Geochemical evolution of the Earth mantel and crust Part 1: Mantle geochemistry
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1 Geochemical evolution of the Earth mantel and crust Part 1: Mantle geochemistry
2 Mantel geochemistry Snæfellsjökull, Iceland Stromboli, Sicily
3 Recommended reading Allègre, J.C. (2008) Isotope Geology, Cambridge University Press, 512. Rollison, H. (2007) Early Earth Systems - A Geochemical Approach, Blackwell Plublishing, 285 White, M.W. (2013) Geochemistry, Wiley-Blackwell, 637 White, M.W. (2015) Isotope Geochemistry, Whiley-Blackwell, 496 Wilson, M. (1991) Igneous Petrogenesis A Global Tectonic Approach, Harper Collins, 466
4 Overview mantle geochemistry Oceanography Plate tectonics Mid-ocean ridge systems Oceanic crust The Earth interior Magma formation in the mantle Basalt types MORB petrogenesis Ocean intraplate volcanism Mantle reservoirs Not all lectures deal with geochemistry and isotope geochemistry!
5 Hypsometric curve HYPSOMETRIC CURVE of Earth is unique in that it is BIMODAL
6 Hypsometric curve
7 The Oceans Ocean Surface Area Water Volume Avg. Depth Max. Depth (million km 2 ) (million km 3 ) (km) (km) Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic
8 Ocean crust Covers about 70% of the Earth's surface Abyssal plains Flat, deep ocean floor Depth may be 3-5 km Sediments bury topography of oceanic crust Deep sea trenches The deepest part of the oceans May exceed m deep Mariana trench and Tonga trench in the Pacific Ocean (subduction zones) - more than m Mid-ocean ridges continuous range of undersea mountains winding through km of the world s oceans Seamounts Undersea volcanic peaks which formed along mid-ocean ridges or over hot spots May be eroded flat on top and called guyots (tablemount) May be ringed by coral reefs called atolls
9 ~14 tectonic plates today
10 Mid-ocean ridge systems
11 Arctic-Atlantic mid-ocean ridge systems Mid Arctic ridge: Gakkel Ridge (1,800 kilometers from Greenland to Siberia) Mid Atlantic ridge Molloy Ridge (west of northern Svalbard) Vestnesa Ridge (west of Svalbard) Knipovich Ridge (~ 73.5 N, 8 E to Fram Strait west of Svalbard) Mohns/Jan Mayen Ridge ~ 73.5 N, 8 E) Kolbeinsey Ridge (North of Iceland to Jan Mayen Island) Reykjanes Ridge (South of Iceland) Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge (south of 53 N) Azores-Gibraltar Ridge South-Central Mid Atlantic Ridge (8 N to the Azores) Bouvet triple junction
12 HR Hovgård or Vestnesa Ridge KR Knipovich Ridge MR Mohn Ridge Kolbeinsey Ridge Jan Mayen Island Reykjanes Ridge
13 Ultraslow: Gakkel ridge spreading rates only 6-13 mm/a
14 Mid-ocean ridge systems ~ 60,000 km long mountain chain interface between lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere responsible for ~ 90% of the Earth's volcanic activity produce 20 km 3 annual output of new crust release about 25 % of the Earth's heat loss
15 Mid-ocean ridge systems
16 Concentration of earthquakes along oceanic trenches and speading ridges
17 Transform faults Drop (m) = K x age(ma) K = 320 Ocean floor cools and becomes heavier with time and sinks into the matle
18 Vema transverse ridge offsets the MAR by 320 km Science 323: p. 1048
19
20 Ocean crust accretion rates cm / years = 1.5 cm/year Lissenberg et al Science 323: p. 1048
21 Deep Sea Drilling In the beginnings.. Mohole Project (AMSOC) deeper drilling never took place
22 Deep Sea Drilling Project first of three international scientific ocean drilling programs that have operated over more than 40 years JOIDES Resolution Glomar Challenger
23 IODP International Ocean Discovery Program Chikyu (jap. Planet Earth ) New drilling method with riser system mud used instead of seawater (mud circulation system) Chikyu can drill more than 7,000 meters below the seafloor in water depths that exceed 2,000 meters
24 Oceanographic research vessels German fleet: Sonne (image) Polarstern Meteor Maria S. Merian
25 Sources of mantle material Dredge samples from oceanic crust Nodules and xenoliths in basalts Kimberlite xenoliths Diamond-bearing pipes blasted up from the mantle carrying xenoliths from depth Ophiolites Slabs of oceanic crust and upper mantle Thrust at subduction zones onto edge of continent
26 Sources of mantle material - ophiolites
27 Mantle rocks: peridotite (green) in basalt lava Melting of peridotite mantle extracts basaltic liquids to form ocean crust, leaving a residue of harzburgite (ol+opx) Lorand et al. (2008) Elements
28 Mantle rocks: fertile vs. refractory mantle 15 Tholeiitic basalt 10 5 Lherzolite (fertile unaltered mantle) Harzburgite (residuum after basalt has been extracted) 0 Dunite wt.% TiO 2 Brown & Mussett (1993) The Inaccessible Earth
29 Major element compositions of the earth s mantle
30 Geochemical/cosmochemical fractionation diagram
31 Geochemical fractionation diagram Intersection at MgO = 36,77% Palme & O Neill (2003)
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