-boiling cryostat with LN2 radiation shield 1.2 m diameter warm bore 5.6 T peak field 12 MJ stored energy Cycled 2X per day Ramping time for F-Coil < 30 min. Being built at Efremov Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia Completed design and review Scheduled delivery 8/02. Critical Path item for project.
22 Charging Coil Construction Progress Winding pack status Winding completed Joints made Awaiting warm weather for epoxy impregnation Quench protection equipment complete awaiting final testing Cryostat under production
23 Launcher/Catcher can be used in both supported and levitated operation Central rod limits fault motion of floating coil without interrupting plasma. Designed at PPPL Installation and Testing imminent Launcher/Catcher
24 High T c Superconducting Levitation Coil SBIR collaboration with American Superconductor to build first HTS coil in the fusion community Uses available BSSCO-2223 conductor Operational temp K Feedback gain selected for 5 Hz frequency 20 kj stored energy can be dumped in < 1 second. Under construction Delivery this Spring!
25 Levitation Control System Levitation from above Requires stabilization of vertical motion by feedback Other motions are stable Levitation control system Optical detection system measures position and attitude of floating coil with 10 µm resolution Digital control system
26 Digital Feedback System Win 2000 Development System / Operator Interface Computer (control room) 100BT Ethernet Digital Control Computer (in experimental hall) QNX 6 RTOS Launcher / Catcher Panic Button Design Requirements All digital process control Mathworks Matlab/Simulink design tool and visualization software Process control on hard real-time operating system based computer Modular Opal-RT / QNX Neutrino Real-time system implemented Hardware/Software testing with desktop model - LCX II High Speed I/O F-coil Optical Position Detection System L-coil Crowbar Circuit Misc Interlocks Magnet Power Supplies
27 Conclusions Physics of the dipole plasma confinement is interesting and important for fusion Also is a fascinating natural phenomenon LDX is the first experiment to investigate plasmas stabilized by compressibility with near-classical confinement Capable of directly testing effects of compressibility, pressure profile control and axisymmetry on plasma stability and confinement Initial diagnostic set and experimental plan to focus on stability of high-β hot electron plasmas in supported and levitated operation LDX is a world class superconducting fusion experiment with sophisticated magnet technology All major parts are either finished or under construction Check for updates on progress
28 Levitated Dipole Related Posters Dipole Theory Kinetic Stability Kesner, J. Simakov, A. N. Wong, H. V. Convective Cells Goswami, P. Dipole Experiments LDX Mauel, M. E. Hansen, A. K. DISCUS Tynan, G. R. Theory of Plasma Confinement in a Levitated Dipole Stability of Axisymmetric Plasmas in Closed Field Line Magnetic Fields High beta stability of magnetic dipole configurations Convective Cell Formation in a Magnetic Dipole Configuration Status of LDX Fabrication Physics and Operation Plan for LDX DISCUS: A very high beta dipole disk-like equilibria physics experimental concept
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