Prekrivalne dvojne zvezde
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1 Prekrivalne dvojne zvezde aa == /+/ RROO M M11== /+/ M M22== /+/ RR11 == /+/ RR22 == /+/ TT11 == /+/ KK razdalja: razdalja: Ro Ro Ro Ro M Moo M Moo TT22 == /+/ KK /+/- 33 pc pc /+/- 44 pc pc Asiago/GAIA Asiago/GAIA Hipparcos Hipparcos
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4 Magnitude navidezna magnituda majhne spremembe magnitude spreminjanje magnitude z razdaljo absolutna magnituda barvni filtri
5 Barve in temperature zvezd
6 Barvni filtri: UBVRIJKLMN
7 Magnitude: izbruh supernove v M51
8 Magnitude: izbruh supernove v M51
9 Barve zvezd ozvezdje Orion
10 Barve in temperature zvezd Sonce: Teff = 5780 K, log Teff = 3,762, B-V =
11 Barve in temperature zvezd
12 Hertzsprung Russelov (HR) diagram
13 Hertzsprung Russelov (HR) diagram
14 Zvezdne kopice* Enotne populacije zvezd: zvezde so bile rojene (skoraj) hkrati in iz istega oblaka, torej imajo isto starost in kemično sestavo Odprte (razsute) kopice: vsebujejo zvezd nepravilnih oblik Kroglaste kopice: tisoč - milijon zvezd kroglasta osrednja zgostitev * ta in naslednjih 21 prosojnic je povzetih po predavanju o zvezdnih populacijah dr. Michaela L. Balogha z Univerze v Waterlooju, Ontario, Kanada (
15 Galaksije vsebujejo milijarde zvezd zvezde so različne starosti in kemične sestave
16 Zvezdni sistemi Jate galaksij: nekaj deset galaksij, ki krožijo ena okoli druge (so gravitacijsko vezane) ~5x105 pc Superjate galaksij: Tisoči galaksij, bilijoni zvezd Največje vezane strukture v Vesolju ~2x106 pc
17 Kroglaste kopice Mostly found in the halo of the Milky Way Globular clusters: Concentrated around the Galactic centre In fact their spatial distribution was first used to identify the centre of the Galaxy Open clusters Odprte kopice Večinoma jih najdemo v disku Galaksije
18 Pregled: razvoj zvezd Glavna veja: v jedru se spaja vodik Veja rdečih orjakinj: spajanje vodika v lupini Vodoravna veja: v jedru se spaja helij Asimptotska veja rdečih orjakinj: spajanje helija (in vodika) v lupinah, okrog jedra iz ogljika in kisika, ki ga podpira tlak degeneriranih elektronov
19 Izohrone in razvojne sledi Za dano maso lahko gledamo, kako se položaj razvija s časom Za skupino zvezd s porazdelitvijo mas lahko narišemo, kje bodo ob določenem času: tem črtam pravimo izohrone. log10 (age/yr) Modeli za različne mase Modeli za različne starosti
20 Populacije ene starosti Bližnje zvezde vseh starosti Kopica zvezd, ki so vse nastale hkrati
21 Zvezdne kopice Barvno magnitudni diagram kopice vsebuje informacije o starosti in kemični sestavi kopice. Razvojne poti zvezd različnih mas RGB HB MS
22 Zvezdne kopice Barvno magnitudni diagram kopice vsebuje informacije o starosti in kemični sestavi kopice. Izohrone za zvezde dane starosti
23 Teoretične izohrone Age Koleno glavne veje (MSTO) je dober indikator starosti kopice.
24 Teoretične izohrone Kovinskost Zvezde z več težkimi elementi (kovinsko bogate) so nekoliko bolj rdeče. Razdalja Magnituda kolena glavne veje je odvisna od razdalje. Barva je odvisna od kovinskosti.
25 Zvezde z več težkimi elementi (kovinsko bogate) so nekoliko bolj rdeče. Teoretične izohrone Kovinskost Zastopanost kisika Razdalja Starost Magnituda kolena glavne veje je odvisna od razdalje. Barva je odvisna od kovinskosti. Koleno glavne veje je dober indikator starosti kopice.
26 Barvno-magnitudni diagrami Mlada kopica: Najbolj vpadljiva struktura je glavna veja. Ni bilo še dovolj časa, da bi zvezde zapustile glavno vejo.
27 Odprte (razsute) kopice Primer: Hiade Spekralni tip B-V Starost, ko zapustijo glavno vejo (109 let) O -0.4 <0.001 B A F G K M 1.6 >100 Barva najsvetlejših zvezd glavne veje je (B-V)~0.1 To ustreza spektralnemu tipu A0.
28 Odprte kopice The ten nearest known open clusters navadno mlade in kovinsko bogate, starost <1 milijarda let večinoma v disku naše Galaksije Ime Starost (Myr) Razdalja (pc) [Fe/H] Collinder Melotte n Melotte Mamajek Melotte Platais Melotte IC Platais Platais
29 Kroglaste kopice 47 Tukana Stare kopice: Le najtemnejše zvezde (majhnih mas) so še na glavni veji. Večina zvezd v barvno-magnitudnem diagramu je v fazah razvoja po glavni veji.
30 NGC 2419 V starih kopicah so svetle modre zvezde na horizontalni veji, medtem ko so rumeno rdeče zvezde orjakinje
31 Kroglaste kopice Za dano kemično sestavo in razdaljo skušamo določiti modelsko starost, ki se najbolje ujema s podatki. Tu so narisane izohrone za starosti 8,10,12,14,16,18 Gyr.
32 Kroglaste kopice Primer: M92 Najboljše ujemanje: starost=14.2 ± 1.2 Gyr. [Fe/H]=-2.31
33 Kroglaste kopice Izohrone za 8,10,12,14,16,18 Gyr. Posamezni grafi so za različne kemične sestave in razdalje.
34 Starost kopic Prilagajanja izohron za različne odprte in kroglaste kopice. Vidimo različne starosti in morfologije HRdiagramov, ki jih kažejo ti objekti.
35 Opazovalne težave
36 Opazovalne težave Neničelna širina kolena glavne veje Obstoj modrih obotavljivk, ki so verjetno dvojne zvezde
37 Spektri zvezd
38 Spektri zvezd: temperatura
39 Spektri zvezd: kemična sestava
40 Spektri zvezd: radialna hitrost
41 Spektri zvezd: projecirana hitrost vrtenja
42 Spektri zvezd temperatura kemična sestava gravitacijski pospešek projekcija hitrosti rotacije resolucijska moč
43 Spektrograf: smer žarka postane odvisna od valovne dolžine svetlobe Če primerjamo spremembo smeri žarkov pri valovnih dolžinah 480 in 650 nm, Potem ko gredo skozi razklonilni element: Pri prizmi sta smeri tipično razmaknjeni za 0,6 stopinje. Pri uklonski mrežici s 1800 režami na milimeter sta smeri tipično razmaknjeni za 20 stopinj.
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45 Osnovna shema
46 Equations (1)
47 Odbojna in transmisijska uklonska mrežica
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49 Boller-Chivensov in echellov spektrograf
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53 Multifiber spectra: arc, flat & object 53
54 RAdialnohitrostni Vesoljski Eksperiment (RAVE)
55 Dvojne zvezde
56 Dvojne zvezde Hipparcos Asiago
57 aa == /+/ RROO M M11 == /+/ M M22 == /+/ M Moo M Moo RR11 == /+/ RR22 == /+/ TT11 TT22 Ro Ro Ro Ro == /+/ == /+/ KK KK M = / Mbol, bol, 11 = / M = / Mbol, bol, 22 = / σrv = 1.5, 2.5 km/sec distance: distance: σhp = mag σvt = 0.10 mag σbt = 0.09 mag /+/- 44 pc pc Hipparcos Hipparcos /+/- 33 pc pc Asiago/GAIA Asiago/GAIA /+/- 22 pc pc Marshall Marshall et etal al..
58 Prekrivalne dvojne zvezde aa == /+/ RROO M M11== /+/ M M22== /+/ RR11 == /+/ RR22 == /+/ TT11 TT22 razdalja: razdalja: Ro Ro Ro Ro /+/- 33 pc pc /+/- 44 pc pc == /+/ == /+/ Asiago/GAIA Asiago/GAIA Hipparcos Hipparcos M Moo M Moo KK KK
59 Zvezda HO Tehtnice
60 Zvezda HO Tehtnice 50 opazovanj, točnost 0,9 m/s
61 drugi drugiplanet planet tretji tretjiplanet planet Zvezda HO Tehtnice prvi prviplanet planet
62 Zvezda HO Tehtnice
63 Zemlji podoben planet obhodna doba 12,9 dneva masa 5 Zemljinih mas polmer ~1,5 Zemljinih polmerov površinska temperatura 0 40 stopinj Celzija
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