Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs Petrophysics Lecture 6 Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks

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3 Formation Factor

4 F R R o w a m From: Keelan, D.: "Special Core Analysis," Core Laboratories Report (1982).

5 From: Jorden, J.R. and Campbell, F.L.: Well Logging Electric and Acoustic Logging, SPE Monograph Series, 10 (1986), Richardson, TX.

6 From: Jorden, J.R. and Campbell, F.L.: Well Logging Electric and Acoustic Logging, SPE Monograph Series, 10 (1986), Richardson, TX.

7 From: Wyllie, M.R.J. and Gregory, A.R.: "Formation Factors of Unconsolidated Porous Media: Influence of Particle Shape and Effect of Cementation," Trans. AIME (1953) 198,

8 Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index

9 I R R t o S n w From: Jorden, J.R. and Campbell, F.L.: Well Logging Electric and Acoustic Logging, SPE Monograph Series, 10 (1986), Richardson, TX.

10 I R R t o S n w From: Jorden, J.R. and Campbell, F.L.: Well Logging Electric and Acoustic Logging, SPE Monograph Series, 10 (1986), Richardson, TX.

11 I R R t o S n w From: Keelan, D.: "Special Core Analysis," Core Laboratories Report (1982).

12 Formation Evaluation Historical Events and an Overview of Practices

13 Developments In Well Logging (1/2) 1846 First temperature log by Lord Kelvin 1883 Single electrode resistivity log patented by Fred Brown 1912 First surface resistivity survey (Conrad Schlumberger) 1927 First multi-electrode electrical survey in a wellbore (in France) 1929 First electrical survey in California (also Venezuela, Russia, India) 1931 First SP log, first sidewall core gun 1932 First deviation survey, first bullet perforator 1933 First commercial temperature log 1936 First SP dipmeter 1937 First electrical log in Canada (for gold in Ontario) 1938 First gamma ray log, first neutron log 1939 First electrical log in Alberta 1941 Archie's Laws published, first caliper log 1945 First commercial neutron log 1947 First resistivity dipmeter, first induction log described 1948 First microlog, first shaped charge perforator 1948 Rw from SP published 1949 First laterolog First Well Log Schlumberger 1927 (France) From: Crain, E.R.: "Developments in Well Logging," (

14 Developments In Well Logging (2/2) 1952 First microlaterolog 1954 Added caliper to microlog 1956 First commercial induction log, nuclear magnetic log described 1957 First sonic log, first density log 1960 First sidewall neutron log (scaled in porosity units) 1960 First thermal decay time log 1961 First digitized dipmeter log 1962 First compensated density log (scaled in density/porosity units) 1962 First computer aided log analysis, first logarithmic resistivity scale 1963 First transmission of log images by telecopier (predecessor to FAX) 1964 First measurement while drilling logs described 1965 First commercial digital recording of log data 1966 First compensated neutron log 1969 First experimental PE curve on density log 1971 First extraterrestrial temperature log Apollo First desktop computer aided log analysis system LOG/MATE 1977 First computerized logging truck 1982 First use of to transmit data via ARPaNet (predecessor to Internet) 1983 First transmission of log data by satellite from wellsite to computer center 1985 First resistivity microscanner. From: Crain, E.R.: "Developments in Well Logging," (

15 Orientation to Practice/Reservoir Scales How are well logs taken? Scales? Discussion: Orientation to Practice/Reservoir Scales Schematic explains wireline log acquisition approach. Reservoir scales at least 12 orders of magnitude (1x10 12 ). From: Course Notes (Thomas Engler, New Mexico Tech).

16 Depth of Investigation (Logging Tools) Discussion: Depth of Investigation (Logging Tools) Clearly a trade-off in resolution and depth of investigation. "Depth-averaging" of measurements can be significant. (Source of image is unknown)

17 Common Well Logs and What They Measure From: Schroeder, F.W.: "An Introduction to the Hunt for Oil," AAPG Visiting Geoscientist Program short course (2011). [

18 Water Resistivity Correlations From: Pirson, S. J.: Elements of Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, (1950). Composite curves of connate water resistivities vs. salinity in parts per million by weight. Resistivity of NaCl aqueous solutions (R w ) as a function of salinity (ppm) and temperature. (Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation) From: Pirson, S. J.; 1963: "Handbook of well log analysis for oil and gas formation evaluation," Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs. Discussion: Water Resistivity Correlations Water salinity correlations with resistivity. Pirson correlation on left, Schlumberger correlation on right.

19 Discussion: Archie Saturation Relation Very simple formulation. Generally valid for "clean sands." From: Dan Krygowski: "Archie, Hingle, and Pickett: Determining fluid saturation for fun and profit " (

20 Formation Factor Pirson Concepts (Porosity/Saturation) n ~ 2 (per Archie) n ~ 1.8 n ~ 1.8 Formation factor (F) versus porosity (percent), for various reservoir characters or cementation classes. Connate-water saturation vs. resistivity ratios. Curve 1 is a composite of data from Wycoff, Leverett, Jakosky, and Martin; curve 2 is for brine-air displacement results of Morse et al., on artificially consolidated sands; curve 3 is for brine-oil displacement results. Discussion: Formation Factor Example Pirson provides an interpretation of the F vs. configuration. Also shows the confirmation of Archie saturation concept. From: Pirson, S. J.: Elements of Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, (1950).

21 Formation Factor Keelan Example Cases F vs. Shannon Sand Example validates Archie observation (1.6 < m < 2.2). I vs. S w Shannon Sand Example somewhat violates Archie observation (shaly sand case). Discussion: Shannon Field Examples F vs. behavior is consistent with Archie observations. I vs. S w indicates a "shaly sand" (deviates from Archie lines). From: From: Keelan, Dare K. and D.C. McGinley, 1979, Application of Cation Exchange Capacity in a Study of the Shannon Sand of Wyoming Trans., SPWLA (June 1979).

22 Formation Factor/Porosity Relations for Shaly Sands (Self-Study for your reference)

23 (Formation Factor/Porosity Relations for Shaly Sands)

24 (Formation Factor/Porosity Relations for Shaly Sands)

25 (Formation Factor/Porosity Relations for Shaly Sands)

26 Saturation/Resistivity Index Relations for Shaly Sands (Self-Study for your reference)

27 (Saturation/Resistivity Index Relations for Shaly Sands)

28 (Saturation/Resistivity Index Relations for Shaly Sands)

29 (Saturation/Resistivity Index Relations for Shaly Sands)

30 Archie Concepts (Self-Study for your reference)

31 From: Archie, G.E.: "Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics," Trans. AIME (1942) 146, (Archie Concepts)

32 From: Archie, G.E.: "Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks," Bull., AAPG (1950) 34, (Archie Concepts)

33 Additional Comments (Self-Study for your reference)

34 (Additional Comments)