DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES University of the Philippines Manila NATURAL SCIENCE II

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1 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES University of the Philippines Manila NATURAL SCIENCE II Course Title: Natural Science II. Foundations of Natural Science II Course Description: Fundamental concepts, principles and theories of earth and life sciences General Objectives (Goals). After the course, the student should be able to: 1. Gain a comprehensive integrated and synoptic understanding of the concepts, principles and theories of the natural sciences 2. Appreciate the natural world within the context of the concepts, principles and theories discussed in the course Specific Course Objectives: 1. To develop critical and creative thinking in the formulation and analysis of hypotheses and theories 2. To determine the dependence and effect of the biosphere on the physical environment: 3. To recognize the significance of interrelationship of man and the environment 4. To develop and appreciation and respect for life and environment. Prerequisite: Natural Science I (For UP Diliman, Physics series and Chemistry 10 or 16 for curricula without Natural Science I. Credits: 3 units No. of Hours: 3 hours per week

2 NATURAL SCIENCE II GEOLOGY PART I. Introduction A. Geology, the study of the Earth B. Uniformitarianism the present is the key to the past C. The role of geology in society 1. Natural disaster mitigation 2. Environmental impact assessment 3. Utilization of natural resources D. Getting to know your planet: The Earth s vital statistics 1. The external features of the Earth 2. The internal structure of the Earth a) Crust, mantle, core b) Lithosphere, asthenosphere I.5 hours II. Our Restless Planet A. Wegener and the migrating continents 1. Historical development of the Continental Drift Theory 2. Evidences for the Continental Drift Theory B. Hess and the migrating sea-floor 1. Historical development of the Theory of Sea-floor Spreading 2. Evidences for the Theory of Sea-floor Spreading C. Plate Tectonics 1. Major types of plate boundaries 2. Possible mechanisms 4.5hours III. Taking a Closer Look at the Earth A. The building blocks of the Earth: minerals and rocks 1. Minerals: definitions and properties 2. Rocks: definition and the three basic types 3. The rock cycle B. Volcanism and Plutonism 1. Magma 2. Intrusion (plutonic rocks, textures, plutons) 3. Extrusion (volcanic rocks, textures, volcanoes, hazards) 3 hours First Long Examination C. Sedimentary processes and its products 1. Weathering how rocks get destroyed 2. Erosion and transportation: how materials move from place to place 3. Deposition ad lithification: how sedimentary rocks are formed Specific Unit Objectives 1. Define geology 2. Apply the concept of Uniformitarianism 3. Appreciate the role of geology in society 4. Describe the external and internal features of the earth Specific Objectives II 1. Explain the Continental Drift Theory and its evidences 2. Explain the Theory of Sea-floor Spreading and its evidences 3. Discuss the Theory of Plate Tectonics Specific Objectives III 1. Describe the nature of minerals 2. Describe the nature of rocks 3. Explain the rock cycle 4. Describe the processes and products of magmatism 5. Identify the hazards associated with volcanism 6. Describe the sedimentary processes and products 7. Describe the processes and products of metamorphism 8. Recognize the processes and manifestations of rock deformation

3 D. Metamorphism and its products 3 hours E. Rock formation 1. Ducile deformation: when rocks bend 2. Brittle deformation: when rocks break 3. Earthquakes when rocks break and shake 3.5hours IV. Unraveling the History of the Earth A. Geologic Time 1. Concepts of geologic time 2. Dating techniques 3. The Geologic Time Scale B. Setting the scenario for life 1. The origin of the atmosphere 2. The origin of the hydrosphere C. Life through geologic time 3 hours Second Long Examination NATURAL SCIENCE: BIOLOGY PART V. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY TOTAL : 5 meetings A. Theories on the Origin of Life 1 Mtg 1. Biogeochemical 2. Abiogenesis of Spontaneous Generation Theory 3. Biogenesis 4. Interplanetaryor Cosmozoic Theory 5. Special Creation B. Manifestation and Characteristics of Life 1 Mtg. 1. Discussion on the concept of life 2. Description of manifestation of life a. Organization b. Metabolism c. Reproduction d. Growth and Development e. Irritability and Movement f. Variation, Change and Evolution C. Life Processes (Plant and Animal Patterns) 2.5Mtg. 1. Cellular level 2. Organismal level D. Biology and Society 0.5 mtg. 1. Biology as a science 2. Role of biology in society VI. HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK LOOPS TOTAL : 2 meetings 9. Describe earthquake mechanisms and hazards Specific Objectives IV 1. Explain the concept of Geologic Time 2. Discuss the various techniques in age determination 3. Discuss the development of the Geologic Time Scale 4. Describe the origin of the atmosphere and hydrosphere 5. Discuss the highlights of physical and biological events through geologic time Specific Unit Objectives for V A,B,C,D 1. Trace the possible events of the formation of biomolecules under primitive earth conditions. 2. Trace the evolution of the cell and various cellular processes 3. State and criticize other theories on origin of life 4. Describe the manifestations and characteristics of life. 5. Describe the processes of life in the cellular and organismal level 6. Relate the use of the scientific method in biology 7. Enumerate examples of basic and applied biology and discuss their impact on society a. Basic Biology b. Applied Biology Specific Unit Objectives for VI, A, B 1. Present the concept of homeostasis by: Defining the terms 1) Homeostasis 2) External and Internal Environment relative to set points (norm) a. Explaining the concept of feedback loops 1) Positive feedback 2) Negative feed back 2. Illustrate homeostasis by citing specific examples of: a. Osmoregulation b. Excretion of metabolic wastes c. Other homeostatic mechanisms in humans 1) Managing glucose level

4 A. Concept of Homeostasis Loops various levels of biological organization 1. Cellular level (unicellular organisms) 2. Organismal level a. Flowering plants b. Humans Third Long Examination VII. PERPETUATION AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE TOTAL : 3 MEETINGS A. Reproduction 1. Asexual 2. Sexual 3. Reproductive Health B. Developmental Biology 1. Development of asexually produces organisms 2. Development of sexually produced organisms C. Genetics 1. Mendelian and Non-Mendelian mode of inheritance 2. Environmental influence on gene expression 3. Gene technology cloning, gene therapy, etc. D. Change and Evolution 1. Theories 2. Mechanisms 3. Evidence, Issues 4. Human evolution Biological and culture E. Biodiversity 1. Concept of species 2. Biological classification 3. Conservation of genetic resources VIII. ECOLOGY TOTAL : 3 Meetings A. Structure and function of ecosystems 1. Abiotic and biotic functions 2. Processes: energy flow, food chains, food webs, matter recycling 3. Productivity 4. Nutrient cycling B. Types of Ecosystems 1. Freshwater ecosystems 2. Marine ecosystem 2) Blood clotting 3) Defense mechanisms 4) Temperature regulation 5) Control of breathing Specific Unit Objectives for VII A,B,C,D,E 1. Differentiate the methods of reproduction, their advantages and limitations 2. Describe the role of asexual reproduction in the diversity of life 3. Explain the mechanisms of growth and development as affected by gene action 4. State and explain the laws of hereditary and solve problems in Mendelian inheritance and give examples of non-mendelian inheritance 5. Explain the reproductive health 6. Enumerate the contribution of gene technology in our lives 7. State the concept of species and the biological classification 8. Explain the need to conserve genetic resources. 9. State the mechanisms, evidences and issues in evolution 10.Discuss the concepts in human evolution Specific Objectives for VIII A, B, C 1. Describe the structures and relationships between biotic and abiotic components in different types of ecosystem. 2. Describe the major components of the biomes focusing on tropical areas 3. To explain the organization and functions of populations and communities Specific Unit Objectives for IX A,B 1. Describe the man s impact on the environment by citing examples such as global warming, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, population 2. State important issues on Philippine global settings.

5 3. Terrestrial ecosystem C. Types of biomes 1. Tropical rainforest 2. Grasslands 3. Others 3. Present important issues on sustainable natural resources as reflected in Phil. and global settings. D. Population 1. Characteristics 2. Regulation E. Community (includes interactions) 1. Diversity 2. Succession 3. Stability IX. MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOTAL: 1 Meeting A. Anthropogenic Impact on Environment B. Sustainable Natural Resources and Management 1. Population, economic and natural resources 2. Conservation biology, protected areas and wild life management 3. Human settlements (man made ecosystem) Fourth Long Exam NATURAL SCIENCE II COURSE GUIDELINES 1. EXEMPTED FROM TAKING THE FINAL EXAMINATION A. ALL STUDENT WITH A GRADE OF 3.0 OR BETTER PROVIDED THAT 1. He/she must have a passing average in both Geology and Biology portions i.e., a minimum average of 50% for each portion. 2. All four (4) examinations have been taken, i.e., two (2) exams in Geology and two (2) exams in Biology 3. 80% attendance rule (nut more than 3 absences in each portion) had been satisfied B. SHOULD YOU TAKE THE FINAL EXAM, WHICH CONSISTS OF THE GEOLOGY AND BIOLOGY FINAL EXAMS, THE FOLLOWING COMPUTATION WILL BE ADOPTED: Pre-final Grade (computed from Geology and Biology averages) = 80% Final Examination Grade = 20% FINAL GRADE = 100% C. IF YOU ARE EXEMPTED FROM TAKING THE FINAL EXAMINATION, YOUR PRE-FINAL GRADE BECOMES YOUR FINAL GRADE

6 II. MUST TAKE THE FINAL EXAMINATION, i.e., GEOLOGY, BIOLOGY, OR BOTH FINAL EXAMINATIONS A. TAKE GEOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION 1. Missed one of the Geology long exams. The Geology final examination will replace the missed exam 2. Has failing average in Geology (no missed exams). Final grade will be computed as follows: 10% of final examination grade + 40% of pre-final average in Geology + 50% of pre-final average in Biology provided a passing average is then obtained in both Geology and Biology portions. If the Geology average is still failing after the final examination. refer to III B. TAKE BIOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION 1. Missed one of the Biology long exams. The Biology final examination will replace the missed exam, and the final grade will be based on the average of all 4 examinations. 2. Has failing average in Biology (no missed exams) Final grade will be computed as in II. A.3. If the Biology average is still failing the final examination, refer to III. C. TAKE BOTH GEOLOGY AND BIOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION 1. Missed one Geology and Biology long exam. Take both Geology and Biology final examinations, but grade separately. Geology final examination will replace the missed long exam in Geology. Biology final examination will replace missed long exam in Biology. Final grade will be based on an average of all 4 examinations. 2. All students with a failing average in both Geology and Biology and have no missed exams must take both Geology and Biology final examinations. The final grade will be computed as in 1.B. III. After taking the examination(s) and the student still failed in one portion (either Geology or Biology), a grade of INC. will be given if the final average is passing. A grade of 4.0 or 5.0 will be appropriate given if the final average is below 50. IV. A grade of 5.0 will be given, if the student missed both long exams and did not take the final examination (in either the Geology or Biology portion) V. A grade of 4.0 can only be removed by passing both the Geology and Biology removal examinations. Grading System = = = = = = = = = = = 5.00 GEOLOGY/EARTH SCIENCES REFERENCES BIOLOGY/LIFE SCIENCES REFERENCES Delos Reyes, Josefina J. (1995) Introductory Biology: Principles and Processes. Univ. of the Phil. Manila. Information Publication Public Affair Office, UP Manila Mader, Sylvia. (1998) Biology 6 th ed. McGraw Hill, Co., Inc. Campbell, Neil A. (1998) Biology 4 th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Inc. California Campbell, Neil A (1990) Biology 3 rd ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Inc. California Audesirk, G. and Audesirk T. (1993) Biology. Life on Earth. New York McMillan Pub. Co. Curtis, Helen (1983) Biology-Worth Publishers, Inc. 4 th ed. Hickman, Cleveland R. Jr et.al (1984) Integrated Principles of Zoology. Times Nirror/Mosby College of Publ. Sst. Louis. Keeton, William T. and Carol Hardy McFadden (1983). Elements of Biological Science. W.W. Northon & Company, New York Postlethwart, J.H. and Hopson, J.C. (1992) The Nature of Life 2 nd ed. New York, McGraw-Hil Inc.