Transcription

1 Creation Revelation Robert & Mary Tozier Tel/Fax Hoalii Place, Kapolei, HI

2 Opening Prayer 2

3 THE SCIENCE OF CREATION Lesson Dating the Earth Genesis 1:4-5 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. 3

4 Yom 4

5 Yom What is the meaning of the word day in Genesis 1:5? In Genesis 1:4, God divided, defines the word yom (day) of verse 5 and sets the boundaries for the twenty-four hour day. 5

6 Yom The six days of creation were to be our pattern for labor and rest. EXO 20:9 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: 10 But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work. 11 For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day. 6

7 Yom The days of exodus are literal in reference to Genesis chapter 1. Since God is not bound by time He would have no problem creating the universe and everything in it in a literal six 24 hours days. 7

8 Yom How Long is a Day? [65] [1] 8

9 Yom How Long is a Day? [65] Numeral - a number like 1, 2, and 3. Ordinal - first, second, third, etc.. 9

10 Yom The Light From The Darkness Gen 1:4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. Completing verse 4, God divided (separated) the substance of light [ ore ] from the Darkness, inferring that the earth is rotating on its axis, with a light source on one side. We don t know what that light source is, since the Sun and stars are not yet created. 10

11 Yom Evening and Morning In Genesis 1:5, we see the odd arrangement of the words evening and morning. Gen 1:5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. 11

12 Yom Evening and Morning [94] Schroeder indicates in his book, GENESIS AND THE BIG BANG, the possible meaning of the words for evening and morning is as follows: Evening (Erev) - [M]ixed up; stirred together or disorderly. Morning (Boker) - [D]iscernible; able to be distinguished or orderly. 12

13 Yom Evening and Morning Evening and the Morning suggests a meaning of Disorderly to Orderly. [87; 94] The arrangement of these words suggests the creative act of disorder to order as well as night and day. [87; 94] This may be so, but more importantly, the words translated evening and morning indicates a literal 24-hour day. 13

14 Yom Evening and Morning Day signifies the light time when God did His work. Night signifies the darkness time when God did no work. 14

15 Yom Earth Rotation In Genesis 1:4 and 5 the Earth rotating on its axis can be inferred. Probably, we see here established the cyclical succession of days and nights. The sun and moon are not yet made but there is a source of light on the dayside. 15

16 Yom Earth Rotation That light source may be the same as for the New Heaven and New Earth as described in Isaiah 60 and Revelation 21: ISA 60:19 The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee: but the LORD shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. 20 Thy sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the LORD shall be thine everlasting light. 16

17 Yom Earth Rotation REV 21:1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away. 2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven. 23 And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. 25 there shall be no night there. 17

18 The Dating Game 18

19 The Dating Game The following represents the most technical part of this course and some may find it difficult to fully understand. If you have difficulty with the technical aspects of this presentation, don t worry about it. Be aware that the problems with the various dating methods support a young earth interpretation. 19

20 The Dating Game This lesson should be viewed with the realization that the findings of science are built on its assumptions that the earth and the universe is billions of years old. It is not important that you understand everything in this lesson, only that you realize that that when science says that the earth is old, their old earth findings are based on the assumption that it is old. 20

21 The Dating Game [11] According to Harold R. Booher in his book, ORIGINS, ICONS, AND ILLUSIONS, Exploring the Science and Psychology of Creation and Evolution: Science is unable to say with high confidence how old the earth really is. It may be 10,000 years old, 4.5 billion years old, somewhere in between or something older. It largely depends on the assumptions of the modeler. 21

22 The Dating Game [1] Booher concludes: Both creationist and evolutionist researchers can increase our knowledge of geological history over the past 10,000 years. Neither can tell us for sure how or when the earth was formed. 22

23 The Dating Game [11] Booher also states that the old age claims of radiometric dating vary widely, show consistent old age values, but are subject to much criticism, while radiohalos in Precambrian granite, seem to be unexplainable except by an abrupt recent creation. In general, this is the subject of this lesson. 23

24 The Dating Game [11] Young earth creationists vary in what they propose for the age of the earth between 6,000-14,000 years. In this course we will use the 6,000 year age as our belief, but will also use the geologic (evolutionary) dates for fossils, strata, and etc. when referring to the assumptions of evolutionary science in order to place them in that frame of reference. 24

25 Six Days Has A Biblical Meaning? [94] 25

26 Six Days Has A Biblical Meaning? [94] 26

27 The Dating Game How can we determine the age of the Earth and the universe? What about the scientific proof of Carbon-14 dating? 27

28 Half-Life 28

29 Half-Life Before we proceed, we need to define what halflife means? Consider a new candle. The time it takes for the wax to consume to half the candles height is the half-life of the candle. All radioactive elements have their own half-life, or decay rate. [10;28] 29

30 Half-Life The half-life of C-14 is 5,715 or 5730 years depending on the reference used. [26;27;28;124] Therefore, if a sample has lost exactly half of its Carbon-14 content since death, then the sample would be exactly 5,715 years old. [28;124] [10] 30

31 Half-Life However, the candle illustration represents straight line depletion. The radioactive decay rate is such that each half life consumes half of the remaining radioisotopes. Its like tearing a paper in half and discarding half. [10] Next, the remaining half is torn in half and half discarded, and so on.31

32 Half-Life This diagram shows how uranium (U-238) decays to lead (Pb-206). Creation scientists show this clock can give young ages more logically than old ages. Creation scientists also show that these clocks 32 may not always decay at a constant rate. [10]

33 Carbon-14 33

34 Carbon-14 Ordinary carbon is Carbon-12. Carbon-14 (C-14) dating is used to determine the age of dead organic matter. In order to be dated by Carbon-14, the object must have once been alive. 34

35 FORMATION OF CARBON-14 (C14) [10;42;124] 1. Cosmic rays bombard upper atmosphere Producing moving neutrons. fast 3. These neutrons collide with atmospheric nitrogen atoms Producing Carbon-14 (C14), which is radioactive, and thus 35 will decay over time.

36 Carbon-14 Clock (Life Cycle) [42] Carbon 12 is present in all living matter. It is stable -- not radioactive. Carbon-14 formed in the atmosphere gets freely mixed with the Carbon12 in a well mixed ratio which together with Carbon-12 is cycled through all living matter.36

37 Carbon-14 Clock (Life Cycle) [42] We expect that this ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 for a living leaf will be the same as for a part of your body. The fact that Carbon-14 is being changed back (decaying) to Nitrogen-14 doesn t matter because a living thing is constantly exchanging Carbon with its surroundings. 37

38 Carbon-14 Clock (Life Cycle) [42] Dead matter will no longer cycle Carbon. Carbon-14 being unstable, therefore radioactive, begins to decay in dead matter, changing back to Nitrogen

39 Carbon-14 Clock (Life Cycle) [42;43] The ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 becomes smaller since none is being ingested. We have a Clock that starts ticking the moment that something dies. Scientists use a device called an Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) to measure the decay which supposedly increases 39 accuracy up to 80,000 years.

40 The Theory of Carbon-14 [10;28;42] At the moment of death no more C-14 is ingested. C-14 decreases over time at a constant rate until all C-14 is gone. This C-14 can be interpreted as the age since death. C-14 amount becomes less with time. C-14 C-12 Moment of Death C-14 C-12 Old C-14 C-12 Older C-12 Infinite age The decay rate (half-life) of C-14 is 5,715 years. 40 [10;28;124]

41 The Theory of Carbon-14 [124] 41

42 Problems with Carbon-14 Dating [11] Scientists assume that the amount of C-14 that the atmosphere contains is at the maximum amount. Scientists know that it takes 30,000 years to reach the maximum amount of C-14 to C-12 ratio in the atmosphere. Since they believe the Earth is 4.6 billion years old, they believe the maximum must have been reached billions of years ago. 42

43 Problems with Carbon-14 Dating [11] Since the Earth must be billions of years old, scientists ignore evidence that this maximum has not yet been reached. If the maximum, or equilibrium (steady state), has not yet been reached, their calculations will not work and the method is not valid. 43

44 Problems with Carbon-14 Dating [11] Steady state will be reached when the amount of C-14 being returned to N-14 equals the amount of N-14 being converted to C-14 in the upper atmosphere. If the maximum, or steady state, has not yet been reached, the Earth is less than 30,000 years old! 44

45 Problems with Carbon-14 Dating [11] This barrel with three spigots illustrates the idea of steady state. Rain entering the barrel from the top at a steady rate will cause water in the barrel to rise until the amount leaving the barrel equals the amount going in, achieving 45 steady state.

46 Has Steady State Been Reached? The validity of C-14 dating method depends upon the ratio of C-14 to C-12 being in a equilibrium. [42] Scientific calculations show that it would take 30,000 years from the first time that cosmic rays bombarded the atmosphere for steady state to be reached. [11] Geologists and others believe that the Earth is much older than that, therefore, they believe the Earth is in steady state regarding the C-14/C-12 ratio. They therefore believe they know what the ratio was for all matter before the industrial revolution. 46

47 Has Steady State Been Reached? [11] One problem scientists choose to ignore measurements indicating that steady state has not been reached yet. In fact, measurements taken when this method was discovered indicted that C-14 was entering the system about 12% faster than it was leaving. Therefore, C-14 is still increasing, and not in steady state. More modern measurements support a real difference between rate of production and rate of disintegration of C-14 showing that the system is not yet in balance. 47

48 Has Steady State Been Reached? These measurements would seem to indicate that the system, thus earth, is less than 30,000 years old. The various methods of dating are based on assumptions and cannot be considered proven. 48

49 The RATE Team [26;27] The Institute for Creation Research assembled a group of scientists to study the dating of the age of the earth (The RATE Team {Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth} ). 49

50 Diamonds and Coal [25;26;27;43] Recent studies done between 1997 and 2005, by creation scientists [RATE* Team], show that some C-14 is still present in diamonds and coal. Since diamonds are assumed to be at least a billion years old, and coal is dated at between 34 and 311 million years there should be no Carbon-14 present. The findings of the RATE team conclude that after 100,000 years there should be no detectable C-14 present in either coal or diamonds if they are as old as assumed. 50

51 Diamonds and Coal All diamonds and coal tested showed the presence of C-14. Diamonds have not previously been reported for C-14, since diamonds are assumed to be a billion years old, and should be free from all C-14. [25;26;27] Therefore, the earth must be younger than 100,000 years based on the halflife of C

52 Coal Evidence [26;27] All coal tested showed the same level of C14, whether in the top layer, or at the bottom. This is evidence that the organisms that formed the coal all died at the same time. 52

53 Fossil and diamond Evidence [26;27] Detectable levels of C-14 is found in all levels of fossils throughout the earth, including diamonds. Diamonds are the hardest resisting contamination. substance, This is strong evidence that all were formed at the same time a worldwide flood. 53

54 Fossil and diamond Evidence [43] At the beginning (creation), no C-14 would have been in the atmosphere. If it takes 30,000 years for the maximum amount of C-14 to build up in the atmosphere, and the earth is less than 30,000 years old, then adjustments must be made in the older pre-flood dates. The average C-14 levels found in coal indicated the age to be about 50,000 years, and should be adjusted to about 5,000 years. 54

55 Carbon-14 Method - Not Exact Science [47] Wood taken from growing trees, using the Carbon-14 method, has been dated to be 10,000 years old. A living snail was dated to be 2,300 years old by the Carbon-14 method. The Earth can easily be 6-10 thousand years old instead of 4.6 billion years. 55

56 Radiometric Dating Dating Rocks 56

57 Assumptions of Radiometric Dating [10;11] The system must have been a closed system - no contamination from outside. Is there such a thing in nature? The system must have had a starting point For example, there must have been only Potassium, no Argon, at the beginning of the Potassium-Argon decay series. Can we be sure of that? The decay rate must have been the same over the length of time measured. Are we sure? 57

58 Radiometric Dating The Carbon-14 method is used to date previously living matter, but how do we date rocks? Radiometric dating methods such as Potassium-Argon and Uranium-Lead methods are used to date rocks as well as fossilized material. We will discuss in greater detail the Potassium-Argon method, but the process is the same for the Uranium58 Lead method.

59 Radiometric Dating [10;47] With the Uranium-Lead Method, Uranium (parent) decays to Lead (daughter). A problem with this method is that both Uranium and Lead migrate in shales. Widely diverging results can be obtained from samples from the same location. Neutrino, neutron, or cosmic radiation may alter the rates of radioactive decay according to recent research. 59

60 Radiometric Dating [43] Radioisotope dating is commonly used to date igneous rocks. These are rocks which form when hot, molten material cools and solidifies. Igneous rocks include granite and basalt (lava). Sedimentary rocks, water transported, such as sandstone, shale, and limestone, are where most of the fossils are buried, are not commonly used in radioisotope dating. 60

61 Radiometric Dating [43] The Radioisotope dating clock starts when a rock cools. During the molten state it is assumed that the intense heat will force any gaseous daughter elements like argon to escape. Once the rock cools it is assumed that no more atoms can escape and any daughter element found in a rock will be the result of radioactive decay. 61

62 Radiometric Dating [43] Stephen Austin, PhD geology, and member of the RATE team, had a rock from a newly formed 1986 lava dome from Mount St. Helens dated. Using Potassium-Argon dating, the newly formed rocks gave ages between 0.5 and 2.8 million years. These dates show that significant argon (daughter element) was present when the rock solidified. This shows that you cannot assume that there is no daughter element (argon) 62 present at the beginning.

63 Radiometric Dating [43] Eleven lava samples taken from the 1949, 1954, and 1975 eruptions of Mount Ngauruhoe in New Zealand were tested at the Geochron Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts and returned dates between million years old. 63

64 Radiometric Dating [43] In order to get these dates, sufficient daughter elements must have been present. If we can t get it right with samples of known dates, how can we be sure of samples of unknown dates? The Radioisotope methods are used to date fossils as well as rocks. 64

65 Potassium-Argon Method [10;47] The Potassium-Argon Method is the most popular method for dating rocks. The problem is that we don't know how much Potassium and Argon was in the original sample, nor do we have any way of knowing if the sample was naturally contaminated in nature. Potassium (parent) decays into Argon (daughter) with a half-life of 1.3 billion years. Hawaiian lava flows (rocks), known to be less than 200 years old, have been dated to 3 billion years old by the potassium-argon method. 65

66 Potassium-Argon Method [91] A problem with the Potassium-Argon Method is that potassium dissolves easily in water. Washing of rocks with water could dilute the amount of potassium, causing the rocks to appear much older than they are. Excess Argon gas might have been trapped in the rocks when the molten rock solidified, causing the rock to appear much older, since the assumption would be that the decaying potassium produced the 66 excess argon.

67 Potassium-Argon Method [47] There is no way to be certain that daughter elements were not present in the beginning since these elements are found widely distributed in the earth s crust. Water percolation, heating, and deformation of rocks can cause migration of both daughter and parent atoms. 67

68 The Isochron Method [11;97] An attempt to eliminate errors due to unknown initial conditions in rock samples is the isochron method. Isochron age is determined by plotting linear comparison of dating results of a number of rocks from a single geological unit that are assumed to have formed simultaneously. This method is believed to yield more accurate dates, but this method is still based on unverifiable assumptions. 68

69 The Isochron Method [11;43;97] This method compares parent-daughter ratios using the rubidium-strontium technique. Three or more minerals are obtained from the same rock and analyzed and results plotted on a diagram. The system must have been a closed system, not allowing additional rubidium and strontium, in order to plot. 69

70 The Isochron Method [11;43;97] Acceptance of the dates obtained are whether the dates make sense based on evolutionary assumptions or desired results. This method has been used to date rocks at the Grand Canyon showing that rocks on the top surface to be more than 350 million years older than rocks in the deepest and oldest strata, reinforcing the fact that no dating method is completely reliable. 70

71 The Isochron Method [43] The RATE team found that results from a single sample element tested varied substantially between multiple laboratories in some cases by as much as 500 million years. 71

72 5 Minute Break 72

73 THE SCIENCE OF CREATION Lesson Dating and Assumptions All age dating methods, including those that point to a young earth, are based on unproven assumptions. 73

74 Evidence for Accelerated Decay 74

75 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [25;26;43] The RATE team found evidence for accelerated radioisotope decay in the past, and compared it to diffusion of helium trapped in zircon crystals produced as a by-product of uranium decaying into lead within the crystals. A high level of Helium was found still contained within the zircon crystals. Zircons are tiny crystals found in granite rock. 75

76 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [25;43] Within the zircon crystals, any helium atoms generated by nuclear decay in the distant past should have long ago migrated outward and escaped from these crystals. One would expect the helium gas to eventually diffuse upward out of the ground and then disappear into the atmosphere. To everyone s surprise, however, large amounts of helium have been found trapped inside zircons. The RATE team s tests concluded that over a billion years of nuclear decay occurred recently, between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago.76

77 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [26;27;43] Comparing the diffusion rate of helium leaking from zircon samples to the radioisotope decay rate of the uranium contained within the zircon sample, they discovered that while the helium leakage rate produced an age of 6,000 years, the uranium decay (lead) produced an age for the zircon of 1.5 billion years. The zircon crystals were obtained within mica flakes trapped within granite rock. 77

78 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [26;27] The conclusions of this study suggest that the rate of radioisotope decay for the uranium sample within the zircon had been at an accelerated rate in the past not at a constant rate throughout history as assumed by the secular scientific community. Due to constant leak rate of helium, there should have been no helium present after billions of years. The age of the earth is 6,000 years, not 78 billions.

79 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [26;27] The radioisotope decay rate was not constant throughout history as supposed. The RATE scientists believe that accelerated decay took place at least twice in history, during creation week and during the Flood. It is also known that there are circumstances that can result in changes to the radio isotopic decay rates (half-lives), but science ignores them in their assumptions that the decay rates remained constant throughout history. 79

80 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [11;32] Circumstances that could have reset the atomic clocks are a global catastrophe, such as the flood of Noah, or asteroid strikes ending the Mesozoic era supposedly killing off the dinosaurs. It is interesting to note that, according to Booher, The validity of constant decay rates has been questioned in circles other than creationist. 80

81 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [26;27] The results of these circumstances include small changes in: The nuclear radius. The curvature of the nuclear well wall. The shape of the coulomb barrier. All of these impede the escape of the alpha particle from the nucleus during decay, thus significantly reducing the half-life. 81

82 Evidence for Accelerated Decay [26;27] For a more detailed scientific study of this subject, refer to Dr. Don DeYoung s 2005 book, THOUSANDS NOT BILLIONS. 82

83 Should We Believe The Results of Current Dating Methods? In Australia, wood buried by a basalt lava flow was dated by radiocarbon to be 45,000 years old. The basalt was dated by potassiumargon method to be 45 million years old. [91;11] 83

84 Should We Believe The Results of Current Dating Methods? Why should methods? we believe the dating As we shall soon see, some modern paleontologists massage the numbers until they gets the results that match their assumptions. They ignore anything else. 84

85 Polonium Radio Halos 85

86 Polonium Radio Halos As mentioned earlier, radio halos provide some of the best evidence for a young earth. Let s now look at Polonium Radio Halos that have left their marks in rocks. 86

87 Polonium Radio Halos [10] 87

88 Polonium Radio Halos [10] 88

89 Polonium Radio Halos If the earth s crust is no more than a maximum of a few thousand years old, then the earth is young. We have a young earth. [10] 89

90 Polonium 218 In Mica (Biotite) [34] Polonium-218 is considered the daughter of the decay of Uranium. But, Polonium halos have been found in mica and fluorite without evidence of parents. This confirms that Polonium was present in the original granite of the earth s basement rocks at the 90 beginning.

91 Polonium 218 In Mica (Biotite) [34] These halos should not exist due to their 3-minute halflives. The evolutionist s belief that the earth cooled gradually over millions of years is disproved, pointing to an instantaneous creation. [47] 91

92 Uranium and Polonium Halos [26;27] The Institute for Creation Research s RATE team concluded that Uranium halos and Polonium halos (different decay rates) found in close proximity to each other is evidence that decay rates were not constant in the past as assumed. 92

93 Dating The World s Oldest Man 93

94 Dating The World s Oldest Man [10] Richard Leaky gained worldwide acclaim with his 2.5 million year old skull However, this acclaim was marred by the authoritative suggestion that this fossil skull was not as old as he claimed. Skull 1470 had been dated by the potassium-argon method at Cambridge University. 94

95 Dating The World s Oldest Man [10] The first samples sent to Cambridge returned an average date of 221 million years. 221 million was clearly impossible, so Leaky sent more samples. The new samples from the same skull produced an age of 2.4 million years. 95

96 Dating The World s Oldest Man [10] Subsequent tests using additional samples gave a range of dates from a minimum of 290,000 years to 19.5 million years. The date of 2.5 million years was finally agreed on as that which most reflected the current scientific thinking [assumptions] regards the age of man and of the earth. Clearly, this is evidence for a reprobate mind. 96

97 A Reprobate Mind ROM 1:21 Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. 22 Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools. 28 And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; 97

98 A Reprobate Mind The evolutionist today may indeed be reprobate in his thinking. Because he is unwilling to consider that evolution is a bankrupt theory and consider creation by God, he allows his assumptions of evolution to interpret the data he sees. 98

99 Evidences for a Young Earth 99

100 Evidences for a Young Earth The evidences for a young earth are many and varied. The following are some of the evidences that are ignored by the evolutionist because of their assumptions. 100

101 Helium 101

102 Helium [47;91] Insufficient Helium in the atmosphere indicates that the Earth is young. If the earth were billions of years old we would expect much more helium in the atmosphere. The low concentration of helium in the atmosphere indicates that the earth is young. 102

103 Helium [47;91] Helium is pouring into the atmosphere from radioactive decay of Uranium and Thorium, but not much is escaping. The total amount of helium in the atmosphere is only 1/2000th of that expected if the atmosphere is really billions of years old. Also, so much helium is still in rocks that the earth could not be billions of years old; otherwise more of it would have escaped. The amount of helium in our atmosphere would account for the age of the earth being only 10,000 years old. 103

104 Evidences for a Young Earth [10] Oil Well Fluid Pressures If the earth were billions of years old, the existing pressure found in deep wells would have caused oil to seep out of the formations in which it was trapped. (Cook, 1968). Eroding of the Continents If all the continents are eroding at the present rates over a 14 million years time span (present calculation), then all of the existing continents eroding at the present rates would have been eroded to sea level. (Nevins, 1978).104

105 Evidences for a Young Earth [10;43] Decay of Earth s Magnetic Field Dr. Thomas Barnes, professor at University of Texas El Paso, has noted that calculations recorded over 135 years indicate that the rate of the decay of Earth s magnetic field indicates that the Earth would have been a magnetic star in 8,000 BC. This would have made uninhabitable at that time. the Earth He estimates that it would have taken only thousands of years, not millions or billions for 105 decay to reach its present level.

106 Evidences for a Young Earth Dr. Barnes has successfully refuted various challenges that have been made against his findings. [10] A stronger magnetic field would deflect cosmic rays away from the early earth causing a reduced production of C-14, making older samples appear much older decreasing the C-14 calculations for coal and diamonds from 50,000 to 5,000 years (consistent with formation during the 106 Flood). [26;27]

107 Evidences for a Young Earth Certainly, given the decay rate of the earth s magnetic field, the earth could not be more than 10,000 years old. [91] STRENGTH OF EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD 8000 BC [10] TIME AD 107

108 The Earth and the Moon [47] The rotation of the earth is gradually slowing down due to gravitational drag forces of the Sun, Moon, and other factors. If the earth is billions of years old and has been slowing down uniformly, then its present rotation rate should be zero. The Moon is gradually receding from the earth. If the recession rate has been uniform and the earth is 4.6 billion years old, the Moon should be much further away from the earth than it is now. 108

109 Meteor Strikes [47] If the earth is billions of years old, why do we find meteor strikes only on the surface of the earth and not in the subsurface geologic deposits? 109

110 Population Growth 110

111 Population Growth [47] Today s population is what one would expect if man has been around for 6,000 years. If man has been on earth for millions of years the population should be vastly larger. If the population increase was ½ of 1 percent over one million years, the population should be That is 1 followed by 2,100 zeros. 111

112 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist 112

113 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist Evolution is a religion that many scientists use to design their scientific models to match. They will reject any theory that implies that God may exist. They use circular reasoning to support their theory. When dating fossils, they ignore or disclaim any dating that does not support their theory. 113

114 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist Creation scientists look at the world to determine if there is evidence that it matches their model of creation found in the Biblical account. We are told that God created distinct kinds. That is exactly what we find in the world as well as in the fossil record. 114

115 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist Genesis says that, because of man s wickedness, God sent a worldwide flood. We would expect that we would find billions of fossils buried, and rock layers, laid down by water and catastrophic processes over most of the earth. That is exactly what we do find. 115

116 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist In Genesis chapter 11, we read about the dispersion at the Tower of Babel. We have evidence that all humans are the same kind all can interbreed. We came from the same source all are sons of Adam and we all dispersed from Babel. We are varying shades of the same color. 116

117 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist We are essentially the same race. We did not evolve evolutionary roots. in separate 117

118 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist Interbreeding of separate groups after the dispersion from Babel developed differing family genetic traits. Just as I resemble my father in some ways, so these small groups took on distinctive characteristics. These differences are most pronounced when interbreeding in small groups. 118

119 The Difference Between An Evolutionist And A Creationist The evolutionist and the creationist have built models that represent their assumptions as to the evidence they view. We conclude that the creationist model is the superior model and the evidence supports it. Now, let s look at the way evolutionists and creationists view the data available to us. 119

120 Interpreting Data 120

121 Dating and Assumptions All age dating methods, including those that point to a young earth, are based on unproven assumptions. 121

122 DATA We interpret data based on the assumptions that support our worldview. 122

123 DATA [65] 123

124 DATA [65] 124

125 DATA [65] 125

126 DATA [65] 126

127 DATA [65] 127

128 DATA [65] 128

129 Science According to Luther Sunderland, The original meaning of science was simply knowledge. [101] Man sought knowledge about his world and universe. The modern term science is man s search for knowledge through the testing and falsification of ideas that have been devised to explain various natural phenomena, processes, and facts that he has observed. [101] 129

130 Creationists and Evolutionists Creationist Dr. Jonathan Sarfati observes that: Creationists often appeal to the facts of science to support their view, and evolutionists often appeal to philosophical assumptions from outside science. [91] 130

131 Framework [91] Evolutionists always interpret the facts based on a framework. The framework of the evolutionists is naturalism. They assume that things made themselves without Divine intervention. 131

132 Framework Dr. Sarfati also says that: The debate between creation and evolution is primarily a dispute between two worldviews. [91] 132

133 Framework [101] The evolutionist Dr. Karl Popper says: Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory, but a metaphysical research program a possible framework for testable scientific theories. Metaphysics is not a science, but something akin to a religion. Evolution is faith based. 133

134 Predictions [65] It is possible to make predictions based on untestable unique historical events such as evolution or special creation. 134

135 Predictions [65] 135

136 Predictions [65] 136

137 Opinions [65] 137

138 Faulty Thinking Process Employed By Many Christians [65] 138

139 Faulty Thinking Process Employed By Many Christians [65] Attempts to harmonize the theory of evolution to the Bible takes many forms, including Theistic Evolution, the Day Age theory, the Gap theory, Progressive Creation, and the Framework Hypothesis. 139

140 Theistic Evolution [65] Theistic Evolution - An attempt to harmonize the Bible to the theory of evolution by saying that God used evolution to develop the Universe and man and put His image (spirit) in him when the ape that became man was ready. Major problem - violence and death were in the world before the fall. Many Catholic theologians and liberal Protestants hold this view. 140

141 Day Age Theory [65] The Day Age Theory - This suggests that the six days of creation represent ages, long time periods, rather than literal days. The Day Age Theory dates from the rise of geology in the early 1800s. This theory allows long time periods for each day of Genesis. The advantage of this theory is that it allows geologists the sequence he wants, but ignores the sequence presented by the Bible. 141

142 The Day Age Theory [65] This theory also allows the biologists time for evolution. Problems with the theory include: a) If so, how do the fruit trees created on the third day survive through the long age without the sun, which was created on the fourth day? b) Also the fruit trees depend on pollination by either birds (fifth day) or insects (sixth day). 142

143 The Gap Theory [65] The Gap Theory - This suggests that Genesis 1:2 should read Now the earth became (instead of was) formless and empty. The theory postulates that the original creation came to a sudden and cataclysmic ruin, usually associated with the fall of Lucifer. This gap is considered to be between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. This is said to account for the fossils that we dig up. 143

144 The Gap Theory [65] A major problem with this theory is that while attempting to reconcile evolution to the Bible, and to provide the long time frame, it doesn t address the fact that the theory brings into the universe, and the earth, sin and death before the fall of man in the Biblical narrative. 144

145 Progressive Creation [65] Progressive Creation - This represents the belief that the days of creation in Genesis 1 refer to long ages of death and suffering. The theory believes that creation was progressive, that God created different creatures in different succeeding time frames over many years. A problem with this theory is that it allows death before sin. This is the theory proposed by astronomer Hugh Ross. 145

146 Framework Hypothesis [65] Framework Hypothesis - Attempts to allegorize Scriptures that make reference to facts about the past. Thus, Genesis presents only spiritual implications, not historical or scientific implications. 146

147 The Big Bang Theory [65] The Big Bang theory is used to explain origins, and may be used by some in an attempt to explain time from God's vantage point, while adhering to the 6-day creation from man's vantage point. Problems exist with this theory. 147

148 The Literal Historical Theory [65] The Literal Historical theory is the theory that takes God at His literal word, accepting that catastrophism, such as the Noahic Flood, accounts for what we see in the world today. This is the method we use in this study. 148

149 End of THE SCIENCE OF CREATION Lesson

150 Closing Prayer 150

151 Creation Revelation Robert & Mary Tozier Tel/Fax Hoalii Place, Kapolei, HI