3. How have scientists figured out what the earth looks like inside if they have only drilled down a few kilometers?

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1 PACKET #6 Name Per Earth: A Unique Planet Reading Guide: Chapter 2.1 (Read and study text pages 27-30) 13a. Students know features of the ocean floor provide evidence of plate tectonics. 1. List several ways earth is a unique planet: 2a. When did Earth form? 2b. Describe earths shape: 3. How have scientists figured out what the earth looks like inside if they have only drilled down a few kilometers? 4. Describe each of the earth s compositional zones: Crust: Mantle: 5. Describe the 3 structural zones of earth? Lithosphere: Core: Asthenosphere: 6. What is the source of earth s magnetic field? Mesosphere: Energy in the Earth System Reading Guide: Chapter 2.2 (Read and study text pages 31-35) 4a Students know the relative amount of incoming solar energy compared with Earths internal energy & energy used by society. 7a & 7b Students know the carbon cycle of photosynthesis and respiration and the nitrogen cycle. 1. What is a System? 2. The operation of the Earth system is a result of interaction between 3. Explain a closed system: Explain an open system: 4. Describe Earths 4 spheres Atmosphere: Hydrosphere: 5. Explain what is meant by the Earth s Energy Budget: Geosphere: List 2 reason why Earth s Interior is hot: Biosphere 7. Earth s warm interior produces convection. Explain Convection: 8. What is Earth s most important external heat source? Energy in the Earth System & Ecology Reading Guide: Chapter 2.2 & 2.3 pages 36-42)

2 4a Students know the relative amount of incoming solar energy compared with Earths internal energy & energy used by society. 7a & 7b Students know the carbon cycle of photosynthesis and respiration and the nitrogen cycle. 1. What is a reservoir? 2. What is a cycle? 3. What do organisms on earth use nitrogen for? 4. What is carbon an essential substance for? 5. What do organisms use phosphorus for? 6. What is the water cycle? 7. Define Ecosystem: 8. What is a producer? 9. What is a consumer? 10. Explain how changes in one part of an ecosystem can affect other parts: 11. What is the food web? Continental Drift- Reading Guide: Chapter 10.1 (Read and study text pages ) 3a. Students know features of the ocean floor provide evidence of plate tectonics. 1. Who was Alfred Wegener and what did he 2. Describe continental drift: predict? 3. List and describe 3 pieces of evidence that support Wegner s hypothesis: 4. Why were Wegner s ideas strongly opposed? 5. What is a mid-ocean ridge? 6. Who was Harry Hess and what did he suggest? 7. Define paleomagnetism: 8. How do scientists know that Earth s magnetic poles have reversed many times during earth s history? 9. Was Wegner right? explain:

3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Reading Guide: Chapter 10.2 (Read and study text pages ) 3a. Students know features of the ocean floor provide evidence of plate tectonics. 1. Define Plate tectonics: 2. Describe Lithosphere: 3. Define Asthenosphere: 4a. Describe Continental Crust: 4b. Describe Oceanic Crust 6. Scientists have identified major tectonic plates. How do volcanoes and earthquakes help scientists to identify plate boundaries? 7. Fill in the table: Type of Boundary Description Example Divergent Convergent Transform 8. Many scientists think that movement of tectonic plates is partly due to. Scientists thank that Earth is also a convecting system. Energy generated by Earth s. This Heated material rises through cooler denser material and cooler material sinks to replace it. As the mantle material moves it. 9. Sketch, label & color Figure 6 below: 10. Explain how Ridge Push can move plates: 11. How do scientists think slab pull moves plates?

4 The Changing Continents Reading Guide: Chapter 10.3 (Read and study text pages ) 3a. Students know features of the ocean floor provide evidence of plate tectonics. 1. Have continents always had the same 2. Explain the differences between cratons and shields: shapes and positions? 3a. One way that continents change shape is by 3b. Define Rifting: 4a. Continents change not only by breaking apart, but also by. 4b. Describe a terrane: 5. When the plates move the climate will change: Describe how the climate of the Sahara in Africa has changed: 6. Define the Supercontinent cycle: 7. Why do Supercontinents form? 8a. What was Pangaea? 8b.What was Panthalassa? 9a. When Pangaea broke up about 250 million years ago, it broke into tow continents called &. 9b. What did Continents did Laurasia break into? 10. If the continents continue to move at their current rates, describe how they will look in 150 million years: Directions: MODEL OF EARTH 1) Make a circular earth that includes: 5 layers a) Crust: 1 layer broken into sections of oceanic & continental crust b) Mantle: 2 layers Upper- Ductile, Plastic and has convection currents Lower - Solid, Rigid c) Core: 2 layers Inner & outer 2) Include the following information in each layer: thickness rock type or elements words to describe the texture of each layer- (EX: solid, brittle, rigid, ductile, plastic, liquid) draw in convection currents- only one layer has convection, draw in arrows!

5 The Layers of the earth The Earth is divided into three main layers.,, The Crust * The Earth s crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very compared to the other three layers. *The crust makes up. * The crust of the Earth is broken & crust Oceanic thick, rock called, up to 50 km thick, rock called Brittle, Cool & rigid Geothermal gradient- The Mantle The mantle is the layer. The mantle is divided the and mantle. Upper Mantle thick Rock- peridotite (, Magnesium,, Oxygen) The rock flows like. Convection currents this drives plate tectonics. Draw a convection current: Lower Mantle Km Solid, rigid No convection currents rock- Outer Core= Liquid * The core of the Earth is a ball of very hot metals. ( ) * The outer core is. * made of iron, & is very. * The core is undergoing radioactive decay which gives off =heat. Inner Core= Solid * The inner core has & pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together & are able to move. * The inner core is a. How do we know the structure of the earth if we can t even dig through the crust? Earthquake Waves: S-Waves (seismic waves) can t travel through and they won t go through the. This tells us that the outer core is. We can also tell by the speed that the waves travel through different materials.

6 Plate Tectonics The earth is broken into. Plates move in different &. The plates move over the. Plate boundaries are where. 3 Types of Plate Boundaries 1. Divergent ( ) 2. (move together) 3. (slide past each other) Divergent Plates: pulling apart Most common is a. New is formed. Example: 4 Stages of Ocean Formation (divergent) 1) Magma up-welling 2) -Ex: East African Rift Valley 3) -Ex: Red Sea 4) -Ex: Atlantic Ocean Convergent Plates- moving together 3 Types- depend on type of crust 1) /Continental 2) /Continental 3) /Oceanic 1) Convergent: Continental/Continental Continental Crust =, very The plates collide & a Example: the Himalayas (India & collide) 2) Convergent: Continental/Oceanic Continental Crust =, very Oceanic Crust =, very The plates collide &: 1) the dense oceanic crust below the continental crust. This forms a. 2) The oceanic plate melts & forms volcanoes called a (a chain of volcanoes). Example:

7 3) Convergent: Oceanic/Oceanic Oceanic Crust = basalt, When 2 Oceanic plates collide: 1) the,, plate below the younger, less dense plate. This forms a. 2) The oceanic plate melts and forms volcanoes in the middle of the ocean, they are called. Example #1: & # Transform Plates: sliding past each other The plates slide past each other A is produced. Example: Hot Spot: A Mantle plume ( ) below the plate produces magma which rises through the plate & creates a volcano. ( ) Through millions of years the oceanic plate continues to move, eventually creating a new volcano. Example: Layers of the Earth- Practice (FYI: your quiz next class will be this same diagram)

8 Fill in the letter from the diagram above. Some letters may be used more than once: Continental crust Oceanic Crust Crust Inner Core Outer Core Upper mantle, Lower mantle Lithosphere Asthenosphere Layer with convetion Liquid layer Granite Basalt Least dense Most dense Continents Adrift- United Streaming Movie 1) A transform boundary exists where one of the Earth's plates. a) slides past another plate c) crashes into another plate b) moves away from another plate d) dives beneath another plate 2) Which of these is NOT used as evidence that Earth's surface consists of plates that are in continuous motion? a) earthquakes b) blizzards c) volcanoes d) mountains 3) What did scientist Alfred Wegener call the large supercontinent that once existed? a) Erasia b) Panamerica c) Pangea d) Ring of fire 4) Which of these pieces of evidence did Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift? a) subduction zones b) sea floor spreading c) divergent plates d) fossils from different continents 5) Seafloor spreading explains why. a) materials circulate within the Earth's mantle c) the ocean has high and low tides b) one portion of the Earth's crusts dives beneath another portion d) the oldest part of the ocean floor is found farthest from the mid-ocean ridge 6) Scientists think that tectonic plates can move when. a) high tides occur b) the lithosphere begins to melt c) materials circulate in the Earth's mantle d) magma is released from the mid-ocean ridge 7) The rocky outer layer of the Earth is called the. a) atmosphere b) hydrosphere c) lithosphere d) mantle 8) Energy released during an earthquake creates. a) an overheated inner core b) a mid-ocean ridge c) an eruption of molten lava d) a seismic wave 9) The Ring of Fire refers to. a) an active erupting volcano c) the volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean b) the spreading that takes place on the ocean floor d) the land once known as Pangea 10) Mountains on the Earth's surface form in random locations, with no relation to the Earth's plates. True or False

9 Features Associated with Plate Boundaries Pre Lab: The Earth s rigid out shell composed of the crust and the solid, rigid upper mantle is known as the ( crust / lithosphere / asthenosphere ). This top shell of the Earth is broken into many pieces known as ( plates / pads / rafts ). These rigid tectonic plates move around on top of the convecting ( crust / lithosphere / asthenosphere ). The heat that causes the asthenosphere to ( bulge / rotate / convect ) comes from the internal engine of the Earth known as the ( core / mantle ). As this immense heat rises through the thick mantle the upper mantle moves in a ( rectangular / circular ) pattern much like boiling water. This convective process causes the upper, rigid tectonic plates to interact with each other at ( 2 / 3 / 30 / 7 ) different types of plate boundaries. Plates typically consist of & crust. List the 3 types of plate boundaries: : Where two plates : Where two plates : Where two plates PART I. Understanding Tectonic Maps 1. Tape your tectonic map together so that the right side is on top. Make sure to line it up so they match. 2. Title your map PLATE TECTONIC MAP OF THE WORLD on the top left corner. Write your name!! 3. OUTLINE & LIGHTLY COLOR & LABEL your map. Use the picture provided to determine the plates. African plate = brown Pacific plate = yellow Antarctic plate = dark blue Nazca plate = light blue Austr/Ind plate = orange N. American plate = brown S. American plate = purple Eurasian plate = green PART II. Symbols on Tectonic Maps DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 1. Find the boundary between the African and South American plate. This is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge-- LABEL it on your map! 2. The symbol between African and South American represents a DIVERGENT plate boundary. Draw the symbol here 3. This is a mid-ocean ridge..where two plates are (pulling apart / colliding ) circle the answer 4. Locate ALL the DIVERGENT boundaries on your map and draw a few arrows along them to show the motion CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 1. Find the boundary between the Nazca and South American plate. The Nazca plate is converging and subducting beneath the South American Plate. Draw the symbol that represents subduction 2. The subduction produces a chain of volcanoes called a volcanic arc. The name of this volcanic mountain chain is the Andes, label the them on your map (the dark area). 4. Locate ALL the CONVERGENT boundaries on your map. The point of the triangle shows which plate is subducting. Draw a 2 arrows along each boundary to show the direction of subduction. Do this by adding arrows that point in the same direction as the triangles. PART III. Tectonic Maps VS. Geophysical Maps 1. Use the geophysical map (laminated) to locate the following features on your map. 2. Label them on your tectonic map (paper). 3. Fill in the information below for each feature. Feature Red Sea- in Africa Type of plate boundary 2 plates involved What s happening? What formed as a result? Iceland- north pole Cascade Range- Oregon, Washington Japan San Andreas Fault- a line that runs along California into Baja Himalayas- dark area where Inda & Europe meet. E. African Rift Zonenear the horn of Africa

10 Bill Nye- Earths Crust 1. We live on the earth s. 2. The earth s crust is a (thin / thick) layer. 3. The crust is (hot / cool). 4. How do we know what the inside of the earth looks like? 5. List the two types of volcanoes: & 6. What type of material did Mount Saint Helen s erupt? ( ash / lava) 7. What erupts out of a geyser? 8. Does the earth s curst move? (yes / no) 9. What causes earth quakes? Bill Nye-Greatest discoveries in Earth Science Video Guide: 1) What are the layers of the Earth? 2) What is the difference between Earth s outer and inner cores? 3) What do changes in weather patterns and climate mean for the Earth? 4) What do you think causes an ice age to occur? 5) What are some examples of global warming? 6) How old is our planet? 7) What can rocks tell us about the history of our planet? The Earth as a System Ecology is the study of interactions that take place between The 4 spheres of earth that interact with one another are:,,, The Biosphere Biosphere portion of Earth that From the atmosphere to the bottom of the Ecologist study how organisms survive and reproduce under different physical The Hydrosphere Hydrosphere r except water vapor in the atmosphere Water covers of earth s surface ( and 3% is fresh water) Fresh water is in: lakes, rivers, streams,,, & underground The Geosphere Geosphere the mostly Includes all of the rock and soil on the continents and ocean floor. It also includes the. The Atmosphere Atmosphere the blanket Earths atmosphere is made up of,, and the last is traces of other gasses (Argon, CO2, water vapor & helium) Hydrological Cycle- Cycle Hydrologic cycle - refers to the continuous exchange of water

11 The Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle - is the biogeochemical cycle that explains how moves between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere Carbon is the building block for all living things ( ) Carbon Cycle: How it works 1) Photosynthesis converts from the atmosphere into O2 & plant material. 2) When plants & animals die the carbon CO2 returns to the atmosphere or get. 3) be absorbed directly by the oceans from the atmosphere. 4) The burning of releases CO2 to the atmosphere Carbon Cycle - Plants v. Animals Plants from the atmosphere through photosynthesis Animals & plants into the atmosphere through respiration & decomposition. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen cycle - is the biogeochemical cycle The Nitrogen Cycle Plants & animals need nitrogen; but they can t use the atmospheric nitrogen Lightning + rain helps brings some into soil The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen-fixing bacteria go to work near certain plant s (legumes) roots convert Decomposers also break down dead organisms into ammonia The Nitrogen Cycle More convert ammonia to nitrates Plants use nitrates for everyday functions Herbivores get their nitrogen from the Carnivores get their nitrogen from Other bacteria change nitrates back into

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