Investigation of Usability as Aggregate of Different Originated Rocks

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS Investigation of Usability as Aggregate of Different Originated Rocks To cite this article: Ebru Bapinar Tuncay et al 2016 IOP

1 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS Investigation of Usability as Aggregate of Different Originated Rocks To cite this article: Ebru Bapinar Tuncay et al 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related content - Investigation of Usability as Industrial Raw Material of Olivine Occurrences: A Case Study from Gelendost - Isparta, Southwestern Turkey Oya Cengiz and Mustafa Kurunluolu - Evalution Model of Website Usability Hanping Zhang - Assessing the usability of the NDCDB checklist with Systematic Usability Scale (SUS) N Z A Halim, S A Sulaiman, K Talib et al. This content was downloaded from IP address on 28/09/2018 at 04:17

2 Investigation of Usability as Aggregate of Different Originated Rocks Ebru Başpınar Tuncay 1, Şemsettin Kılınçarslan 2, Fuzuli Yağmurlu 1 1 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geology Engineering, Isparta, Turkey. 2 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Isparta, Turkey. ebrubaspinar@sdu.edu.tr Abstract. The general properties of aggregate can determine the performance and durability of the concrete. In this study, mineralogical, petrographic, mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the rock samples of different origin (limestone, recrystallized limestone, dolomite, sand and gravel, tephra phonolite, trachybasalt) were determined. Samples were obtained from different origin rocks units and they have been classified in three different sizes of aggregate with crushing and screening method. Grading, classification of particle, loose bulk density, water absorption ratio, flakiness index, coefficient of Los Angeles, resistance to freeze-loosening and alkali-silica reaction of aggregates and organic matter determination has been determined. The rocks have been investigated in compliance with the relevant standards. Trachybasalt and dolomite have higher particle density than other rocks. In addition, strength and flexural strength of these rocks are higher than other rocks. Tephra phonolite has the lowest water absorption rate. At the same time resistance to freeze loosening of Tephraphonolite is lower than the other rocks. Resistance to fragmentation and the resistance to wear of all of rocks are quite high. Sand and gravel, tephra phonolite and trachybasalt are evaluated in terms of alkali-silica reaction. Sand and gravel are more reactive than the other aggregates. Organic matter content of the aggregates is low for the quality of aggregate. Also high correlation between some properties of aggregates was observed. For example, high correlation between compressive strength and flexural strength, water absorption and porosity, resistance to fragmentation and the resistance to ware (Micro-Deval). 1. Introduction Nowadays, rock and concrete are two of the most widely used building material. Rocks are used as construction materials in two ways. One of them is decorative architectural and the other one is natural aggregates which used as raw materials in concrete. Aggregates are granular materials, which are obtained naturally, artificially or as recycled. It is known that mineralogy and properties of the aggregate, which derived from naturally formed bed or crushed rock, significantly affect the strength and stability of concrete. Strength of aggregate has an effect on the strength of concrete, especially in high-strength one (> 50 MPa). Porosity, grade, size distribution, moisture content, shape, surface texture, break strength, modulus of elasticity, impurities of aggregates are important for the technology of concrete. These properties of the aggregate result from mineralogical composition of the host rock or the features of formation [1], (Table 1). Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by Ltd 1

3 In this study, mineralogical, petrographic, mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the rock samples of different origin (limestone, recrystallized limestone, dolomite, sand and gravel, tephra phonolite, trachybasalt) were determined. The rocks have been investigated in compliance with the relevant standards. High correlations between some properties of aggregates were observed. Table 1. Minerals and rocks content of aggregates, based on [2]. Silica Quartz Opal Chalcedony Tridymite Cristobalite Zeolite Mica Silicates Feldspar Ferromagnesian Hornblende Augite Marble Quartzite Slate Gneiss Serpentinite Minerals Clay Illites Kaolins Chlorites Montmorillonites Iron oxide Magnetite Hematite Goethite Imenite limonite Metamorphic rocks Carbonate Calcite Dolomite Sulfate Gypsum Anhydrite Iron sulfide Pyrite Marcasite Pyrrhotite Phyllite Schist Amphibolite Hornfels Granite Syenite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite Pegmatite Felsite Basalt Conglomerate Sandstone Quartzite Greywacke Arkose Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Carbonate Rocks Limestone Dolomite Chert Volcanic glass Obsidian Pumice Tuff Scoria Perlite Pitchstone Claystone, Siltstone, Shale and Argillic 2. Materials and Method Rocks of different origin are used as aggregates in this study. First of all, chemical analyses of all rocks (a total of 24 rocks samples) were performed with ICP-MS method in ACME (Canada) laboratory. Then all the rocks were crushed. These are crushed limestone, crushed recrystallized limestone, crushed dolomite, crushed tephra-phonolite, crushed trachybasalt, sand and gravel. The test methods used to determine the properties of aggregates are reported in Table 2. Table 2. Characteristics and Tests of Aggregate Characteristics Simplified Petrographic Identification Test methods Characteristics [3] Water Absorption Specific Gravity [4] Flatness Index Compressive Strength [5] Los Angeles Abrasion Resistance Flexural Strength [6] Micro-Deval Abrasion Resistance Bulk Density [7] Resistance to freezing and thawing Alkali-Silica Reaction [8] Organic Matter Content Acid Soluble Sulphate [9] Test methods [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] 2

4 3. Results and discussions The chemical components of rocks are given in Table 3. Carbonate rocks are classified according to their rate of calcite and dolomite in Table 2 [16]. K1, K2, K3, K4 rocks are sedimentary ones. Tf and Tb are volcanic rocks (Figure 1). K1 and K2 are called limestone rocks, K4 is called dolomitic limestone based on [16]. According to the total alkalis (K 2 O+Na 2 O wt.%) vs. SiO 2 diagram, Tf rock falls into tephri-phonolite field, while Tb rock falls into trachybasalt field (Figure 1). Rocks and aggregates properties are given Table 4. Figure 1. Total alkalis vs. SiO 2 diagram for the Tf and Tb rocks [17] Table 3. The average value of the chemical analysis of rock samples Chemical Composition (%) K1 K2 K3 Kçt K4 Do Tf Tb SiO Al2O < Fe2O < < MgO CaO Na2O 0.02 < K2O 0.04 < TiO < < P2O < < MnO <0.01 < < Cr2O3 <0.002 < < < Loss on ignition Total K1: Limestone, K2: Recrystallized limestone, K3: Sand and gravel, K4: Dolomite, Tf: Tephra phonolite, Tb: Trachybasalt, Kçt: average chemical composition of limestone [18], Do: average chemical composition of dolomite [18] Calcite Ratio (%) Dolomite Ratio (%) Description >% 95 <% 5 Limestone % % 5-10 Magnesium Limestone % % Dolomitic limestone % % Dolomite limestone <% 10 >% 90 Dolomite 3

5 Table 4. Rocks and aggregates properties Rocks Properties Rocks Tb K4 K3 K2 K1 Tf Specific Gravity (gr/cm 3 ) Dry Unit Weight (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (MPa) Flexural Strength (MPa) Loose Bulk Density Unit (mg/m 3 ) Water Absorption (%) Flatness Index (%) Los Angeles Abrasion Value Abrasion Resistance of Coarse Aggregates (Micro-Deval) value The Resistance to Freezing and Thawing (%) Sulphate Dissolved ın Acid Flexural strength of trachybasalt rocks is the highest compared to the other tested rocks (Table 4). Generally, compressive strength and flexural strength are directly proportional (Figure 2). Density of trachybasalt aggregate is higher than the other tested rocks. In addition, trachybasalt, dolomite, recrystallized limestone and limestone rocks are characterized by high strength. However, tephraphonolite rock (40.83 MPa) is characterized by the least strength in uniaxial compressive strength classification [19]. Figure 2. The relationship between compressive strength and flexural strength in rocks According to the compressive strength and dry unit weight relationship [20], trachybasalt, dolomite, sand and gravel, recrystallized limestone and limestone rocks are semi-heavy building materials, while tephra-phonolites rock is a normal building material. Dolomite and trachybasalt have higher loose bulk density than the other tested rocks because of their high density. The tephraphonolites aggregate has the highest value of water absorption (3.943%), while trachybasalt aggregate has the lowest (0.141%) (see Table 4). Water absorption should be less than 2% for aggregate because water absorption, shrinkage and strength have an effect on durability [21]. This may be related to differences in the crushing and screening process. NaOH solution colour changes were observed for determination of organic matter. The colour of the NaOH solution, which contains limestone 4

aggregates, has become a very slight yellow colour. Yellow is the color change, so it contains a very small amount of organic material but it is not a problem for using in concrete [15].

6 aggregates, has become a very slight yellow colour. Yellow is the color change, so it contains a very small amount of organic material but it is not a problem for using in concrete [15]. Instead for Dolomite, Recrystallized limestone, Sand and gravel, Dolomite, trachybasalt, tephraphonolites aggregates weren t observed colour change in NaOH solution. Based on [8], bars average length changes were observed after 5, 9, 12 and 15 days. Bars that expand more than 0.20% after 15 days are potentially ASR-reactive. Bars that expand between 0.10% and 0.20% include aggregates that are known to be potentially harmful in field performance in [8]. The change of length is 0.016% for tephra-phonolite bars, 0.058% for trachybasalt bars and 0.131% for sand-gravel bars. As a result, sand- gravel aggregates are potentially ASR-reactive. Mobile sulphate, derived from aggregates, which can cause harmful effects in the concrete due to increasing sulphate content in concrete. The acid-soluble sulphate content of the aggregates is lower than 0.2% [9]. Flatness is undesirable more than 40% in crushed stone. It should be less than 50% for sand gravel [11]. High flatness causes the low strength and a reduction in workability. After 500 cycles, maximum Los Angeles abrasion must be less than 30% [22]. According to the criteria in [22], aggregates are highly resistant to fragmentation in this study. The maximum limit is 18% for the Micro-Deval value which is given by NCHRP (The National Cooperative Highway Research Program) [23]. Compressive strength and Los Angeles coefficient are inversely proportional. At the same time Los Angeles coefficient and Micro- Deval coefficient are directly proportional. Figure 3. The relationship between a) Los Angeles coefficient and Micro- Deval coefficient, b) Compressive strength and Los Angeles coefficient Figure 3 shows a linear relationship between compressive strength and Los Angeles coefficient, Micro-Deval coefficient and Los Angeles coefficient. In addition, trachybasalt and dolomite are located in LA15, sand, gravel and limestone is located in LA20, the recrystallized limestone and tephra-phonolites are located in the LA25 category. The thawing and freezing resistance of trachybasalt and dolomite aggregates are higher than the others. Besides this, water absorption ratios are low. Mass loss after freeze thawing of aggregates is <1. Aggregates are extremely durable against freeze thawing and are located in the F1 category in [24]. Trachybasalt and dolomite are more suitable for road, airport, runway concrete in areas where wear resistance is important. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Research Fund of Süleyman Demirel University. Project number: 1806-D-09. References [1] P. K. Mehta, P. J. M. Monteiro, Concrete Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, Third 5

7 Edition 659 pages, McGraw-Hill Education, UK., 2005 [2] ASTM C294-05, Standard Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA., 2005 [3] TS EN 932-3, Tests for general properties of aggregates -Part 3: Procedure and terminology for simplified petrographic description, Turkish Standard Institute, 1997 [4] TS 699, Methods of Testing for Natural Building Stones, Turkish Standard Institute, 2009 [5] TS EN 1926, Natural stone test methods- Determination of compressive strength, Turkish Standard Institute, 2007 [6] TS EN 12372, Natural stone test methods- Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load, Turkish Standard Institute, Turkey, [7] TS EN , Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates -Part 3: Determination of loose bulk density and voids, Turkish Standard Institute, Turkey, [8] ASTM C , Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of aggregates (mortarbar method), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Concrete and Mineral Aggregates, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA., [9] TS EN , Tests for chemical properties of aggregates -Part 1: Chemical analysis, Turkish Standard Institute, Turkey, 2011 [10] TS EN , Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates - Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption, Turkish Standard Institute, 2002 [11] BS 812, Part 105-1, Testing aggregates, methods for determination of particle shape, Flakiness index, British Standards Institution, [12] TS EN , Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates - Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation, Turkish Standard Institute, 2010 [13] TS EN , Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates - Part 1: Determination of the resistance to ware (Micro- Deval), Turkish Standard Institute, 2002 [14] TS EN , Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates - Part 1: Determination of resistance to freezing and thawing, Turkish Standard Institute, 2001 [15] ASTM C 40-97, Test method for organic ımpurities in fine aggregates for concrete, Annual Books of ASTM Standards Designation, C 40-97, 04.01, 22-23, [16] R. L. Folk, Practical Petrographie Classification of Limestones, A.A.P.G. Bull., 43, 1-38, [17] M. J. Le Bas, R. W. Le Maitre, A. Streckeisen and B. Zanettin A Chemical Classification of Volcanic Rocks Based on Total Alkali-Silica Diagram,. J. Petrol. 27, , [18] S. J. Boggs, Principals of sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Merill Publ. Co., [19] D. U. Deere, R.P. Miller, Classification and indeks properties of intact rock, Tech. Report AFWLTR , AF Special Weapons Center, Kirkland Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1966 [20] M. Venuat, Du Beton Mousse au Beton de Polymeres, Cah., Tech., du Bafiment, No:52, Mai, Paris, France, 1983 [21] ASTM C 33-81, Standard specifications for concrete aggregates, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA., 1986 [22] ASTM C , Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregates by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA., 1992 [23] Y. Wu, F. Parker and K. Kandhal, Aggregate Toughness/Abrasion Resistance and Durability/Soundness Tests Related to Asphalt Concrete Performance in Pavements, NCAT Report National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, Alabama, 2004 [24] TS 706 EN A1, Aggregates for concrete, Turkish Standard Institute,

Aggregates for Concrete

Aggregates for Concrete Fine Aggregate Sand and/or crushed stone < 5 mm (0.2 in.) F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate Coarse Aggregate Gravel and crushed stone 5 mm (0.2 in.) typically between