Field Geologists' Manual. AuslfTlfT) Monograph 9 FIFTH EDITION THG MINERALS INSTITUTE. Published by:

Transcription

1 Field Geologists' Manual FIFTH EDITION Monograph 9 AuslfTlfT) THG MINERALS INSTITUTE Published by: THE AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY Ground Floor, 204 Lygon Street, Carlton Victoria 3053 Australia

2 IUGS IUGS Contents 1. Ethics 1.1. PREAMBLE CODE OF ETHICS CODE FOR CONSULTANTS 3 2. Health, Safety and Environment 2.1. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Rock Information 3.1. MINERAL INDEX LIST OF COMMON MINERALS IN ORDER OF DENSITY DESCRIPTION OF HEAVY LIQUIDS CLASSIFICATION OF PLUTONIC ROCKS FIELD SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IUGS SYSTEM BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BY COLOUR AND GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATION OF PYROCLASTIC ROCKS SYSTEM DIAMOND INDICATOR MINERALS (DIMs) METAMORPHIC FACIES DIAGRAM SUMMARY OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERATION, VEINS AND BRECCIA IN ORE SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION OF ARENITES AND TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTS CLASSIFICATION OF CARBONATE SEDIMENTS ROUNDNESS AND SPHERICITY, RELATIVE RESISTANCE TO ABRASIVE ROUNDING, AND PARTICLE SIZE TERMINOLOGY FOR SEDIMENTARY AND PYROCLASTIC PARTICLES BEDDING THICKNESS TERMINOLOGY A GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF GRAINS REGOLITH TERMINOLOGY 71 XXV

3 4 Geochemistry 4.1. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NATURAL ELEMENTS AND COMMON VALUES CONVERSION FACTORS, ELEMENTS TO COMPOUNDS AVERAGE ABUNDANCES OF SELECTED MINOR ELEMENTS RANGE OF ABUNDANCE OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS GEOCHEMICAL SIGNATURE OF MINERAL DEPOSIT TYPES GENERAL NOTES FOR GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING Geological Mapping 5.1. INDEX TO NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1: SCALE MAPS SHOWING MAGNETIC DECLINATION GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE STANDARD MAPPING SYMBOLS GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA SYSTEM AUSTRALIA STANDARD COLOUR SCHEME AND STRATIGRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR GEOLOGICAL MAPS GEOLOGICAL MAP PROJECTIONS ABRIDGED GUIDE TO LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE IN AUSTRALIA CHECK LISTS FOR RECORDING OUTCROP INFORMATION CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDS BY DIP ISOGONS AND BY HINGE SURFACE GRAPH SHOWING ANGLE OF TRUE DIP OR SLOPE, VERTICAL EXAGGERATION, AND EXAGGERATED DIP NOMOGRAM FOR ESTIMATING AREA NOMOGRAM FOR ESTIMATING TRUE WIDTH Mining and Economic Geology 6.1. FIELD CHEMICAL TESTS FOR COMMON ELEMENTS AND MINERAL CLASSES COMMERCIAL ORES TYPICAL STAGES AND METHODS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION BACKGROUND DATA FOR A MINE EVALUATION Engineering Geology 7.1. FIELD GEOTECHNICAL TESTING METHODS LABORATORY GEOTECHNICAL TESTING METHODS STATIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNWEATHERED ROCKS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR UNWEATHERED ROCKS RECOMMENDED ORDER OF DESCRIPTION OF ROCK PROPERTIES 238 xxvi

4 7.6. ROCK WEATHERING CLASSIFICATION ROCK STRENGTH CLASSES BULKING FACTORS FOR EXPANSION OF COMMON ROCK MATERIALS DISCONTINUITY SPACING APERTURE OF DISCONTINUITY SURFACES COMMON DEFECTS IN ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSLIDES ORDER OF DESCRIPTION OF SOILS DESCRIPTION, IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS CALCAREOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCK NOMENCLATURE CONSISTENCY OF SOILS SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT DYNAMIC PENETRATION TEST HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (PERMEABILITY) SUMMARY OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES FOR ALL ROCK TYPES Hydrogeology 8.1. THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS AUSTRALASIAN HYDROGEOLOGY AUTHORITIES APPROXIMATE WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR HOMES AND FARMS INDMILL PUMPING CAPACITY VOLUMES CO RRESPONDING TO STANDARD PIPE SIZES GRAPH SHOWING FLOW FROM VARIOUS DIAMETER PIPES FACTORS FOR CALCULATING VOLUME OF PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL CIRCULAR TANKS CONVERSION FACTORS FOR UNITS OF PRESSURE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PUMPING TEST UNITS CIRCULAR ORIFICE METER DISCHARGE TABLE RECTANGULAR AND VNOTCH WEIR BOARD DISCHARGE TABLE PRESSURE CORRESPONDING TO HEAD OF WATER RECOMMENDED WELL DIAMETERS FOR VARIOUS PUMPING RATES APPROXIMATE AIRLIFT CAPACITIES FOR AIRLIFT PUMPING NOTES ON WATER SAMPLING GUIDELINES FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DRINKING WATER RECOMMENDED STOCK WATER QUALITY RECOMMENDED IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY 280 xxvii

5 MGA94 9 Geophysics 9.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS GRAVITY SURVEYING METHODS AND TABLES MAGNETIC SURVEY METHODS AND TABLES ELECTROMAGNETIC, RESISTIVITY AND INDUCED POLARISATION SURVEY METHODS AND TABLES RADIOMETRIC SURVEYS AND TABLES SEISMIC SURVEY METHODS AND DATA DOWNHOLE SURVEY METHODS AIRBORNE SURVEY METHODS EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY Drilling DETERMINATION OF TRUE WIDTH FROM OBLIQUE DRILL HOLE INTERSECTION CALCULATION OF DRILL HOLE ELEVATIONS AND COORDINATES FROM DOWNHOLE SURVEYS CHECKLISTS FOR DRILL HOLE LOGGING CORE ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES Sampling, Analysis and Quality Control ERRORS IN SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS BEST ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR COMMON METALS/MINERALS/ COMPOUNDS GENERAL PREFERRED SAMPLE MASS NOMOGRAM GRAPHS OF PARTICLE SIZE AND PREFERRED SAMPLE MASS FOR GOLD ASSAYS Reporting REQUIREMENTS FOR MINING COMPANY REPORTS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE AUSTRALASIAN CODE FOR REPORTING OF EXPLORATION RESULTS, MINERAL RESOURCES AND ORE RESERVES (THE JORC CODE) 2004 EDITION Geometric and Surveying Data MINING COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND LOCAL GRID SYSTEMS COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION POSITIONING EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES CLASSICAL SURVEYING EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES CLASSICAL TACHYMETRY (STADIA) SURVEYS COMPASS AND TAPE TRAVERSES 383 xxviii

6 13.7 DIP AND FAULTS PROBLEMS AIRPHOTO SCALE NOMOGRAM AND FORMULA USEFUL MATHEMATICAL (SURVEYING) FORMULAE Mathematical Tables and Conversion Factors TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR METRIC CONVERSION CONVERSION FACTORS, IMPERIAL AND INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS CONVERSION FACTORS FOR FOREIGN, RARE AND OBSOLETE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES COMPARISON TABLE OF USA, TYLER, CANADIAN, BRITISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN STANDARD SIEVE SERIES CONVERSION OF THE AREA OF A ONE MINUTE SQUARE TO SQUARE KILOMETRES AND SQUARE MILES FRACTIONAL SCALES AND IMPERIAL SYSTEM EQUD7ALENTS FRACTIONAL SCALES AND UNIT PLAN AREAS Resources, Templates and Further Reading ADDRESSES OF AUSTRALASIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND UNIVERSITIES WITH GEOSCIENCE DEPARTMENTS SUPPLIERS OF GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND AIR PHOTOGRAPHS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION LOGS (AND INDUSTRY TERMINOLOGY) RADIO ALPHABET (NATO AND AVIATION PHONETIC ALPABET) TIME OF BEGINNING AND END OF DAYLIGHT FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE SEVENTY YEAR CALENDAR FIELD LOGGING SHEET TEMPLATE ENGINEERING FIELD LOGGING SHEET TEMPLATE SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON WRITING GEOLOGICAL REPORTS SELECTED REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 458 INDEX 469 xxix