A determination of the correlation between glycemic levels and the estrous cycle in the white rat
|
|
- Sheila Harris
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1954 A determination of the correlation between glycemic levels and the estrous cycle in the white rat Floyd Hunter The University of Montana Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: Recommended Citation Hunter, Floyd, "A determination of the correlation between glycemic levels and the estrous cycle in the white rat" (1954). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact scholarworks@mso.umt.edu.
2 A DETERMINATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GLÏCEMXC LEVELS AND THE ESTRCÜ3 CYCLE IN THE WHITE RAT b / FLÜÎÛ HUNTER B. A., P a rk C o lle g e, 1950 P re s e n te d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d e g ree o f Jyiaster o f A rts MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1954 A pproved by: C ^ h a iri^ i^ Board o f E xam iners a i J L ^ b e a n, G ra d u ate' -School D ate
3 UMI Number: EP37466 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI* Oiasartation PuUiahing UMI EP37466 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code P r o Q ^ s t ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml
4 V ' - \ ACKNOwLEDGEKSKT I sh o u ld l i k o t o e x p re s s my deep a p p r e c ia t io n t o th e S t e l l a Duncan M em orial Fund w hich p ro v id e d f i n a n c i a l a id d u rin g th e summer o f 1953 a s w e ll a s needed equipm ent; t o Dr* Ludwig G* Browman vdiose s u g g e s tio n s and c r i t i c i s m s p ro v ed i n v a lu a b le ; t o th e D epartm ent o f B otany w hich v e ry g r a c io u s ly a llo w e d u se o f t h e i r c o n tr o ll e d te m p e ra tu re and l i g h t room f o r th e e x p e rim e n t; and f i n a l l y t o my w ife who was e x tre m e ly h e lp f u l and d id most o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s. iii*»
5 TABLE OF COJiTEKTS Acknowledgement i l l L i s t o f T a b le s... t L i s t of F ig u re s... v I n tr o d u c tio n,..,.....,.,. * *.., # *. #.., *....,,.., 1 Review o f th e L i t e r a t u r e,*,..*,* **......, #. *.., 3 M a te r ia ls and M ethods., #.. *.. «,#..*,,.,* *».*.#. 11 R e s u its.* *.*,* «,.,.* # *,..#..* #..«.,,,* #,..,,* *, 17 D is c u s s io n....,. *.,,.....,.. *. 30 Summary...,....,.. #. # *.,.....,,.,....,.,, # #..., 36 C o n clu sio n s *.,.,..;# #.*..,,, L i t e r a t u r e C ite d, #,.. «*#.. *..,..... *....,,... j+0 - i v -
6 LIST OF TABLES T a b le Page 1. ELOOD SUGAR VALUES, lîüdividual RATS REGIME LG0D SUGAR VALUES, INDIVIDUAL RATS REGi^îE 2., ELOOD SUGAR VALUES, INDIVIDUAL RATS REGIME BLOOD SUGAR VALUES, INDIVIDUAL RATS REGXÏ-IE CO.VPARISOK OF DATA AGCO:aDIHQ TO REGIME AND TIAS OF DAT TAKEN * ELOOD SUGAR VALUES, L3TR0U3 CYCLE STAGE I, BLOOD SUGAR VALUES, K3TR0U3 CYCLE STAGE I I.... * 24 Ô. BLOOD SUGAR VALUES, ESTROUS CYCLE STAGS I I I.... 2$ 9* BLOOD SUGAR VALUES, ESTROUS CYCLE STAGS IV 25 10* BLOOD SUGAR VALUES, E3TR0U3 CYCLE STAGS V COMPARISON OF DATA ACCORDING TO ESTRCUS CYCLE S T A G E S *..,.*.*..* *...,..*...,*... 2? 1 2. COMPARlsav OF CO m i NED MEAN BLOOD SUGAR VALUES REGARDLESS OF TIME OF DAY TAKEN OR mcgi24b... *. 2& LIST OF FIGURES 1. ACTIVITY CYCLES OF 3 RATS, ONE EACH FROM Rn:G][M;S:3 1, 2,
7 INTRODUCTION The b lo o d s u g a r l e v e l i s o f fu n d a m e n ta l im p o rta n c e in th e s tu d y o f an a n im a l f o r many r e a s o n s. I t i s o f p rim ary im p o rta n c e i n th e p h y sio lo g y o f t h e o rg an ism b e c a u se i t i s th e *food* o f th e a n im a l on th e c e l l u l a r l e v e l. G lycém ie l e v e l s may a l s o be used a s an i n d i c a t o r o f t h e c o n d itio n o f th e a n im a l, and may be d ia g n o s tic o f a b n o rts ia litie a a s i n some hypoglycem ic and h y p e rg ly c e m ic c o n d it io n s. These l a t t e r c o n d itio n s may be p a r t i a l l y i n d i c a t i v e o f th e s t a t e o f many o f th e o rg a n s o f th e body; e s p e c i a l l y th e l i v e r, a n t e r i o r lo b e o f th e p i t u i t a r y, p a n c r e a tic i s l e t s o f Langerh a n s, a d r e n a l c o r te x, a d r e n a l m ed u lla and th e t h y r o i d, (C o ri, *40; F o lg ia ^ *47* G reene ^»39 I«ong ^ a i, *40; S o sk in e t a l - S o sk in e t al&»36 ). The q u e s tio n t h a t th e n a r i s e s i s, W iat a r e th e norm al v a lu e s f o r blood s u g a r, and w hat c a u s e s f l u c t u a t i o n s in th e s e v a lu e s? C o ri (*31^ g iv e s th e f i g u r e o f $2 mg p e r 100 cc a s th e t r u e v a lu e f o r b lo o d s u g a r f o r mixed v en o u s- a r t e r i a l b lo o d o f t h e r a t* However, t h i s f i g u r e i s n o t a c o n s t a n t, an d th e endogenous an d exogenous f o r c e s t h a t may in f lu e n c e i t a r e many. Among th e i n t r i n s i c f a c t o r s o f th e body t h a t in f lu e n c e b lo o d s u g a r, we know t h a t some o f th e 1
8 s t e r o i d s, in c lu d in g th e a d r e n a l c o r t i c a l e x t r a c t s and p o s s ib ly p r o g e s te ro n e may c a u se v a r i a t i o n s i n b lo o d s u g a r v a lu e s i n f e r r e t s and r a t s (G aunt ^ a i, *39} G reene a i, *39)# The p rim a ry i n t e r e s t i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s co n c ern ed w ith w h e th e r o r n o t a b lo o d s u g a r c y c le e x i s t s t h a t may be c o r r e l a t e d w ith th e e s tr o u s c y c le. T h is le a d s t o in s p e c t io n o f th e e s t r o u s - a c t i v i t y and m e ta b o lic c y c le s i n so f a r a s th e y a f f e c t b lo o d su g a r l e v e l s.
9 - 3- RSVIEW OF THE LITERATURE I t h a s been shown by many a u th o r s t h a t m u ltitu d e s o f c y c li c phenomena a r e e x i s t e n t i n a n im a ls. These in c lu d e I n g e s t io n o f fo o d ( R ic h te r, 27), a d r e n a l c o r te x a c t i v i t y (H a lb erg an d V is s c h e r, *52), l i v e r g ly co g en d e p o s itio n (B o u tw e ll ^ * W ; H ig g in s e t *32, 33; S o sk in e t *38), b a s a l m etab o lism (L e e, *20), d i u r n a l b lo o d su g a r (B o u tw e ll ^ *48; P i t t s, *43) a c t i v i t y (S lo n a k e r, *24; Wang, *23) and r e p r o d u c tiv e c y c le s (B landau and S o d e r- w a ll, *41; B o lin g e t a l. * 4 1 ). The many c y c lic v a r i a t i o n s a r e o f p rim a ry i n t e r e s t t o th o s e who w ould u n d e rs ta n d th e w hole organism ^ from th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l and p h y s io lo g ic a l p o in ts o f view. New i n fo rm a tio n i s b e in g so u g h t and a c c ru e d ab o u t th e rhythm s and t h e i r r a m i f i c a t i o n s, b u t th e end i s n o t y e t i n s i g h t. As an exam ple o f th e p o s s i b l e r a m i f i c a t i o n s, P e te rs o n (*47) even su g g e ste d t h a t "one m ight c o n s id e r th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e human group s e le c te d th e se v e n th day o f r e s t b ec au se o f an e x i s t i n g u n d e r ly in g b io c h e m ic a l rh y th m." Be t h a t as i t may c y c li c phenomena a r e o f fu n d a m e n ta l im p o rta n c e i n th e a n im a l. K leitm an (*49) s t a t e d t h a t, "a p h y s io lo g ic a l rhythm, s p e c i f i c a l l y th e d iu r n a l rhythm i s e s s e n t i a l l y a m e ta b o lic c y c le sy n c h ro n iz e d w ith th e e x t e r n a l p e r i o d i c i t y o f day
10 ip»» and n ig h t th ro u g h th e in f lu e n c e o f v a r i a t i o n s i n i l l u m i n a t i o n, te m p e ra tu re and o t h e r e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s on n e rv o u s and e n d o c rin e system s*" V a r i a t i o n s, up t o a p o i n t, may be in d u c e d i n th e s e rhythm s by la b o r a to r y m a n ip u la tio n o f such th in g s a s f e e d in g tim e s (B o u tw e ll e ^ a i, *48; H a lb e rg and V is s c h e r, *52; P i t t s, *43) and by a l t e r a t i o n s o f p e r io d s o f l i g h t and d a rk and o f te m p e ra tu re (Browman, *44). Normal b lo o d s u g a r, a s we know i t, i s p r im a r ily a f f e c t e d by d ig e s t i o n and a b s o r p tio n o f f o o d s t u f f s from th e g u t (B o u tw ell ^ a i, *48; P i t t s, *43) and th e dynam ic s u g a r- g ly co g en b a la n c e i ^ i c h i s l a r g e l y m a in ta in e d by th e l i v e r. The h o m e o sta sis o f b lo o d s u g a r i s, e v id e n tly, m a in ta in e d in l a r g e p a r t by th e dynam ic b a la n c e betw een i t and l i v e r g ly c o g e n a s (S o s k in, *40; S o sk in e t *38) d e te rm in e d by e x p e rim e n ts w hich m easured b lo o d s u g a r e n t e r in g and le a v in g t h e l i v e r u n d er norm al c o n d itio n s a s w e ll a s when s u g a r was b e in g added to th e b lo o d stream * The id e a o f a fu n d a m e n ta l h e p a tic r e g u la ti o n w ould a l s o seem t o b e s u p p o rte d by e x p e rim e n ts in v o lv in g h y p o p h y se c to m iz e d -d e p a n c re a tiz e d (H oussay) a n im a ls w hich have been m a in ta in e d f o r many w eeks w ith o u t i n s u l i n (S o sk in ^ j i, *36). M uscle g ly c o g e n n o rm ally p la y s a r e l a t i v e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n m a in ta in in g glycém ie l e v e l s b ec au se i t i s in c a p a b le o f s u f f i c i e n t l y r a p id conv e r s io n t o g lu c o se (B ollm an ^ *2$). As S o sk in (*41)
11 rem arks» may t h e r e f o r e be s t a t e d a s a x io m a tic t h a t th e b lo o d s u g a r l e v e l r e p r e s e n ts a dynam ic b a la n c e betw een th e r a t e a t w hich b lo o d s u g a r i s e n t e r in g th e b lo o d stre a m from th e l i v e r and from an exogenous s o u rc e and th e r a t e a t w hich i t i s b e in g rem oved from th e b lo o d by th e t i s s u e s o f th e bo d y,* The l i v e r g ly co g en o f r a t s shows a q u a n t i t a t i v e» d i u r n a l, c y c lic v a r i a t i o n (H ig g in s ^ a.» *33)» w hich may be m o d ifie d by ch an g in g th e f e e d in g h a b i t s o f th e a n im a ls (B o u tw e ll ^ *40). C hanging o f th e norm al f e e d in g h o u rs, w hich o c c u r from 6 P.M. t o 12 m id n ig h t, t o th e m orning h o u rs c a u sed a r e v e r s a l o f th e l i v e r g ly co g en c y c le. The low o c c u rs h o u rs a f t e r f e e d in g i n b o th c a s e s (H ig g in s e t a l, *32; *33)* I t h a s been fo u n d t h a t b lo o d s u g a r a l s o e x h i b i t s a 24 h o u r c y c le (B o u tw ell e t a l *4B; P i t t s, *43)» P i t t s made noonm id n ig h t b lood s u g a r d e te r m in a tio n s on r a t s fe d ad l ib it u m, and fo u n d t h a t th e h ig h e s t b lo o d s u g a r r e a d in g s o ccu red a t m id n ig h t^ p resu m ab ly b ecau se o f th e f e e d in g h a b i t s o f r a t s u n d e r norom l c o lo n y c o n d i ti o n s. He a l s o d is c o v e re d t h a t a n im a ls t r a i n e d t o f e e d i n th e m orning h o u rs showed a r e v e r s a l o f th e b lo o d s u g a r c u rv e, ev en th o u g h th e y r e t a i n e d th e same 24 h o u r a c t i v i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n a s a n im a ls a llo w e d t o fe e d n o rm ally * I t sh o u ld n o t, how ever, be assum ed from th e p re c e d in g d is c u s s io n t h a t th e h o m e o s ta tis m a in ta in e d by th e l i v e r i s
12 t h e o n ly f a c t o r to be reck o n ed w ith i n th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f b lo o d su g a rs* A lso to be c o n s id e re d a r e th e a c t i o n o f th e p a n c r e a tic i s l e t s o f L a n g e rh a n s, th e a d r e n a l m e d u lla, th e a d r e n a l c o r te x, th e a n t e r i o r lo b e o f th e h y p o p h y sis, a s w e ll a s th e fu n d a m e n ta l enzyme sy stem s d is c u s s e d by C o ri (*40)* T here i s s t i l l u n c e r t a i n ty a s t o th e p r e c i s e f u n c tio n o f th e e n d o c rin e s in norm al m e ta b o lism, b u t i t i s b e lie v e d t h a t th e y a r e seco n d ary to th e l i v e r. L ik e w ise th e p o s s i* o f in f lu e n c e by o rg a n s o th e r th a n th o s e g e n e r a lly a c c e p te d, sh o u ld n o t be o v erlooked* The o v a ria n s e c r e t i o n s, f o r i n s t a n c e, may p la y some p a r t f o r i t h a s been shown (G aunt e t a l. *39» G reene ^ *39) t h a t p ro g e s te ro n e may have some * c o rtin * l i k e e f f e c ts * We m ig h t, h ere^ d i v e r t o u r a t t e n t i o n fro m b lo o d s u g a r and t u r n to th e o t h e r phase o f th e p h y s io lo g y o f th e an im al w hich I n t e r e s t s u s i n t h i s p a p e r; nam ely, th e r e p r o d u c tiv e cy cle* The re p ro d u c tiv e c y c le o f a n im a ls and t h e many changes w hich accompany i t, have b ee n o f i n t e r e s t t o many z o o lo g is ts * T h ere a r e b o th e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l d i f f e r e n c e s among th e v a r io u s s p e c ie s * Those su ch a s n e s t i n g b e h a v io r i n b ir d s and In c re a s e d a c t i v i t y o f la b o r a to r y r o d e n ts in e a t r u s a r e e a s i l y seen* The i n t e r n a l ch an g es o f w hich th e s e a r e th e m a n if e s ta tio n s a r e n o t so e a s i l y observed* S to c k a rd and P a p in ic a la o u (*17) d e v is e d a v a g in a l sm ear te c h n iq u e f o r
13 - 7 - d e te r m in in g t h e s ta g e o f th e e s t r o u s c y c le i n g u in e a p ig s, and Long and Evans (*22} a p p lie d t h i s i n t h e i r c l a s s i c work t o th e e s t r o u s c y c le o f r a t s. The r a t h a s p ro v ed to b e, e x c e p t f o r th e p e r s i s t a n c e o f th e c o rp o ra l u t e a th ro u g h s e v e r a l c y c le s, an e x c e l l e n t la b o r a to r y s u b je c t f o r th e stu d y o f s e x u a l and a s s o c i a te d phenomena s in c e i t s e s t r o u s c y c le i s o f r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t d u ra tio n * The e s tr o u s c y c le o f r a t s a s i n d i c a t e d by v a g in a l sm ears i s d e s c r ib e d a s p a s s in g th ro u g h f i v e d i f f e r e n t s ta g e s by Long and Evans (*22)* S ta g e I o r p r o e s t r o u s, i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by sm all round e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s o f u n ifo rm s i z e and ap p e aran c e* The sm ear o f s ta g e I I o r e s t r u s i s fo u n d to c o n ta in la rg e ^ t h i n, t r a n s p a r e n t, n o n -n u c le a te d s c a le l i k e elem en ts* T h is i s th e p i c t u r e fo u n d a t th e tim e c o i t u s i s u s u a ll y p e r m itte d by t h e fem ale* The d u r a tio n o f t h i s s ta g s i s a p p ro x im a te ly 12 h o u rs w hich i s somewhat lo n g e r th a n th e tim e u s u a lly a t t r i b u t e d t o s ta g e X* S ta g e I I I, w hich ta k e s from h o u rs, i s n o t r e a d i l y d is t i n g u i s h a b l e from s ta g e XI* I t i s an e x a g g e ra tio n o f th e p re c e d in g s ta g e w ith s h e e ts o f c o r n i f ie d elem en ts^ and i s th e s ta g e in w hich o v u la tio n u s u a lly o ccu rs* A v a g in a l sm ear i n th e n e x t s i x h o u rs would be fo u n d to c o n ta in le u c o c y te s and rem n an ts o f c e l l s fro m XX - t h i s i s s ta g e XV o r m etestrum * The m ajo r p o r t io n o f th e c y c le h o u rs - i s ta k e n up by th e d i o e s t r o u s i n t e r v a l * o r s ta g e V* I t i s c h a r a c t e r iz e d by
14 ^a» le u c o c y te s and e m a il i r r e g u l a r l y shaped f r e e e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s c o n ta in e d i n t h i n s t r i n g y mucus* A cco rd in g t o Long and Evans ( 22) o v u la tio n o c c u rs a b o u t 21 h o u rs a f t e r th e f i r s t c o r n i f i e d c e l l s o c c u r, o r a s o th e r a u th o r s (B o lin g e t a l. 41) d e s c r ib e i t, o v u la tio n o c c u rs 10 h o u rs a f t e r th e s t a r t o f h e a t o r s e x u a l r e c e p t i v it y * A f te r o v u la tio n, c o rp o ra l u t e a form a t th e s i t e o f o v u la tio n, th e f u n c tio n a l l i f e o f w hich may be e x te n d e d by p reg n an cy o r pseudopregnancy. We have now a r r i v e d a t th e p o in t w here we may w e ll asks l a t h e r e any i n d i c a t i o n o f a p o s s i b le c o n n e c tio n betw een th e e s tr o u s c y c le an d b lo o d su g ar? T here w ould seem t o be i n t h a t G reene and h i s c o -w o rk e rs { 39) showed t h a t p ro g e s te r o n e, a s e c r e t i o n o f th e c o rp u s lu teu m o f t h e o v a ry, i s c o r t i n (a d r e n a l c o r t e x ) - l i k e i n t h a t i t w i l l m a in ta in l i f e and w e ig h t g a in i n a d re n a le c to m is e d r a t s. Gaunt e t (*39) r e p o r te d t h a t c o r t i c a l e x t r a c t s and p ro g e s te ro n e b o th e le v a te d l i v e r g ly co g en and b lo o d su g a r v a lu e s i n th e f e r r e t. T h is would seem t o le a v e room f o r s p e c u la tio n on t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f o v a ria n i n f lu e n c e on b lo o d sugar* They a p p lie d s i m i l a r e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c e d u re s t o r a t s. They a ls o fo u n d t h a t c o r t i c a l e x t r a c t s e l i c i t e d s i m i l a r re s p o n s e s, b u t th e in f lu e n c e o f p r o g e s te r o n e, i f an y, was e x tre m e ly s l i g h t. Some more in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f a c o n n e c tio n betw een th e e s tr o u s c y c le and m e ta b o lic p ro c e s s e s was p ro v id e d by Lee ( 2Ô), who made a t o t a l o f 2Ù2 b a s a l m e ta b o lic r a t e d e te r m in a tio n s on 9 fe m a le r a t s d u rin g a l l
15 A tag e8 o f th e e s tr o u s cy c le * I n a l l o f th e a n im a ls an In c r e a s e d b a s a l h e a t p ro d u c tio n was o b se rv e d d u rin g th e l a s t 10 h o u rs o f s ta g e 7 and th e f i r s t s i x h o u rs o f s ta g e X«A d i f f e r e n c e o f aro u n d 135^ above t h a t o f s ta g e s I I, I I I and 17 was fo u n d. Lee s a id t h a t t h e m ain e v e n t c o in c id in g w ith th e r i s e i n b a s a l h e a t p ro d u c tio n was a r a t h e r p r e c i p it o u s d e g e n e ra tio n o f th e co rp u s lu teu m, and he co n clu d ed t h a t **the c o rp u s lu teu m may have a m e ta b o lic s p a r in g o r a n a b o lic f u n c tio n, and upon rem oval o f i t s i n f lu e n c e a p e r io d o f in c r e a s e d k a t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y b e g in s." The p o s s i b i l i t y o f a c o n n e c tio n betw een o v a r ia n s e c r e t i o n, o f w hich th e e s t r o u s c y c le i s a m a n if e s ta tio n, was in c r e a s e d hy th e work o f F o lg ia ^ S c h u s te r and R odriguez (*47) w hich showed sex d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e re s p o n s e s o f r a t s to a 95^ p a n c re a te c to m y. T h e ir fem ale r a t s became d i a b e t i c l e s s f r e q u e n tl y and e x h ib ite d a h ig h e r r a t e o f s u r v i v a l. They a l s o n o te d t h a t c a s t r a t i o n i n m ales had an a m e lio r a tin g e f f e c t* w h ile in fe m a le s, c a s t r a t i o n s e n s i t i z e d th e a n im a ls t o d i a b e t e s. L a te r (Lew is ^ *50) i t was shown t h a t e s tr o g e n ic s u b s ta n c e s d e c re a s e th e in c id e n c e o f d i a b e t e s, w h ile a n d ro g e n ic o n es in c r e a s e them. We may p u rsu e th e problem a t hand - th e q u e s tio n o f a c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e e s t r o u s c y c le and b lo o d su g a r - s t i l l f u r t h e r by assum ing, h ig h ly s u p p o s itio n a l a t t h i s s ta g e, t h a t a p o s s i b i l i t y o f some o v a ria n i n f lu e n c e on b lo o d s u g a r
16 10- do es e x i s t. The q u e s tio n w hich would th e n come t o th e f o r e I s : Does a p e r io d o f change i n s e c r e t i o n o f s u b s ta n c e s by th e o v ary e x i s t w hich c o u ld c o n c e iv a b ly c a u se a change i n b lo o d su g ar? Âstwood (*39)» u s in g u t e r i n e changes a s i n d i c a t o r s o f o v a r ia n ch an g e, to o k th e r e s u l t s o f some o f h i s e x p e rim e n ta l work t o mean t h a t e s tr o g e n a c t s unopposed d u rin g a b r i e f p e r io d j u s t p r i o r t o v a g in a l c o r n i f i c a t i o n. He a ls o s t a t e d t h a t th e co rp u s lu teu m hormone i s r e le a s e d from th e f o l l i c l e s d u rin g t h e i r p r e - o v u la to r y s w e llin g, and c e a s e s to be p ro d u ced a t a p p ro x im a te ly th e tim e o f o v u la tio n. T h is, i n I t s e l f, w ould seem t o p ro v id e su p p o rt f o r th e t h e s i s t h a t a r a t h e r r a d i c a l change i n o v a ria n s e c r e t i o n does o c c u r. B o lin g and B landau*s (*39) r e s u l t s c o n t r a d ic t t h i s f o r t h e i r r e s u l t s showed t h a t e s t r u s in d u ced i n a spayed fem ale r a t by th e s y n e r g i s t i c a c t i o n o f e s tr o g e n and p ro g e s te ro n e more n e a r ly ap p ro x im ated t h a t e x h ib ite d by a norm al fe m a le th a n when e s tr o g e n a lo n e was u s e d. The dom inance o f e s tro g e n a t some tim e s and p ro g e s te ro n e a t o th e r s i n th e e s t r o u s c y c le i s g e n e r a lly a c c e p te d. The am ount o f horm ones p r e s e n t i s p ro b a b ly a r e l a t i v e th in g w ith some o f each b e in g p r e s e n t a l l th e tim e (A stw ood, *39» B o lin g and B landau *39; Hisaw e t a l. *34). Up t o d a te no c l e a r c u t r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e e s t r o u s c y c le and b lo o d s u g a r i n th e r a t h a s been r e p o r te d.
17 - 11- M a te r ia ls and M ethods I n t h i s e x p e rim e n t, th e o b je c t o f w hich was t o se e w h e th e r o r n o t a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s betw een g ly cém ie l e v e l s and th e e s tr o u s c y c le i n r a t s, f o u r d i f f e r e n t reg im es w ere s e t up t o f a c i l i t a t e th e s tu d y. They w ere: 1. L ig h t 0 A.M. t o 8 P.M., d a rk 8 P.M. t o 8 A.M.; r a t s a llo w e d t o fe e d l i b i t u m. 2. L ig h t 8 A.M. t o 8 P.M., d a rk 8 P.M. t o 8 A.M.; r a t s a llo w e d t o fe e d from 8 A.M. t o 1 P.M. o n ly. 3* L ig h t 8 A.M. t o 8 P.M., d a rk 8 P.M. t o 8 A.M.; oophorectoüsised a n im a ls a llo w e d t o fe e d ad l i b l t i m. i. Dark 8 A.M. t o 8 P.M., l i g h t 8 P.M. t o 8 A.M.; r a t s a llo w e d t o fe e d W l i b i t u m. The e x p e r im e n ta l p ro c e d u re, i n a l l c a s e s, a llo w e d f o r f r e e a c c e s s t o w a te r. I n d i v i d u a l c a g e s w ere p ro v id e d f o r a l l r a t s. The a n im a ls w ere fe d B n o. 21 {Browman, *44) t o w hich a m in e ra l supplem ent was ad d ed. L e ttu c e was fe d two t o t h r e e tim e s a w eek; i n th e c a s e o f a n im a ls i n regim e 2 th e l e t t u c e was l e f t i n th e ca g es from 8 A.M. to 1 P.M. o n ly. The p e rio d th ro u g h which th is e x p e rim e n t was c a r r i e d on e x te n d e d from May 1953 t o November T h is was n e c e s s i t a t e d by a lim ite d num ber o f a c t i v i t y c a g e s. I n t h i s tim e a t o t a l o f 56 n u llip a rc -u s fe m a le r a t s o f a n e a r ly homogenous g e n e t i c a l c o m p o sitio n w ere u s e d. t h e i r f o r ty - s e c o n d in b re d g e n e r a tio n. The a n im a ls w ere i n The s e l e c t i o n o f r a t s
18 12"" was made on th e b a s i s o f age# w e ig h t and o v e r a l l c o n d itio n # The r a t s u se d w ere a p p ro x im a te ly 90 days o ld - p lu s o r m inus 10 d a y s, w hich f a l l s w e ll w ith in th e two month ra n g e s e t up by S h ir le y (*28) f o r r e l a t i v e hom ogenity o f a c t i v i t y. The r a t s w ere s e l e c te d f o r t h e g ro u p s so t h a t w here p o s s ib le l i t t e r m ates w ere p u t i n t o more th a n one g ro u p, o th e r w is e, no c o n s c io u s s e l e c t i o n was e x e r c is e d i n p la c in g them in one group o r a n o th e r. S ix te e n a n im a ls co m p rised th e e x p e rim e n ta l group o f regim e 2, w h ile tw e n ty * fo u r w ere i n group number 1, The a n im a ls i n th e l a t t e r group se rv e d a tw o fo ld f u n c tio n i n t h a t th e y w ere c o n t r o l s f o r a c t i v i t y and w e ig h t g a in, w h ile a t th e same tim e s e r v in g as experi-* m e n ta ls f o r b lo o d sugar# Group 3 and 4 each c o n ta in e d e ig h t an im als# F o llo w in g th e p ro c e d u re o f S h ir le y (*28) th e r a t s w ere a l l a llo w e d a 1$ day p re -e x p e r im e n ta l p e r io d i n which to become a c c lim a tis e d t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l w heel ty p e r e c o rd in g e x e r c is e cages* I n tr o d u c tio n t o m o d ifie d fe e d in g reg im es (Group 2 o n ly ) t o f r e q u e n t h a n d lin g, and t o sm ear ta k in g was done i n t h i s 15 day p e rio d * The e s t r o u s c y c le, a s i n d i c a t e d by v a g in a l sm ears^ was re c o rd e d f o r i n d i v id u a l r a t s, b u t p ro b a b ly th e m ost im p o rta n t f u n c tio n o f t h i s p e rio d was t o f a m i l i a r i z e th e a n im a ls w ith th e h a n d le r# The a n im a ls became q u i t e tam e and w ould clim b o n to th e hand by th e end o f th e o r i e n t a t i o n p e rio d # The e x p e rim e n to r d id a l l cage
19 - 13- c le a n in g, f e e d in g and w a te r in g d u rin g th e 15 day a c c l i m a t i - statio n p e r io d and 30 day e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d * The e ig h t a n im a ls u sed i n e x p e rim e n ta l regim e 3 w ere b i l a t e r a l l y ov a r ié e torn!zed a f t e r b e in g a n e s th e ti z e d by sodium p e n t o b a r b i t a l i n j e c t e d i n t r a - p e r i t o n e a l l y * The d o r s a l a p p ro a c h, which n e c e s s i t a t e d two i n c i s i o n s, was used* The I n c i s i o n s, how ever, w ere q u it e s m a ll and h e a lin g was ra p id * The a n im a ls w ere housed in two d i f f e r e n t rooms* Those i n g ro u p s 1, 2 and 3 w ere i s o l a t e d i n th e c o n tr o l room in a c o rn e r o f th e greenhouse* T h is room i s l i n e d w ith f i b e r b o a rd, h a s a c o n c re te f l o o r, and a wooden door* T hree benches^ s ta n d in g a p p ro x im a te ly t h r e e f e e t o f f th e f l o o r, c o m p le te ly l i n e t h r e e w a lls* The a c t i v i t y ca g es w ere p la c e d on th e s e * Two f e e t above th e b en ch es a r e f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t s g iv in g r e l a t i v e l y even i l lu m i n a t i o n on t h e benches* They a r e a u to m a tic a lly c o n tr o lle d by a T e le c h ro n tim e sw itch * T em p eratu re c o n tr o l was m a in ta in e d by a m an u ally o p e r a te d th e r m o s ta t, w hich h e ld th e te m p e ra tu re a t 75^F - 1 F* R e la tiv e h u m id ity was n o t c o n t r o l l e d, n o r w ere th e sounds n o rm a lly a s s o c ia te d w ith a c t i v i t i e s i n th e greenhouse* The a n im a ls o f group 4 w ere k e p t i n in d iv id u a l cag es i n dead s to r a g e room* T h is room i s a c c e s s i b l e o n ly by a la d d e r fro m t h e stockroom o f th e Zoology D epartm ent* te m p e ra tu re h e r e i s q u ite c o n s ta n t b u t u n c o n tro lle d * The The
20 -li» - l i g h t s in t h i s room a r e m anually o p e ra te d # These a n im a ls w ere exposed to l i g h t once e v e ry t h r e e d ay s d u rin g th e d a rk p e r io d f o r a b o u t 5 m in u te s d u rin g th e tim e when th e y had t o be rem oved from t h i s room t o take b lo o d sam p les. D u rin g th e e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d, b lo o d su g a rs w ere ta k e n by t a i l c u t t i n g once e v e ry t h r e e days* T h is a llo w e d tim e f o r t h e r a t s t o r e tu r n to norm al p h y s io lo g ic a l c o n d itio n and t o a l l a y f e a r o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r in d u c e d by th e t a l l c u t t i n g (H a lb erg and V is s c h e r, 52). B lood s u g a r d e te r m in a tio n s w ere made a t Ô A.14., 1 P.M. and $ P.M. I f a p a r t i c u l a r r a t was sam pled a t Ô A.M. on one d a y th e n e x t sam ple w ould be ta k e n a t ê P.M. t h r e e days l a t e r, and th e n a t 1 P.M. a fte r an a d d i t i o n a l t h r e e days. A v a g in a l sm ear o f each r a t was made d a i l y, i n th e e v e n in g u n le s s a b lo o d s u g a r sam ple was made t h a t day, i n w hich c a s e th e sm ear was made a t th e same tim e. The sm ears w ere o b ta in e d by in tr o d u c in g a m o iste n e d p l e d g e l e t o f c o tto n i n t o th e v ag in a o f th e a n im a l. The c e l l s w hich ad h ered t o th e c o tto n w ere ru b b ed o f f on a c le a n g la s s s l i d e and exam ined. Long and Evans (*22) c r i t e r i a w ere u sed to dete rm in e th e s ta g e o f th e e s tr o u s cy cle* O ophorectom ized a n im a ls a l s o had v a g in a l sm ears ta k e n in o r d e r to d u p l ic a te e x p e rim e n ta l c o n d itio n s. A nim als from w hich sam ples f o r b lo o d s u g a rs w ere to be ta k e n w ere a llo w e d t o e n t e r a s p e c i a l l y c o n s tr u c te d r e s t r a i n e r.
21 - 15- T h is c o n s is te d o f a b lo c k o f wood Ô in c h e s lo n g and in c h e s w ide t o td iicb a r e c ta n g u la r p ie c e o f s t i f f w ire mesh had been e t t - c h e d t o form a cage open a t b o th ends th e a p p ro x im a te le n g th and d ia m e te r o f th e a n im a l s body* The t a l l was th e n p la c e d and h e ld i n a b e a k e r o f w a te r a t 35^C f o r 30 seconds* The t i p o f th e t a i l ws.s th e n d r ie d and am p u tated and th e b lo o d c o l l e c t e d i n a sm a ll p a r a f f i n l i n e d d ish * A Kahn p i p e t t e was u se d to draw up 0.1 cc o f t h i s b lo o d w hich w as th e n d e l iv e r e d i n t o a sm a ll f l a s k c o n ta in in g 10 cc o f a d i l u t e t u n g e t i c a c id s o l u t i o n. The p i p p t te was f lu s h e d w ith t h i s s o l u t i o n, a f te r w hich th e f l a s k s c o n te n ts w ere th o ro u g h ly m ixed and th e n f i l t e r e d. A ll d e te r m in a tio n s were made i n th e e v e n in g o f th e day i n w hich sam pling to o k p la c e. I n th e i n t e r v a l betw een th e sam p lin g and th e a c tu a l d e te r m in a tio n s th e sam ples w ere s t o r e d on th e s h e lv e s o f a h o u se h o ld ty p e r e f r i g e r a t o r. The F olin-m alm ros b lo o d su g a r m ethod {*33) was u se d in th e d e te r m in a tio n s. T h is c o lo r m e tr ic m icro-m ethod depends on th e feet thét when a g lu c o s e s o l u t io n i s h e a te d w ith an a l k a l i n e f e r r l c y a n i d e s o l u t i o n, th e f e r r i c y a n i d e i s re d u c e d t o f e r r o c y a n id e. The f e r r o c y a n id e w i l l r e a c t w ith a f e r r i c ir o n s o l u t io n t o p ro d u ce a b lu e c o lo r w hich i s m easu rab le i n a c o lo r im e te r. Two d i f f e r e n t c o lo r im e te r s were u sed in th e s tu d y, Cne was a Baush and lomb Dubosoq type, th e o th e r a Dausch and Lomb m onochrom atic, d i r e c t r e a d in g, s i n g le beam o n e. When th e sw itc h w as made from one ty p e o f c o lo r im e te r
22 t o a n o th e r b lo o d su g a ra w ere ru n w ith b o th in s tr u m e n ts and i t was fo u n d t h a t th e y gave s i m i l a r r e a d in g s. The s ta n d a r d g lu c o s e s o l u t i o n, a g a in s t w hich th e unknown was r e a d, was p re p a re d f r e s h e v e ry w eek. I t was m a in ta in e d in a s t e r i l e f l a s ^ in a r e f r i g e r a t o r. S am pling i s th e m ost c r i t i c a l p o in t i n th e whole e x p e rim e n t. The sam ple m ust be a c q u ir e d r a p i d l y, in l e s s th a n t h r e e m in u te s, o r th e b lo o d becom es h y p e r g ly c e m ic. C l o tt in g may a l s o o c c u r i n t h e c o l l e c t i n g d is h i f th e b lo o d flo w i s slo w. A ll b lo o d s u g a r sam p les w hich r e q u ir e d more th a n t h r e e m in u te s o f b le e d in g w ere d is c a r d e d b ec au se o f th e h y p e rg ly c e m ic f a c t o r. S t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e th ro u g h o u t t h i s p a p e r was b ase d on th e ^ t e s t a s d e s c rib e d i n S nedecor (^40). T h is t e s t i s d e sig n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t e s t i n g th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een m eans. I f t h e p ro b a b i l i t y t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e was due t o chance a lo n e was g r e a t e r th a n 5^ i t was assum ed t h a t t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e.
23 R e s u lts The p r o b a b i l i t y i s v e ry h ig h t h a t a c o r r e l a t i o n does e x i s t betw een t h e e s t r o u s - a c t i v i t y c y c le and f l u c t u a t i o n s i n mean b lo o d s u g a r v a lu e s. The blood s u g a r r e a d in g s from th e 4Ô r a t s on re g im e s 1, 2 and 4 w ere u sed i n t h i s ph ase o f th e s tu d y. Combined e s t r o u s c y c le s ta g e s I and I I (mean b lo o d su g a r o f 104*5 mg when compared w ith com bined e s t r o u s c y c le s ta g e s XII, IV and V (mean b lo o d s u g a r o f mg %) gave a t v a lu e o f T here w ere 332d e g re e s o f freedom i n t h i s co m p ariso n. F o r 300 d e g re e s o f freedom th e ^ v a lu e a t th e 1% l e v e l i s ; s in c e th e sam ple v a lu e f a r ex ceed s even th e 1% l e v e l we may assum e a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e grouped s e l e c te d e a tr u s sta g e s * A s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e, even a t th e 5% l e v e l, does n o t exist* when in d i v id u a l e s tr o u s c y c le s ta g e s a r e com pared one w ith th e o th e r* Summaries o f th e d a t a u se d i n com paring th e b lo o d s u g a rs and e s tr o u s c y c le s ta g e s may be seen i n T a b le s 11 and 12* A com parison o f t h e mean b lo o d s u g a r v a lu e s was made f o r a l l r a t s on re g im es 1,2,3 and 4 by th e tim e o f day sam p lin g o c c u re d, and by th e p a r t i c u l a r regim e (T ab le 5)* The raw d a ta f o r t h i s p h ase o f th e s tu d y may be fo u n d i n T a b le s 1-4. The tw e n ty -f o u r a n im a ls on reg im e 1, w hich
24 18 w ere f e d l i b i t u m, d id n o t show s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n mean b lo o d s u g a r v a lu e s when th e s e v a lu e s w ere compared by th e tim e o f day th e sam ple was ta k e n. The mean g ly cém ie v a lu e s f o r th e 8 A.M., 1 P.M. and 8 P.M. sam p lin g p e r io d s w ere 103*7 mg ÿ* mg % and 104 mg % r e s p e c t i v e l y. I n regim e 2, how ever, a s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n if ic a n c e b ase d on th e tim e o f sam p lin g p e r io d s f o r b lo o d s u g a rs was o b ta in e d. The 8 A.M. re a d in g s (102 mg %} when com pared w ith 8 P.M. r e a d in g s (106 mg %) w ith 69 d e g re e s o f freedom gave a X v a lu e o f The ^ v a lu e f o r 70 d e g re e s o f freedom a t th e 5^ l e v e l i s , w h ile th e ^ v a lu e a t th e 1% l e v e l i s The 1 P.M. re a d in g s (103 mg when com pared w ith t h e 8 P.M. v a lu e w ith 75 d e g re e s o f freedom g iv e s a ^ v a lu e o f F o r 80 d e g re e s o f freedom th e t v a lu e s a t th e and 1% l e v e l s a r e and r e s p e c tiv e ly * A s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e b lo o d s u g a r means b ased on fe e d in g tim e s i s q u i t e p ro b a b le in b o th th e s e c a s e s, t h a t i s, 8 A.M.-8 P.M. and 1 P.M.-8 P.M. A d i f f e r e n c e i s n o t e x h ib ite d betw een 8 A.M. and 1 P.M. mean glycém ie l e v e l s. The b lo o d s u g a rs o f th e 8 o o p h o recto m ized r a t s on regim e 3 d id n o t v a ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y w ith th e tim e o f th e sam p lin g p e r io d. Mean b lo o d s u g a rs o f mg mg fo and mg ^ w ere o b ta in e d a t 8 A.M., 1 P.M. and 8 P.M. r e s p e c t i v e l y.
25 - 19- The e s tr o u s c y c le a s d e te rm in e d by v a g in a l sm ears and a c t i v i t y r e c o r d s on a l l I n t a c t a n im a ls was fo u n d to be com pleted I n t o 5 days# T h at I s, e s t r u s o cc u red e v e ry Uh t o 5 days a t th e tim e o f maximum sp o n ta n e o u s a c t i v i t y # Graph 1# A t y p i c a l a c t i v i t y c y c le may be se e n in
26 20** ato S I «6: 30 gi A % % «n 315 %! tnm % 2^8 f* f# «8 00 CNOO _ Oj m m S S î:3 «Mg. NQ X>% s? S3 ws IN O On ON O M s s l 8 S 8 : M»H#4 m o m s s s o o r-» W w m r4 O <?V 93»18 8 CN. 3 <yv o o ON a VL ms ic s g: NO WN r~ f i m m % s % vr OC s4» H t t JS- 3 m 3 g MN 3 M s g CMm w «4 r4 o o o 4 *4 *4 r-i H S:^ m m x> m o o o o p4 *4 r4 f4 O»4 BN. «4 r4 O O «4 r4 (4 *4 tr r* IN 3 r r ff' ^ s s rhtflt a CM #4 S CM<4 m P o o o *4 «4 f4 5 8^3 #4 *4 «4 S 3 s &R f4 #4 r4 (Hi r M NO S 3 G & fh s i % i4 r4 % co m as o «H #4 #4 A, <N «Noo CM ^ Sn«> ON O O m e <4 «4 r4 r- m m g o j4 f4 WN C4 VO «y «4 O *4 4 _ * CVJ K & r4 ç4 g m m ON g o o P #4 #4 f4 Hf «MVONâ O O «4 O fc H* H# H* #4 #4 m o <si m s s s s «4 #4 S;@. ^ CNi OD %Ti Vf% CVJ 8 O' Cn. o r4 333 NO CM 33 CO^ CM i- i O #4 N- f*4g8 S»4»4 i4 8 4» * I4J* 3 ce IvC *M 0 «1 SJ I t3 v4 g S3 M I #Iciw O g <D.O Î I m ri I
27 -.21-8^ r~i W % «#t-4 >o M s> s> Ifl r 4 S» J» p4 VA«-4 Ch- O»-f O r4 r4 r4 a s i a g s s â?y <y vo o «-4 ih CM «y 3 M o \ f# p4 H ts- Oh r4 C» M O W M f4 #4 p4 fa ty r*4 r4 r 4 W o o o r-# #4 f4 O Oh O O O r 4 r4 th.4 O VACh. SO -a y4 f4 p4 «M «I a O ' a o p - S > V i N S m ON 33 & ç- Ch 0^0 0 c o f-i (-1 M N 0^ sss X fx, O ' 00 NO: $8 t-i \P 8; \o %n 33 ty 333 % CO 04 co ho Vh r4 SO OO W r4 O O f-4 r4 it4»*4 p4 OssO 'ASC r 4 O s f 4 C» 1^ r4 r4 (T>Os O r 4 f"t p4 S 1 % ë 0 m S' OhçO N fn r4 r4 (-4 0» ey «y j@- O CT' 83 m 3 <y CKth. (jmht W"^ ü ) O >h o O 1*4 f4 I S.» «y es. o so o o» t r4 W *"4 *-4 1 g Ty r \ o \ o o *-* vo &:g 1«g
28 - 22- TABLK 3 BLOOD SWAB TALÜJS, littlvidual BATS ÎÆÜIMB 8 A.K, Rat no ,, »S % * P.M Rat no I l l mg ^ P.M. Rat. n o , mg ^ TABLE 4 BLOOD SUGAR VALUES, INDIVIDUAL EATS M IME 4 8 A.M. Rat no I l l 108 mg ^ l.P_#.K_,..._ Rat no : _ mg # lo ^ 98 _ P.M. Eat no mg ^
29 - 23^ CO * 0 3 A» O # t*- o tnt 5 «I A * O D* «g W * M H» a R O # fh s «A rh VA r rh 1 ih K P o (Ao 5^8 00 moo \C v>v 5 s o v \ s c t 4 rh f m ev- R A s evrco vo 00» * * B m r H 8% o A VA rh o % a VO rh Ç n v O rh SO r * Jÿt vr, VTV ÎM», O V4 H% A W\ o en o CM O I V CM 1 ^ N * # # * -rt.af O o o o o o fh fh rh im rh v% v% r4 o r4 o thr4 o o fh o ym o O * o jÿo m cj m w vo fnvo o o o o o o rh * t H r-, rh rh c f \ % n rh N rh v o CC VO O O O O O O rh fh r«t rh r~! rh e r. o jj- <0 -sî' - -«CO <n vo vo vo 'n VO rhrh o o rhrhrhrh o o o o t s. (S. t s. U*% C h \T \ O O O O O O rh «H rh rh rh ph N m vr> j r «n^t o o rh rh V \ «n ^ o o # «n c v l SA CM en en -d- m o o o o rh rh rh rh VA (A evi *ej- CVJ O O O O ; 1, I o S g k-, l3î «4 O» o f z "A * sê se ' 03 B À Ai v4 H 00 rh g 1 o *» i t M I a s r 8 I V o ^ rh #H r 4 2 à RS' I sé I 2 li rh G V# w co «* * «*» ^ p4 OL, f k 4H co co rhco o %) A &1 o cil * f o «MW rha% -a a" % W 4» ^ - «5!î CO flj > r»t> Ov Ov Ov Ov Ov rh rh rh rh r"< rh rh rh rh rh rh rh ck (k q& oo GO 0 0 ÛO co 0 0 ^ <0 H t s c <5 v o <n 3 m «n c ' «* * >: X. 3t. X «* * * O r " 4 0 * # * ae 3E r * P r A l OO rh CO 0 0 rh CO I * %»!o e. r-f I H* ^. ^co «3 «' g «r. B % 3E rh * A CO CO rh #-% <as «K2 & rh «rh t «S3 _ O th O =SS» J & #H O 3 V» _ «Il #Ht 8 5 (b4 f r f4 OnCÏ^ ov ci CV- Ov hj Ov cî- 0\ flo ph rh «H 00 «Si IN* w rh N rh (VI * # -4-4 '# ae»» 3K «as: r ae # S 4 A* h3 Ar Ai Ah oo rh t h % m o. ^ B a; se A CO co rh CO gs M #» Vt i»h*<h B S3 _ U p i f Xi r-% * 0 «ta gg» Sll m vr\ m On VA CN rh rh rh rh rh «H rh rh rh rh rh ph A sa ça A A (A o v o v O v O n O n ON zy (A (M «vj» se r < Ai CO rh I t VA en VA CJ (Ni WCVJ as se i r %se i h3 Ai Ai Ai CO CO rh oo a s < * 5 r, a i f, : «H â ^ s, s. N-rT «ri rh z» «_ r4 h 3 I» & rh W,o o8 S«a 5 >5^ 5 3 -S a o A3 OO c o B *H rh S
30 24^ TAELS 6 BLOOD SDGAB VALUES, ESTBOÜS CYCLE STAGE I Bat «g ^ ? ^ * * Ba t _ , p 41 42, g ^ TABLE 7 BLOOD SWAB VALUî?S, ESTBOUS CYCLE STAGE II Rat fflg ^ * Bat MS * Bat mg ^ Dropped b ecau se o f h yp erglycem ia
31 T A 3 L B 8 ELO O D SUGAE V A L U E S, E S T E O n S G T C LB STAG S I I I Eat 1 2 3, IQ * p 21 22? , a g ft Eat n mg f TABLE 9 BLOOD SUGAE VALUB:S, ESTSOUS CYCLE STAGE IV Rat ,15 : I l l mg f Eat ?4 25? 6 2 7_ , mg f Eat Dropped because o f hyperglycem ia*
32 TABLE 10 BLOOD SU&AB VALUES, ESTBfJUS CYCLE STAGE T Rat n 12, mg ^ 160# Rat ? 16 1? «g ^ l6o* Eat mg 11^ io Rat ? mg SÊ m, Dropped hyperglycem ia W
33 T ijs L S 11 COMPAPJSOH OS m m ACCOKDim Ï 0 ESTBDUS CYCLE SmOB Setrou# ITuaber c y c le o f sta g e Sammies X 35 XX 89 I* XIX X* IT I* V II* XII* XX* IT* Animal# Bang# Median Mean 1* * lo é * Mean D iff S.D, S.E. s i «0.1 i* , , Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo II* T* Bo^ III* IT* Bo III* T* Bo IT* T* , Bo # D ata rep eat#** 1 Approaching eig a lflc a n e e *
34 - 2 &. II os N» O %# %n o\ k i 0)1 v \ o «V M # tn o CNJ A ««0 \0 SiSï P» * ^ v\ ÇN.NONO ON N NOr>o é ^ NO NO I "VL I m It) r-* NOO 4 v i (?<a3 NONT% o o *w PJ NO ON o IB mco CO «6 % f w V> ONQ f4 fwtnj SS3 OOCO^ dt- to»-4 rn m rn 1-4 o 1-4 o «t o rn On >-«> t**
35 F I GURE 1 ACTIVITY CYCLES OF THREE TYPICAL RATS ONE EACH FRO M REGIMES I, 2 AND 3 2. Teg/me 3 a s t r o u s cyc/e X a*>dl J L I I e s t r e a t c y c /e UI,TS 9n<i-'Z' \ ' / \ S. a 4 f & T f? f«",1, 3 fv ^ * /7 ft If JO 3/ j - / j f J» 3T 2Y hour firrro9f
36 D is c u s s io n I t can be se e n from th e r e s u l t s t h a t th e f i v e s ta g e s o f th e e s t r o u s c y c le w ere d iv id e d i n t o two groups} nam ely, one group in c lu d in g th e Long-Evans ( 2 2 ) s ta g e s I and I I, and t h e o t h e r in c lu d in g t h e s ta g e s I I I, XV and V# The re a s o n s f o r com bining th e s ta g e s w ere th e r a t h e r o b v io u s s i m i l a r i t i e s o f th e means w ith in th e tw o g ro u p s and th e f a c t t h a t a lth o u g h d if f e r e n c e s w ere o b s e rv a b le betw een th e e s t r o u s c y c le s t a g e s, th e y w ere o f to o s m a ll a m agnitude t o e x h i b i t s ig n if ic a n c e i n th e l im ite d num ber o f sam p les o b ta in e d i n th e e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d. The d i v i s i o n i n t o two g ro u p s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y an a r b i t r a r y n o r a r t i f i c i a l one b ec au se we can s e e s i m i l a r i t i e s i n th e a c t i v i t y p a t t e r n a s w e ll a s i n mean b lo o d s u g a r v a lu e s. A c t i v i t y, which i s a m a n if e s ta tio n o f i n t e r n a l changes h a s b een shown by many a u th o r s ( R ic h te r, *27} S h i r l e y,»20; S lo n a k e r, *24; Wang, *23) and by th e a c t i v i t y g rap h (Graph X) t o be in ascen d an ce and a t i t s peak d u rin g s ta g e s I and I I and t o be d e c li n in g and a t i t s ebb in s ta g e s I I I, IV and V. C o r r e la te d w ith a c t i v i t y we f i n d in th e o v ary i t s e l f p r e p a r a tio n f o r o v u la tio n i n s ta g e s I and I I and o v u la to r y - p o s t- o v u la to r y changes i n s ta g e s I I I, IV and V (B o u tw ell ej^ *48; Hisaw e t *34; Long an d E v an s, * 2 2 ). In t h e u t e r u s we f i n d v a s c u la r en g o rg em en t, and m arked d i s t e n t i o n i n s ta g e s I and I I. I n s ta g e I I I th e u t e r i n e
37 31- f l u l d d is a p p e a r s and th e s t a t e o f d i s t e n t i o n i s r e p la c e d by one o f f l a c c i d n e s s. The l a t t e r c o n d itio n s a r e m aint a i n e d th ro u g h s ta g e s IV and V (Long and E v an s, * 2 2 ), I t i s e x tre m e ly i n t e r e s t i n g t o c o n s id e r th e b lo o d s u g a r v a lu e s f o r th e v a rio u s s t a g e s o f th e e s t r o u s c y c le w h ile k e e p in g in mind th e c o n c o m ita n t s e c r e to r y p h a se s o f th e o v a ry. The lo w e st mean g ly cém ie v a lu e (103*4 mg p e r c e n t) o ccu red d u rin g com bined s ta g e s I I I, IV and V a t th e tim e when t h e c o rp u s lu teu m horm one, p r o g e s te r o n e, was a t o r re a c h in g i t s h ig h e s t t i t e r s. The h ig h e r mean g ly cém ie v a lu e (104*5 mg p e r c e n t) o c c u re d d u rin g s ta g e s X and I I w h ile e s tro g e n was re a c h in g i t s maximum t i t e r s (h isaw ^ a ^, * 3 4 ), The i n t e r e s t i n t h i s i s r a t h e r o b v io u s i f one r e f e r s t o th e w ork o f G aunt ^ a^i ( *39) who found t h a t i n j e c t i o n o f p ro g e s te ro n e i n f e r r e t s e l e v a te d both l i v e r g ly co g en and b lo o d s u g a r. T hese ex p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t s, how ever, d id n o t h o ld t r u e f o r r a t s. I n d u c tiv e re a s o n in g w ould le a d t o th e c o n c lu s io n t h a t i f r a t s d id have a p e r io d o f o v a r ia n in f lu e n c e d h ig h b lo o d s u g a rs i t w ould o c c u r a t th e tim e c f h ig h p ro g e s te r o n e t i t e r s. F u r th e r s u p p o rt f o r t h i s h y p o th e s is a c c ru e s from th e work of F o g lia etg, â i ( *47) in t h e i r w ork w ith 95% p a n c re a te c to m iz e d a n im a ls. They found t h a t e s t r a d i o l e x e r te d a p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t a g a in s t d ia b e te s in c id e n c e * They a l s o n o te d a se x d i f f e r e n c e in c a s e s o f
38 *"32 d i a b e t e s, w ith fe m a le s b e in g l e s s s u s c e p t i b le th a n m ales* Lew is s!k (*50) i n a c o n tin u a tio n o f th e above s tu d y fo und i n m ale and fe m a le c a s t r a t e s, p a n c re a te c to m iz e d, t h a t e s tr o g e n s re d u c e d t h e num ber o f d i a b e t i c c a s e s in b o th p o p u la tio n s ; p r o g e s te ro n e and d e s o x y c o rtic o s te ro n d id n o t m odify th e num ber o f i n c i d e n c e s and t h a t a n d ro g e n s in c r e a s e d th e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to d i a b e t e s. I n my r e s u l t s, th e s p e c u la tio n t h a t th e h ig h e s t b lo o d s u g a r t i t e r s would o c c u r d u rin g th e p ro g e s te ro n e s e c r e to r y phase o f th e o v ary d id n o t h o ld t r u e ; i n f a c t th e co n v e rse o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n was found t o occur* The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e mean b lo o d s u g a rs w ere n o t g r e a t, b u t were r a t h e r c o n s ta n t* The h ig h e s t v a lu e s w ere found i n th e r e p ro d u c tiv e c y c le phase w here e s tr o g e n was dom inant* The o n ly s u p p o rt f o r t h e s e f in d in g s t h a t th e l i t e r a t u r e w ould seem t o o f f e r comes from th e b a s a l m etab o li c r a t e d e te r m in a tio n s of Lee (*20) i n w hich he found in c r e a s e d m e ta b o lic r a t e s i n t h e p e r io d o f co rp u s luteum d e g e n e ra tio n * He s u g g e ste d th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e co rp u s lu teu m m ight have au a n a b o lic f u n c ti o n, and t h a t upon r e m oval o f i t s in f lu e n c e in c r e a s e d c a ta b o lic a c t i v i t y o ccu rs* The p o s s i b i l i t y o f some o th e r i n t r i n s i c f a c t o r g iv in g r i s e t o a c y c li c v a r i a t i o n i n b lo o d s u g a r r e a d in g s, w hich m ight m is ta k e n ly be a t t r i b u t e d t o th e o v a r ia n c y c le was
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
More informationLU N C H IN C LU D E D
Week 1 M o n d a y J a n u a ry 7 - C o lo u rs o f th e R a in b o w W e w ill b e k ic k in g o ff th e h o lid a y s w ith a d a y fu ll o f c o lo u r! J o in u s fo r a ra n g e o f a rt, s p o rt
More informationc. What is the average rate of change of f on the interval [, ]? Answer: d. What is a local minimum value of f? Answer: 5 e. On what interval(s) is f
Essential Skills Chapter f ( x + h) f ( x ). Simplifying the difference quotient Section. h f ( x + h) f ( x ) Example: For f ( x) = 4x 4 x, find and simplify completely. h Answer: 4 8x 4 h. Finding the
More informationForm and content. Iowa Research Online. University of Iowa. Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa. Theses and Dissertations
University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1979 Form and content Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa Posted with permission of the author. This thesis is available at Iowa Research
More informationEKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK. T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to th e a u th o r. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY.
EKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK Ç.I.P.S. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE POLLUTION IN NORT H SEA. TECHNICAL REPORT 1971/O : B i o l. I T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to
More informationLSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 Infestation of Root Nodules of Soybean by Larvae of the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma Trifurcata
More informationC o r p o r a t e l i f e i n A n c i e n t I n d i a e x p r e s s e d i t s e l f
C H A P T E R I G E N E S I S A N D GROWTH OF G U IL D S C o r p o r a t e l i f e i n A n c i e n t I n d i a e x p r e s s e d i t s e l f i n a v a r i e t y o f f o r m s - s o c i a l, r e l i g i
More informationGrain Reserves, Volatility and the WTO
Grain Reserves, Volatility and the WTO Sophia Murphy Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy www.iatp.org Is v o la tility a b a d th in g? De pe n d s o n w h e re yo u s it (pro d uc e r, tra d e
More informationClass Diagrams. CSC 440/540: Software Engineering Slide #1
Class Diagrams CSC 440/540: Software Engineering Slide # Topics. Design class diagrams (DCDs) 2. DCD development process 3. Associations and Attributes 4. Dependencies 5. Composition and Constraints 6.
More informationEffects of pioglitazone on cardiovascular function in type I and type II diabetes mellitus
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1993 Effects of pioglitazone on cardiovascular function in type
More informationOH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9
OH BOY! O h Boy!, was or igin a lly cr eat ed in F r en ch an d was a m a jor s u cc ess on t h e Fr en ch st a ge f or young au di enc es. It h a s b een s een by ap pr ox i ma t ely 175,000 sp ect at
More informationFunctional pottery [slide]
Functional pottery [slide] by Frank Bevis Fabens A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts Montana State University Copyright by Frank Bevis Fabens
More informationUniversity Microfilms
University Microfilms International * i---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART N ATIO NAL HI IH l A l l o t ST AN PAR P S II A
More informationSTEEL PIPE NIPPLE BLACK AND GALVANIZED
Price Sheet Effective August 09, 2018 Supersedes CWN-218 A Member of The Phoenix Forge Group CapProducts LTD. Phone: 519-482-5000 Fax: 519-482-7728 Toll Free: 800-265-5586 www.capproducts.com www.capitolcamco.com
More informationgender mains treaming in Polis h practice
gender mains treaming in Polis h practice B E R L IN, 1 9-2 1 T H A P R IL, 2 O O 7 Gender mains treaming at national level Parliament 25 % of women in S ejm (Lower Chamber) 16 % of women in S enat (Upper
More informationAGRICULTURE SYLLABUS
Agriculture Forms 1-4.qxp_Layout 1 26/10/2016 12:29 PM Page 1 ZIMBABWE MInISTRY OF PRIMARY AnD SECOnDARY EDUCATIOn AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS FORM 1-4 2015-2022 Curriculum Development and Technical Services,
More informationSodium-Initiated Polymerization of Alpha- Methylstyrene in the Vicinity of Its Reported Ceiling Temperature
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1976 Sodium-Initiated Polymerization of Alpha- Methylstyrene in the Vicinity of Its Reported Ceiling Temperature Shuenn-long
More informationMOLINA HEALTHCARE, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationThe Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses.
The Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses. Attended by m ore than 3 00 people, all seem ed delighted, with the lectu res and sem
More information600 Billy Smith Road, Athens, VT
600 Billy Smith Road, Athens, VT Curtis Trousdale, Owner, Broker, Realtor Cell: 802-233-5589 curtis@preferredpropertiesvt.com 2004 Williston Road, South Burlington VT 05403 www.preferredpropertiesvt.com
More informationH STO RY OF TH E SA NT
O RY OF E N G L R R VER ritten for the entennial of th e Foundin g of t lair oun t y on ay 8 82 Y EEL N E JEN K RP O N! R ENJ F ] jun E 3 1 92! Ph in t ed b y h e t l a i r R ep u b l i c a n O 4 1922
More information176 5 t h Fl oo r. 337 P o ly me r Ma te ri al s
A g la di ou s F. L. 462 E l ec tr on ic D ev el op me nt A i ng er A.W.S. 371 C. A. M. A l ex an de r 236 A d mi ni st ra ti on R. H. (M rs ) A n dr ew s P. V. 326 O p ti ca l Tr an sm is si on A p ps
More informationThe Construction and Testing of a New Empathy Rating Scale
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1980 The Construction and Testing of a New Empathy Rating Scale Gary D. Gray Western Michigan University Follow this and
More informationA Study of Attitude Changes of Selected Student- Teachers During the Student-Teaching Experience.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 A Study of Attitude Changes of Selected Student- Teachers During the Student-Teaching Experience.
More informationB ooks Expans ion on S ciencedirect: 2007:
B ooks Expans ion on S ciencedirect: 2007: 1 INFORUM, 22-24 May, Prague Piotr Golkiewicz Account Manager Elsevier B.V. Email: p.golkiewicz@elsevier.com Mobile: +48 695 30 60 17 2 Pres entation Overview
More informationT h e C S E T I P r o j e c t
T h e P r o j e c t T H E P R O J E C T T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e P a g e C o m p r e h e n s i v e A s s es s m e n t o f t h e U F O / E T I P h e n o m e n o n M a y 1 9 9 1 1 E T
More informationANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000
ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000 NUCLEAR MANAGEMENT COMPANY, LLC POINT BEACH NUCLEAR PLANT January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2000 April 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Part A: Effluent Monitoring
More informationComparative Analyses of Teacher Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in a Traditional and an Openspace
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations June 1975 Comparative Analyses of Teacher Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in a Traditional
More informationREFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF REFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES Edited by ELENA FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH GIL LOESCHER KATY LONG NANDO SIGONA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS C o n t e n t s List o f Abbreviations List o f
More informationExecutive Committee and Officers ( )
Gifted and Talented International V o l u m e 2 4, N u m b e r 2, D e c e m b e r, 2 0 0 9. G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a2 l 4 ( 2), D e c e m b e r, 2 0 0 9. 1 T h e W o r
More informationResults as of 30 September 2018
rt Results as of 30 September 2018 F r e e t r a n s l a t ion f r o m t h e o r ig ina l in S p a n is h. I n t h e e v e n t o f d i s c r e p a n c y, t h e Sp a n i s h - la n g u a g e v e r s ion
More informationS ca le M o d e l o f th e S o la r Sy ste m
N a m e ' D a t e ' S ca le M o d e l o f th e S o la r Sy ste m 6.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e S olar System is large, at least w hen com pared to distances we are fam iliar w ith on a day-to-day basis.
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C Form 8-K/A (Amendment No. 2)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 8-K/A (Amendment No. 2) Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report
More informationP a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 J A R T a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e n t o f N e l s o n s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n i s t o e n h a n c e c o n n e
More informationTTM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 November 15, 2006
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C FORM 8-K
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationThe development of equipment capable of measuring the density and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under controlled temperatures.
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1-1-1969 The development of equipment capable of measuring the density and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under
More informationM a n a g e m e n t o f H y d ra u lic F ra c tu rin g D a ta
M a n a g e m e n t o f H y d ra u lic F ra c tu rin g D a ta M a rc h 2 0 1 5, A n n a F ilip p o v a a n d J e re m y E a d e 1 W h a t is H y d ra u lic F ra c tu rin g? Im a g e : h ttp ://w w w.h
More informationBeechwood Music Department Staff
Beechwood Music Department Staff MRS SARAH KERSHAW - HEAD OF MUSIC S a ra h K e rs h a w t r a i n e d a t t h e R oy a l We ls h C o l le g e of M u s i c a n d D ra m a w h e re s h e ob t a i n e d
More informationStatus of industrial arts teaching in Montana high schools with enrollments of from forty to one hundred fifty students in 1950
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1952 Status of industrial arts teaching in Montana high schools
More informationTECHNICAL MANUAL OPTIMA PT/ST/VS
TECHNICAL MANUAL OPTIMA PT/ST/VS Page 2 NT1789 Rév.A0 TABLE OF CHANGES The information contained in this document only concerns : OPTIMA PT/ST/VS type, MCM 440 PT/OT type, MCM550 ST type. Technical Manual
More informationAgenda Rationale for ETG S eek ing I d eas ETG fram ew ork and res u lts 2
Internal Innovation @ C is c o 2 0 0 6 C i s c o S y s t e m s, I n c. A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d. C i s c o C o n f i d e n t i a l 1 Agenda Rationale for ETG S eek ing I d eas ETG fram ew ork
More informationThe use and effectiveness of financial and physical reserves in Montana's dryland wheat area by Howard W Hjort
The use and effectiveness of financial and physical reserves in Montana's dryland wheat area by Howard W Hjort A THESIS Submitted, to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationUniversity Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS
INFORMATION TO USERS.his dissertation was p ro d u ced from a m icrofilm copy of the original d o cu m en t m ile the most advanced technological m eans to photograph and reproduce this urgent have been
More informationTHE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationSoftware Process Models there are many process model s in th e li t e ra t u re, s om e a r e prescriptions and some are descriptions you need to mode
Unit 2 : Software Process O b j ec t i ve This unit introduces software systems engineering through a discussion of software processes and their principal characteristics. In order to achieve the desireable
More informationThe Effects of Symbolic Modeling and Parent Training on Noncompliance in Hyperactive Children
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1985 The Effects of Symbolic Modeling and Parent Training on Noncompliance in Hyperactive Children George Kahle Henry Western
More informationThe Effects of Apprehension, Conviction and Incarceration on Crime in New York State
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Graduate Center 1978 The Effects of Apprehension, Conviction and Incarceration on Crime in New York State
More informationVisceral mass and reticulorumen volume of differing biological types of beef cattle by Eddie L Fredrickson
Visceral mass and reticulorumen volume of differing biological types of beef cattle by Eddie L Fredrickson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
More informationStructure and metabolism of cuticular lipids of the grasshopper melanoplus sanguinipes
Structure and metabolism of cuticular lipids of the grasshopper melanoplus sanguinipes by Gary James Blomquist A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationFeasibility Analysis, Dynamics, and Control of Distillation Columns With Vapor Recompression.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 Feasibility Analysis, Dynamics, and Control of Distillation Columns With Vapor Recompression.
More informationVlaamse Overheid Departement Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken
Vlaamse Overheid Departement Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium Langdurige metingen Deurganckdok: Opvolging en analyse aanslibbing Bestek 16EB/05/04 Colofon Ph o to c o ve r s h
More informationS U E K E AY S S H A R O N T IM B E R W IN D M A R T Z -PA U L L IN. Carlisle Franklin Springboro. Clearcreek TWP. Middletown. Turtlecreek TWP.
F R A N K L IN M A D IS O N S U E R O B E R T LE IC H T Y A LY C E C H A M B E R L A IN T W IN C R E E K M A R T Z -PA U L L IN C O R A O W E N M E A D O W L A R K W R E N N LA N T IS R E D R O B IN F
More informationNORWEGIAN MARITIME DIRECTORATE
PAME Snap shot Analysis NORWEGIAN MARITIME DIRECTORATE PAME Snap Shot Analysis of Maritime Activities in the Arctic Revision No. 01 REPORT NO. 2000-3220 Page 1 PAME Snap shot Analysis Table of Contents
More informationTransverse curvature effects on turbulent boundary layers.
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 4-1-1969 Transverse curvature effects on turbulent boundary layers. M. C. Joseph University of Windsor Follow this and
More informationA study of intra-urban mobility in Omaha
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 1-1-1947 A study of intra-urban mobility in Omaha Magdalene Pickens University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at:
More informationA Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Computer Programming to Secondary Mathematics Students.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1983 A Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Computer Programming to Secondary Mathematics Students.
More informationTable of C on t en t s Global Campus 21 in N umbe r s R e g ional Capac it y D e v e lopme nt in E-L e ar ning Structure a n d C o m p o n en ts R ea
G Blended L ea r ni ng P r o g r a m R eg i o na l C a p a c i t y D ev elo p m ent i n E -L ea r ni ng H R K C r o s s o r d e r u c a t i o n a n d v e l o p m e n t C o p e r a t i o n 3 0 6 0 7 0 5
More informationI zm ir I nstiute of Technology CS Lecture Notes are based on the CS 101 notes at the University of I llinois at Urbana-Cham paign
I zm ir I nstiute of Technology CS - 1 0 2 Lecture 1 Lecture Notes are based on the CS 101 notes at the University of I llinois at Urbana-Cham paign I zm ir I nstiute of Technology W hat w ill I learn
More informationRule-Governed Behavior in Preschool Children
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1985 Rule-Governed Behavior in Preschool Children Cassandra Ann Braam Western Michigan University Follow this and additional
More informationOn the convergence of solutions of the non-linear differential equation
MEMOIRS O F T H E COLLEGE O F SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF KYOTO, SERIES A Vol. XXVIII, Mathematics No. 2, 1953. On the convergence of solutions of the non-linear differential equation By Taro YOSHIZAWA (Received
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C FORM 8-K
Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 DATE OF REPORT (DATE
More informationSurvey of the subjects taught in Lake County high schools with recommendations for curriculum revision
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1950 Survey of the subjects taught in Lake County high schools
More informationheliozoan Zoo flagellated holotrichs peritrichs hypotrichs Euplots, Aspidisca Amoeba Thecamoeba Pleuromonas Bodo, Monosiga
Figures 7 to 16 : brief phenetic classification of microfauna in activated sludge The considered taxonomic hierarchy is : Kingdom: animal Sub kingdom Branch Class Sub class Order Family Genus Sub kingdom
More information'NOTAS"CRITICAS PARA UNA TEDRIA DE M BUROCRACIA ESTATAL * Oscar Oszlak
OVí "^Ox^ OqAÍ"^ Dcument SD-11 \ 'NOTAS"CRTCAS PARA UNA TEDRA DE M BUROCRACA ESTATAL * Oscr Oszlk * El presente dcument que se reprduce pr us exclusv de ls prtcpntes de curss de Prrms de Cpctcón, se h
More informationThe Measurement of Investment Center Managerial Performance Within Selected Diversified Industrial Firms: an Inquiry.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1975 The Measurement of Investment Center Managerial Performance Within Selected Diversified Industrial
More informationResponse Rate, Latency, and Resistance to Change
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-1981 Response Rate, Latency, and Resistance to Change Stephen Joseph Fath Western Michigan University Follow this and additional
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 8-K. Farmer Bros. Co.
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationTHE EFFECT Of SUSPENSION CASTING ON THE HOT WORKABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A IS I TYPE STAINLESS STEEL
THE EFFECT Of SUSPENSION CASTING ON THE HOT WORKABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A IS I TYPE 3 1 0 STAINLESS STEEL A LISTAIR GEORGE SANGSTER FORBES A D i s s e r t a t i o n s u b m i tte d t o th
More informationINTERIM MANAGEMENT REPORT FIRST HALF OF 2018
INTERIM MANAGEMENT REPORT FIRST HALF OF 2018 F r e e t r a n s l a t ion f r o m t h e o r ig ina l in S p a n is h. I n t h e e v e n t o f d i s c r e p a n c y, t h e Sp a n i s h - la n g u a g e v
More informationCompulsory Continuing Education for Certified Public Accountants: a Model Program for the State of Louisiana.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1975 Compulsory Continuing Education for Certified Public Accountants: a Model Program for the State
More informationThe Ind ian Mynah b ird is no t fro m Vanuat u. It w as b ro ug ht here fro m overseas and is now causing lo t s o f p ro b lem s.
The Ind ian Mynah b ird is no t fro m Vanuat u. It w as b ro ug ht here fro m overseas and is now causing lo t s o f p ro b lem s. Mynah b ird s p ush out nat ive b ird s, com p et ing for food and p laces
More informationDistributive Justice, Injustice and Beyond Justice: The Difference from Principle to Reality between Karl Marx and John Rawls
W CP 2 0 0 8 P ro c e e d in g s V o l.5 0 S o cia l a n d P o litic a l P h ilo s o p h y Distributive Justice, Injustice and Beyond Justice: The Difference from Principle to Reality between Karl Marx
More information1980 Annual Report / FEDERAL R ESER V E BA N K OF RICHMOND. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank of St.
1980 Annual Report / FEDERAL R ESER V E BA N K OF RICHMOND IS S N 0164-0798 L IB R A R Y OK C O N G R E SS C A T A L O G C A R D N U M B E R : 16-72o4 Additional <
More informationJoh n L a w r e n c e, w ho is on sta ff at S ain t H ill, w r ite s :
Minor Issue 168 S C I E N T O L O G Y A N D C H I L D R E N T h e r e a r e at p r e s e n t no b o o k s a v a ila b le on th e su b je c t of te a c h in g S c ie n to lo g y to c h ild r e n. A s th
More informationI N A C O M P L E X W O R L D
IS L A M I C E C O N O M I C S I N A C O M P L E X W O R L D E x p l o r a t i o n s i n A g-b eanste d S i m u l a t i o n S a m i A l-s u w a i l e m 1 4 2 9 H 2 0 0 8 I s l a m i c D e v e l o p m e
More informationI n t e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t r o n i c J o u r n a l o f E l e m e n t a r y E.7 d u, c ai ts is ou n e, 1 V3 1o-2 l6, I n t h i s a r t
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t r o n i c J o ue rlne am l e not fa r y E d u c a t i o n, 2 0 1 4, 1 37-2 ( 16 ). H o w R e a d i n g V o l u m e A f f e c t s b o t h R e a d i n g F l u e n c y
More informationINCOME TAXES IN ALONG-TERMMACROECONOMETRIC FORECASTING MODEL. Stephen H. Pollock
INCOME TAXES IN ALONG-TERMMACROECONOMETRIC FORECASTING MODEL. by Stephen H. Pollock Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of
More informationA new ThermicSol product
A new ThermicSol product Double-Faced Thermo-Electric Solar-Panel TD/PV & Solar Tracker & Rotation Device An EU-patent protected product TP4-referens.pdf D o y o u w a n t to c o n v e rt it i n to G re
More informationA Study of Protein-A of Staphylococcus Aureus of Bovine Origin.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 A Study of Protein-A of Staphylococcus Aureus of Bovine Origin. Joseph Woodrow Pankey Jr Louisiana
More informationSub: Filing of Reconciliation of share capital for the quarter ended September 30, 2018
I N D I A Tl F in an c ial H o ld in g s L im ite d (F o rm e rly k n o w n as T u b e In v e s tm e n ts o f In d ia L im ite d ) Dare House, 234, N.S.C. Bose Road, Chennai 600 001, India Tel: 91.44.4217
More informationFuture Self-Guides. E,.?, :0-..-.,0 Q., 5...q ',D5', 4,] 1-}., d-'.4.., _. ZoltAn Dbrnyei Introduction. u u rt 5,4) ,-,4, a. a aci,, u 4.
te SelfGi ZltAn Dbnyei Intdtin ; ) Q) 4 t? ) t _ 4 73 y S _ E _ p p 4 t t 4) 1_ ::_ J 1 `i () L VI O I4 " " 1 D 4 L e Q) 1 k) QJ 7 j ZS _Le t 1 ej!2 i1 L 77 7 G (4) 4 6 t (1 ;7 bb F) t f; n (i M Q) 7S
More informationChemical Treatment of a Dispersive Clay Reservoir
Chemical Treatment of a Dispersive Clay Reservoir Traitement Chimique d'un Reservoir Constitue d'argile Dispersive 12/45 F. von M. WAGENER Director, Jones & Wegener Inc. Johannesburg, South Africa H.J.
More informationObsidian hydration dating of naturally worked sediments in the Yellowstone region, Montana and Wyoming by Kenneth Donald Adams
MONTANA ~ STATE UNIVERSITY Obsidian hydration dating of naturally worked sediments in the Yellowstone region, Montana and Wyoming by Kenneth Donald Adams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
More informationI M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o
I M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o u l d a l w a y s b e t a k e n, i n c l u d f o l
More informationP a g e 3 6 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 3 6 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 p r o t e c t h um a n h e a l t h a n d p r o p e r t y fr om t h e d a n g e rs i n h e r e n t i n m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s s u c h a s a q u a r r y. J
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, DC FORM 8-K. Current Report
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, DC 20549 FORM 8-K Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationA Comparison of the Early Social Behavior of Twins and Singletons.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 A Comparison of the Early Social Behavior of Twins and Singletons. Randall Louis Lemoine Louisiana
More informationUse precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST D
Lesson eight What are characteristics of chemical reactions? Science Constructing Explanations, Engaging in Argument and Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Reading
More informationTwo Movements for String Quartet
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1985 Two Movements for String Quartet Jeffrey L. Hunter The University
More informationshhgs@wgqqh.com chinapub 2002 7 Bruc Eckl 1000 7 Bruc Eckl 1000 Th gnsis of th computr rvolution was in a machin. Th gnsis of our programming languags thus tnds to look lik that Bruc machin. 10 7 www.wgqqh.com/shhgs/tij.html
More informationCountry Report Government (Part I) Due: November 14, 2017
Country Report Government (Part I) Due: November 14, 2017 o The government has a total of three sections: government, flag, and national anthem. You will start by researching your government. o Step 1:
More information7.2 P rodu c t L oad/u nload Sy stem s
7.2 P rodu c t L oad/u nload Sy stem s The 10" or 12" augers, or the 10" conveyor are high capacity load/unload systems with hydraulic controls to manoeuvre and operate. The hydraulic assist allows the
More informationF O R M T H R E E K enya C ertificate of Secondary E ducation
N a m e : A d m. N o...... D a t e : C la ss:.... 565/1 FO R M 3 B U S I N E S S S T U D I E S P A P E R 1 T I M E : 2 H O U R S T R I A L 6 2 0 1 8 FO R M 3 B U S I N E S S S T U D I E S P A P E R 1 T
More informationModel Checking. Automated Verification of Computational Systems
Model Checking Automated Verification of Computational Systems Madhavan Mukund T h e A C M T u r in g A w a r d fo r 2 0 0 7 w a s a w a r d e d t o C la r k e, E m e r s o n a n d S ifa k is fo r t h
More informationMONTHLY REVIEW. f C r e d i t a n d B u s i n e s s C o n d i t i o n s F E D E R A L R E S E R V E B A N K O F N E W Y O R K MONEY MARKET IN JUNE
MONTHLY REVIEW O f C r e d i t a n d B u s i n e s s C o n d i t i o n s F E D E R A L R E S E R V E B A N K O F N E W Y O R K V o l u m e 38 J U L Y 1956 No. 7 P re s su re s o n m e m b e r b a n k re
More informationA Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1981 A Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children Jane C. Coe-Kruse Western Michigan University
More informationST 602 ST 606 ST 7100
R e s to n Preserve Ct P r e s e rve Seneca Rd S h e r m a n ST 193 B2 Georgetown Pike B6 B8 Aiden Run Ct B9 Autumn Mist Ln B12 B11 B16 B15 B13 B17 Shain Ct B19 B21 B26 B24 B23 N o r th fa lls B28 B27
More informationTh e E u r o p e a n M ig r a t io n N e t w o r k ( E M N )
Th e E u r o p e a n M ig r a t io n N e t w o r k ( E M N ) H E.R E T h em at ic W o r k sh o p an d Fin al C o n fer en ce 1 0-1 2 Ju n e, R agu sa, It aly D avid R eisen zein IO M V ien n a Foto: Monika
More informationT H E ' B R I T M E f f B 'l T A R Y D O C U M E N T S U P P l Y C E N T R E
T H E ' B R I T M E f f B 'l T A R Y D O C U M E N T S U P P l Y C E N T R E y \ ( A. p \ - W e r e g r e t t h a t th is v o lu m e is u n s u ita b le f o r film in g a n d w e a r e, t h e r e f o r
More information