Project organizer: Dr. Kjell Arne Johanson, Entomology Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE Stockholm, Sweden.

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1 Research proposal: Biogeographical studies of Gondwana freshwater insects The role of the Tanzanian Eastern Arc mountains as a potential faunal link between northern and southern Gondwana biogeographical regions. Project organizer: Dr. Kjell Arne Johanson, Entomology Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE Stockholm, Sweden. Project associate and responsible for field work: Dr. Bruno Nyundo, University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Abstract The project is designed as an initiative for extensive exploration of the role of the Tanzanian Eastern Arc mts. as a potential link between the southern (New Zealand, New Caledonia, Australia, Patagonia) and northern (Madagascar, Africa, Seychelles, India) Gondwana freshwater fauna within a biogeographical perspective. A preliminary collecting program for the freshwater insect group caddisflies (Trichoptera) is applied collecting permit for. The collecting program is planned carried out in periods between September 2006 and September Caddisflies are ideal for studying biodiversity and biogeographical patterns as they reflect very well faunas of stabile environmental freshwater regimes and are not so strongly affected by climatic oscillations over time. Water masses act as environmental buffers and can hold a large variety of ancient as well as recent faunas. This makes the caddisflies ideal in studies of both the old and also recently dispersed fauna. Due to ecological requirements by the larvae, the species of many groups also hold the potential as bioindicators for water quality. The designed project Biogeographical studies of Gondwana freshwater insects aims to collect, identify, label, and describe caddisfly taxa in order to make available data for analyzing the phylogenetic and biogeographical relationship between species in the northern and southern Gondwana biogeographical regions and surrounding areas, i.e. the Palaearctic and remaining Oriental regions. Accumulated knowledge on the species of the area will strongly add biodiversity data available for local management of natural areas. This project is initially planned and set up for preliminary studies for subsequent evaluation of scientific potential. Hopefully, the outcome will give adequate information about the freshwater fauna of the area Eastern Arc, difficulties and potentials related to investing further scientific resources required in developing the project, collaboration opportunities in future surveys, and exchange of intellectual resources.

2 Introduction Biodiversity research aims at documenting the variety of life in all forms, levels and combinations (IUCN, UNEP and WWF). Taxonomy deals with exploring and describing biodiversity, through scientific analysis and on heuristic organization of biodiversity data (CETAF 2004). Biogeography is spatial distribution of organisms which dynamics can be analyzed both spatially and temporally (Cox & Moore 2000). An important prerequisite for this is extensive natural history collections serving as authority files, specimen banks, data sources and voucher depositories. Rather than being inert accumulations of isolated objects, such collections are dynamic research tools continuously providing raw data for the scientific exploration of the world biodiversity (Thorman & Pape 2002). Society's demand for biodiversity and historical biogeographical information is greater than ever (Wilson 2000), yet we are still dragging alarmingly behind in even the most basic discipline: inventorying the biota upon which we are entirely dependent (Hammond 1992). With phenomena like increased extinction rates, nature degradation and global warming being of still more concern to society, much is in favor of anticipating the first century of our new millennium to become the 'century of the environment' (Wilson 1998). Taxonomic research is continually increasing the value of scientific collections, and their subsequent power and capacity as a tool for new studies. The collections and scientific profile at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM) are utilized in a broad spectrum of scientific investigations, especially taxonomicsystematic research, not only by the museum's own staff but by numerous scientists around the world. Each year NRM has about 400 visiting scientists investing a total of more than 2000 days, and scientific specimens are sent out in about 500 separate loans. The annual scientific output from these activities is considerable. Our active partnership within the EU-funded Major Research Infrastructure (SYNTHESYS), and our status as national node for the Global Biodiversity Facility, GBIF, (node funded by the Swedish research council) as well as for the European Network for Biodiversity Information (ENBI) consortium all indicate significant capacity and serious commitment. Availability is a key word in NRM's collection management protocols, which besides routine labeling include digital registration and online dissemination of data. Our museum manages to digitally register specimens at a rate just above the average accession rate, and a total of more than one million specimens are currently databased. Of these, one third are available online, some of the most precious, like animals and plant specimens studied by Linnaeus even with full digital images ( Caddisflies (Trichoptera) is a moderately large group of holometabolous insects found in all biogeographical regions. More than 12,000 species have been described and largest numbers of species are recorded from tropical and subtropical areas. The Trichoptera are characteristic in having aquatic larvae building cases from small stone- or plant- particles found on the substrate. Larvae are detrivores or carnivores. The adults are moderately sized, mostly grayish-brown insects having nocturnal flight activity. They rarely eat as adults due to reduction of their mouthparts. 77 species of Trichoptera have been described from Madagascar (but see Johanson & Oláh 2006). In all 951 species have been described from Africa south of Sahara, with 122 originally described from

3 South Africa, 81 from Tanzania (50 endemic), and 11 from the Seychelles Islands. But the figure for Tanzania is not fair because the fauna has not been systematically investigated. Caddisflies in Tanzania In all 81 species of caddisflies have been recorded from Tanzania (Appendix 1). This represents 0.7 of the World Trichoptera fauna, and 8.3% of the Afrotropical Trichoptera fauna. The 81 species are classified into 12 families and 30 genera. Only 3 of the families have been carefully investigated: the micro caddisflies (Hydroptilidae), the Pisuliidae, and the snail case caddisflies (Helicopsychidae). A predominant number of Tanzanian species have been recorded from Tanga, Morogoro, and Iringa regions due to samplings by the Zoological Museum on Copenhagen (Denmark), and Zoological Museum on Bergen (Norway) back in the early 1980 s and in A more comprehensive sampling of Trichoptera in different regions will most probably result in dramatic increase in number of known Tanzanian Trichoptera, and I expect that approximately 300 species, or 2.5% of the World species, exists there.

4 Literature review The first records of Tanzanian caddisflies were given by Kolbe (1897). He described 2 species, Macronema sansibarica and Dipseudopsis centralis (Hydropsychidae and Dipseudopsidae) based on material collected from Zanzibar and Victoria-Nyansa. These species were, however, later synonymized. With few exceptions, later publications from the area were mostly sporadic and based on collecting by non-trichopterologists. George Ulmer (1908, 1912) based his 2 publications from the area on material collected by Prof. Yngve Sjöstedt (Swedish Museum of Natural History) in the Usambara Mts., Mt. Kilimanjaro, and Mt. Meru in , and by Fülleborn, Vosseler and Janensch in Langenmburg and Usambara Mts. The publication by Kimmins (1957) was based on material collected by R. H. Lowe in The taxonomic paper by János Oláh (1986) was based on material collected in Tanzania in by J. Szunyoghy. More focused collecting of Trichoptera was for the first time initiated by Dr. Michael Stoltze (Museum of Zoology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark), who, based on his own material from various localities in the Eastern Arc from also published a systematic / taxonomic / biogeographic review of the Afrotropical endemic family Pisulidae in Later, I together with colleagues of mine collected in West Usambara Mts. in 1990, resulting in several publications (Andersen & Johanson 1992; Andersen & Kjærandsen 1997; Johanson 1993, 2004; Weaver & Andersen 1995; Wells & Andersen 1995, 1996). Inventories of the southern Gondwana caddisfly fauna is presently carried out, and have resulted in several scientific publications (Johanson 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003). Comprehensive material also from New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, southern China, Laos and Australia is available for implementation into the analysis. The Palaearctic biogeographical region will include Europe, and Sihote Alin area in eastern Russia. A biogeographical analysis of areas from northern and southern Gondwana fragments was performed by me on the family Helicopsychidae (Johanson 1998). This publication was based on findings from the family Helicopsychidae, and included the areas Madagascar, Seychelles, East Africa, North America, South America, the Oriental Region, Europe, East Palaearctic, Australia, New Zealand, India and New Caledonia. This analysis was the first of its kind involving insects and that many areas together, and based on sound cladistic and biogeographical methods.

5 Research problem Overwhelmingly the most important factor in causing major, long-term changes in the pattern of distribution of organisms has been the slow alteration in the geography of the world, known as plate tectonics. Interestingly, biogeographical histories of plants and animals often do not match each other, and with those from geological data. This might be due to different dispersal potential between the different organism groups, and also differences in extinction and sampling error frequencies. According to geological evidence, the northern Gondwana (N South America, Africa, Seychelles and India) and southern Gondwana (New Zealand, New Caledonia, S South America, Australia and New Guinea) separated approximately 135 Myr ago. This major division event is reflected in a summary of animal biogeography, but not in plant biogeography (Sanmartin & Ronquist 2004). According to Sanmartin & Ronquist (2004) insects and non-insects have different biogeographical histories as mirrored in consensus area cladograms of the two groups. The data used by the authors was predominantly based on nonfreshwater insects, with the exception of the older work on Chironomidae by Brundin (1966), as well as more recent work on caddisflies by me (Johanson 1998). No material of caddisflies from Africa is to this date available for this ongoing analysis. Older collections around the world exist but these hold too high age for molecular analysis of relationships. The most recent caddisfly collections from Eastern Arc, and Afrotropical Region in general (except South Africa) are deposited in the Museum of Zoology in Copenhagen, Denmark, and Museum of Zoology in Bergen, Norway. These collections are from early 1980 s and 1990, respectively, i.e years too old for obtaining molecular data. The collecting program of caddisflies in Eastern Arc is not meant for a comprehensive biodiversity, biogeographical or taxonomic analysis of the Eastern Arc, Tanzanian or Afrotropical fauna. The collected taxa will be used within a biogeographically more widely applied concept, being the biogeographical history of the Eastern Arc fauna, and the Eastern Arc as a biogeographical link between northern and southern Gondwana fragments. The material will also have the potential of being basis for future exploration of the mountain areas in order to describe and explain more comprehensively the caddisfly fauna of the Eastern Arc in particular, and Tanzania and East Africa in general. The latter will require a PhD student associated.

6 Objectives Because caddisflies are ideal for studying biogeographical patterns as they reflect very well faunas of stabile environmental freshwater regimes, they are not so strongly affected by climatic oscillations over time. Water masses act as environmental buffers and can hold a large variety of ancient as well as recent faunas. This makes the caddisflies ideal in studies of both the old and also recently dispersed fauna. Due to ecological requirements by the larvae, the species of many groups also hold the potential as bio-indicators for water quality. Since Eastern Arc potentially holds a conglomerate of both older and more recent taxa, sampling the area will generate a wide specter of taxa of crucial value for the analyses. The main objective of the sampling in Eastern Arc is to obtain material to be used in a biogeographical analysis of the relationships between northern and southern Gondwana fragments. In order to fulfill this goal, a serial of sub-goals are defined: o The sampling will be carried out at different localities known to have high diversity of families, genera and species in order to secure a wide specter of data. o The sampling will be carried out by using different traps in order to effectively catch the needed taxa. o The sampling will be spread out in time over 12 months in order to be able to sample taxa with restricted seasonal activity. o In addition to the biogeographical analyses, the material will be evaluated for future projects involving the biodiversity of Eastern Arc caddisflies, both within a taxonomic and systematic context. o Establishing collaboration Tanzanian research institutions for developing future research on caddisflies in Tanzania. o New species will be described and poorly described species will be re-described. o Publish a check-list of Tanzanian caddisflies in the Internet.

7 Methodologies Collecting in Eastern Arc will be performed by use of light traps and Malaise traps. Malaise traps will be placed out on suitable sites and left for several days before taken down. The traps will be well hidden from tracks to prevent people from destroying or stealing the equipment. The traps will all be labeled by essential project information. Light traps will be operated during 2-3 hours immediately after sunset and will generate large numbers of Trichoptera specimens. The light traps, when set up very close to the streams, will be very selective to Trichoptera so that very few other insect groups are collected by accident. All material will be trapped in and conserved in alcohol (about 80%). The samples will be stored in alcohol in Whirl-bags in small plastic containers, and transported to Sweden for sorting, determination, final labeling and subsequent distribution to collaborate institutions in Tanzania. (Please visit or Appendix 2 for more details and illustrations) The material is expected to be collected from a wide range of habitats, like rivers to small streams in open or forested areas. Permanent water bodies are essential for obtaining material, and maps will be frequently used, as will information from local people, in order to detect and evaluate suitable habitats. Malaise traps will be set up across the smaller streams for about 3-14 days before moved to a new site. Light traps will be operated at riverbanks or along streams at different types of localities. All species involved in the study (selected families) will be sequenced and morphologically analyzed for availability for phylogenetic studies being the basis for subsequent biogeographical analyses. The computer programs PAUP 4.0 and MrBayes will be used for the phylogenetic analyses. The biogeographical analyses will be performed with the software DIVA 1.0 and COMPONENT 2.0. Continuous reporting of findings to collaborative partners will be carried out. Evaluation of the results will hopefully form a fruitful basis for more extensive cooperation. Publications on Trichoptera from Tanzania published by me are listed in Appendix 3. A list of collecting sites and localities that have been applied for collecting permit for are given in Appendix 4.

8 Research beneficiaries The primary economic beneficiary of the collecting initiative is Dr. Bruno Nyundo at the University of Dar es Salaam who will conduct the fieldwork in Tanzania. He will receive financial support for coverage of direct costs associated with the sampling activity. He will also get paid for indirect costs. The total estimated budget for 12 months is 4000 USD, including traps collecting permit fees etc. It is stressed that the material sampled is not deposited in the Swedish Museum of Natural History alone, but will be shared between Tanzanian institutions (at University of Dar es Salaam and the National Insect Collection in Arusha). These research institutions/insect collections are intellectual beneficiaries.

9 Bibliography Andersen, T. & Johanson, K. A Caddisflies (Trichoptera) from a mountain rain forest in NE Tanzania. Proceedings of the 7 th International Symposium on Trichoptera: Andersen, T. & Kjærandsen, J Notoernodes inornatus new genus, new species, first Beraeidae (Trichoptera) to be described from the Afrotropical region. Proceedings of the 8 th International Symposium on Trichoptera: 1-5. Brundin, L Transantarctic relationships and their significanse, as evidence by chironomid midges with a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagynae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademins Hanlingar 11: CETAF Consortium of European taxonomic facilities position paper. Biodiversity and Europe: The contribution of taxonomy and the European Taxonomic Facilities. CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Cox, C. B. & Moore, P. D Biogeography. An ecological and evolutionary approach. Sixth ed. Blackwell Science. Hammond, P.M Species inventory. Pp in Groombridge, B. (ed.) Global biodiversity, status of the Earth's living resources. Chapman & Hall. Johanson, K.A New species of Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 (Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae) from East Africa. Annales de Limnologie 29 (2): Johanson, K.A Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the family Helicopsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement 53, 172 pp. Johanson, K. A Phylogenetic and Biogeographical analysis of the New Zealand Helicopsyche von Siebold (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 32: Johanson, K. A A new primitive Helicopsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from Madagascar, with phylogenetic analysis of Afrotropical species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 145: Johanson, K. A Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Helicopha Mosely (Trichoptera: Helicophidae), with description of five new species from New Caledonia. Insect Systematics and Evolution 34: Johanson, K. A Description of Notoernodes stoltzei sp.nov. (Trichoptera: Beraeidae), and of the larva of the genus. Entomological Science 7: Johanson, K. A. & Oláh, J Eleven new Sericostomatoidea species from Madagascar (Trichoptera: Sericostomatoidea: Helicopsychidae, Petrothrincidae, Sericostomatidae). Zootaxa (in press). Kimmins, D. E New and little known species of African Trichoptera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology 6: 1-37 Kolbe, H. J Neuropteriden, Netzflügler Deutch-Ost-Afrikas. In: Deutch-Ost-Afrika 4. Trichoptera, Oláh, J Four new Trichoptera from Tanzania. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 47: Sanmartin, I. & Ronquist, F Southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: Stoltze, M The Afrotropical caddisfly family Pisulidae. Systematics, zoogeography, and biology (Trichoptera: Pisuliidae). Steenstrupia 15: 1-49.

10 Thorman, S. & Pape, T GBIF: Biologisk mångfald i global databas. Miljöforskning 1: [in Swedish] Ulmer, G Trichoptera. In Sjöstedt, Y. (ed): Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen Expedition nach dem Kilimanjaro, dem Meru und dem umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas, , 2 (13): Ulmer, G Trichopteren von Äquatorial-Afrika. Wissenschaftlige Ergebnisse, Deutsche Zentral-Afrikanische Expedition (Zool. II) 6: Weaver, J. S. III & Andersen, T Four new African species of Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae). Aquatic Insects 17: Wells, A. & Andersen, T Tanzanian micro-caddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 138: Wells, A. & Andersen, T Two new Catoxyethira species from Tanzania (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) and a revised key to Tanzanian hydroptilids. Tijdshrift voor Entomologie 139: Wilson, E.O Integrated science and the coming century of the environment. Science 279: Wilson, E.O A global biodiversity map. Science 289: Stockholm, August 9th, 2006 Dr. Kjell Arne Johanson Head of Entomology Department Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, Stockholm, Sweden kjell.arne.johanson@nrm.se Phone: Fax:

11 Appendix 1 Check-list of Tanzanian Trichoptera species in political regions. SPECIES Islands Kagera Mwanza Mara Shinyanga Arusha Kigoma Tanga Dar es Salaam Pwan Lindi Morogoro Singida Tabora Kigoma Rukwa Mbeya Iringa Ruvuma Mtwara Unknown Hydroptilidae 1. Catoxyethira apicospinosa 2. Catoxyethira bombolensis 3. Catoxyethira ciliata 4. Catoxyethira crenulata 5. Catoxyethira crinita 6. Catoxyethira elongata 7. Catoxyethira giboni 8. Catoxyethira incompta 9. Catoxyethira lanceolata 10. Catoxyethira ocellata 11. Catoxyethira ruvuensis 12. Catoxyethira stolzei 13. Dhatrichia cinyra 14. Dhatrichia divergenta 15. Hydroptila cruciata 16. Hydroptila bumbulensis 17. Hydroptila mazumbaiensis 18. Hydroptila morogorensis 19. Hydroptila tannerorum 20. Hydroptila usambarensis 21. Orthotrichia barnardi 22. Orthotrichia bisetula 23. Orthotrichia hydroptiloides 24. Orthotrichia nigrovillosa 25. Orthotrichia scutellata 26. Orthotrichia straeleni 27. Scelotrichia glandulosa 28. Stactobia kaputensis 29. Tangatrichia gracilenta 30. Ugandatrichia dentata 31. Ugandatrichia tanzaniensis Hydropsychidae 32. Aethaloptera dispar 33. Aethaloptera senegalensis 34. Cheumatopsyche afra 35. Cheumatopsyche amboinica 36. Cheumatopsyche dimuta 37. Hydropsyche propinqua 38. Macrostemum capense 39. Polymorphanisus bipunctatus Dipseudopsidae 40. Dipseudopsis bidens 41. Dipseudopsis capensis 42. Dipseudopsis simplex Psychomyiidae 43. Lype afra Ecnomidae 44. Ecnomus deceptor 45. Ecnomus fuscus 46. Ecnomus thomasseti

12 47. Ecnomus ugandanus 48. Psychomyiellodes dentata Philopotamidae 49. Chimarra africana 50. Chimarra szunyoghyi 51. Wormaldia rufiventris Lepidostomatidae 52. Goerodes sjoestedti 53. Lepidostoma hamatum Pisulidae 54. Dyschimus chitae 55. Dyschimus crassus 56. Pisulia albimaculata 57. Pisulia austrina 58. Pisulia gitteae Calamoceratidae 59. Anisocentropus usambarensis Leptoceridae 60. Adicella syriaca 61. Adicella vera 62. Athripsodes fissus 63. Athripsodes sagittatus 64. Oecetis africana 65. Oecetis decora 66. Oecetis virgata 67. Triaenodella clavata 68. Triaenodella elegantula 69. Triaenodella moselyi 70. Triaenodella tanzanica Beraeidae 71. Notoernodes inornatus 72. Notoernodes stoltzei Helicopsychidae 73. Helicopsyche annae 74. Helicopsyche barbata 75. Helicopsyche bifida 76. Helicopsyche jacquemarti 77. Helicopsyche pedunculata 78. Helicopsyche stoltzei 79. Helicopsyche tanzanica 80. Helicopsyche ulugurensis 81. Helicopsyche usambarensis Total

13 Appendix 2 Collecting methods for Trichoptera. The photos (left and below) are taken from a small stream in Koghi Mts, New Caledonia. The Malaise trap visible in the background is about 2 meters long and is set up across the stream. Flying adults will be trapped, and while trying to escape upwards, they will end in a collecting head associated with a sample bottle with alcohol. The collecting head is seen in detail on the picture below. The picture (left) shows a portable light trap that is very effective. It is a circular UV-light bulb of 22W that is powered by a small car battery of 12V. Most of the insects that attracted to the light fall into the open container that holds a small amount of alcohol. In the field, material from Malaise traps and light traps are emptied into whirl bags together with a label indicating the locality and date. These bags can hold few (A) to many (B) individuals. It is important that all, or as much as possible of air bubbles are removed from the bag before closed. Ribbed plastic strips are used to lock the corner so that the whirl bags are not leaking.

14 Appendix 3 List of publications by me involving Tanzanian Trichoptera. Johanson, K.A A catalogue of the caddis flies of East Africa (Insecta, Trichoptera). Steenstrupia 18: Andersen, T. & Johanson, K.A Caddis flies (Trichoptera) from a mountain rain forest in NE Tanzania. Proc. of the 7th International Symposium on Trichoptera.: (Junk, The Hague) Johanson, K.A New species of Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 (Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae) from East Africa. Annales de Limnologie 29 (2): Johanson, K.A World catalog of the Trichoptera family Helicopsychidae (Insecta). Beaufortia 14: Johanson, K.A. & Willassen, E Are the African species of Helicopsyche von Siebold (Insecta: Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) monophyletic? Tropical Zoology 10 (1): Johanson, K.A Zoogeography and diversity of the snail case caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae). Pp in Holzenthal, R. W. and O. S. Flint jr. (eds): Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera Ohio Biological Survey Columbia. Johanson, K.A Descriptions of the larval stages of Helicopsyche tanzanica and Helicopsyche barbata (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae). Pp in Holzenthal, R. W. and O. S. Flint jr. (eds): Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera Ohio Biological Survey Columbia. Johanson, K.A Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the family Helicopsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement 53, 172 pp. Johanson, K. A A new primitive Helicopsyche from Madagascar (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae), with phylogenetic analysis of Afrotropical species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 145: Johanson, K. A Description of Notoernodes stoltzei sp.nov. (Trichoptera: Beraeidae), and of the larva of the genus. Entomological Science 7:

15 Appendix 4 List of localities where priorities will be made and which are applied for collecting permit for. In addition, sampling from mountain localities in Dodoma (the south-eastern part of the region) depending on time availability. Also suitable habitats outside reserves and national park might be considered. The time periods indicated are coarse estimations and can change due to weather situation and availability of localities. Region Area Locality Period No. samples Tanga East and West Usambara Mts - Amani Nature Reserve - Bombole - Mazumbai Forest Reserve Morogoro Uluguru Mts - West Uluguru Forest Reserve - Lupanga - Mwanihana Forest Reserve (above Sanje Village) - Kimboza Iringa Udzungwa Mts - Udzungwa Mts National Park - Chita Forest Reserve (above Chita Village) - Kogogo Forest Reserve (Mufindi) 2-3 weeks 2 weeks 30 2 weeks