4º ESO BIOLOGY & GEOLOGY SUMMER REINFORCEMENT: CONTENTS & ACTIVITIES

Transcription

1 COLEGIO INTERNACIONAL SEK ALBORÁN 4º ESO BIOLOGY & GEOLOGY SUMMER REINFORCEMENT: CONTENTS & ACTIVITIES 1 ST EVALUATION UNIT 4: CELLS 1. Levels of biological organization 2. Cell theory 3. Basic unit of life 3.1 Cell structure 3.2 Cell functions 4. Types of cells 5. Eukaryotic cells 5.1 Types of cells 6. Cell division 6.1 Mitosis 6.2 Meiosis UNIT 5: BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE 1. Genes 2. Early genetics studies 2.1 Mendel s 1 st law: Principle of uniformity Mendel s 2 nd law: Principle of segregation Mendel s 3 rd law: Principle of independent assortment 5. Determining sex (Sex chromosomes XX/XY system) 6. Inheritance linked to sex 7. Mutations 7.1 Types of mutations 7.2 Causes of mutations & Genetic problems, website UNIT 6: HUMAN GENETICS 1. Inheritance and human variation (blood groups, Rh system and blood transfusions) 3. Human genetic disorders (problems)

2 UNIT 7: MOLECULAR GENETICS 1. DNA, the molecule of inheritance 2. Replication of genetic information 3. The expression of genetic information (transcription & translation) 3.2 The genetic code 2 nd EVALUATION UNIT 9: LIVING THINGS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. Environmental factors 3. How living things change their environment 4. Populations 4.2 Population dynamics 5. Communities 5.1 Dynamics of communities 5.2 Communities of soil 5.3 Interspecific relationships within communities UNIT 10: ECOSYSTEMS 1. What is an ecosystem? 1.1 The cycle of matter 1.2 Energy in ecosystems 2. The organization of ecosystems 2.1 Trophic levels in a food chain 2.2 Food web 2.3 Energy and biomass 2.4 Ecological pyramids 3. Biogeochemical cycles (photocopies) 5. Biomes 5.1 Terrestrial biomes 3 RD EVALUATION UNIT 1: PLATE TECTONICS 1. The internal structure of the Earth 1.1 Earth s internal layers 1.2 Seismic discontinuities 2. The movement of continents 2.1 Continental drift theory 3. The theory of plate tectonics 3.1 Seismic and volcanic belts

3 3.2 Lithospheric plates 3.3 Types of boundaries 3.4 Subduction zones 3.5 Main concepts of plate tectonics 4. The ocean 4.1 The ocean floor 4.2 Sea-floor spreading 5. The mechanisms behind plate tectonics 5.2 The evolution of plate tectonics (original & current explanation) UNIT 2: INTERNAL ENERGY AND LANDFORMS 1. The deformation of rocks (types of stresses) 1.1 Fault definition 1.2 Fold definition 2. The rock cycle 2.1 External geological processes & metamorphism UNIT 3: THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH 2. The age of the Earth 2.1 Measuring the age of the Earth Here are some activities to help: 3 rd Term 1. Draw and name the compositional layers of the Earth. (include kms)

4 2. Answer the questions about continental drift. a. Who proposed the theory? b. What were the main ideas behind this theory? c. Describe the three different types of evidence that he put forward to support his theory? d. Why couldn t he convince scientists at the time of his theory? e. What parts of his theory have proved to be correct? 3. Define: a. Subduction: b. Rift: c. Weathering: d. Diagenesis: e. lithosphere: f. Metamorphism: g. Isostasy: h. Fault: i. Fold: 4. Write three differences between the continental crust and the oceanic crust.

5 5. Describe the different seismic discontinuities. 6. Name the eight major lithospheric plates. 7. Describe the different types of plate boundaries. 8. How does the original explanation to the current explanation of plate tectonics differ? 9. If a 500 gram sample of isotope X has a half-life of 50 years, how much isotope X is left after 150 years? Show your work. 10. Use the following decay curve to answer this question. A researcher prepares a 15.0 g sample of strontium-90. After 4 half-lives, what mass of strontium-90 will remain?

6 11. The movement of the Earth`s plates generates forces or stresses on the rocks of the lithosphere which causes deformations. Describe the different types of stresses produced. 2nd Term 1. Use the data from the table below to answer the questions. ( 2 points ) Country Amount of Tropical Rainforest Amount of tropical rain forest (km 2 ) A 1,800,000 50,000 B 55,000 3,300 C 22,000 6,000 D 530,000 12,000 E 80, Amount of annual deforestation (km 2 /yr) a. What percentage of tropical rainforest is being destroyed each year in country A? and in country D? b. According to the table, which country s tropical rainforest has the highest percent of annual deforestation? Calculate that percent. 2. Why are decomposers an essential part of an ecosystem?

7 3. Define the following terms: a. Biome: b. Ecosystem: c. Population: d. Food chain: 4. What is interspecific competition? Give an example. 5. What is an ecological succession? What general tendencies are seen in a succession? Explain. 6. Give some examples of how living things can change their environment. 7. How does the soil change in an ecological succession?(from a primary succession) Describe the different soil horizons.

8 8. Describe the different trophic levels. 1 st Term Theoretical and practical activities (Genetics) 1. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO) AA Bb Cc Dd Ee ff GG HH Ii Jj kk Ll Mm nn OO Pp 2. For each of the genotypes below, determine the phenotype. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers PP Pp pp Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled RR Rr rr Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes BB Bb bb Bobtails are recessive (long tails dominant) TT Tt tt 3. For each phenotype, list the genotypes. (Remember to use the letter of the dominant trait) Straight hair is dominant to curly. straight straight curly Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. pointed pointed round

9 4. Set up the Punnett Square for each of the crosses listed below. The trait being studied is round seeds (dominant) R and wrinkled seeds (recessive) r. Rr x rr What percentage of the offspring will be round? Rr x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round? RR x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?

10 Practice with Crosses. Show all work! 5. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant). What percentage of the offspring will be tall? 6. A Tt plant is crossed with a Tt plant. What percentage of the offspring will be short? 7. A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR). What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous (RR)? 8. A homozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled seeded plant. What are the genotypes of the parents? x What percentage of the offspring will also be homozygous?

11 9. In pea plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. If two white flowered plants are crossed, what percentage of their offspring will be white flowered? 10. A white flowered plant is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous for the trait. What percentage of the offspring will have purple flowers? 11. Two plants, both heterozygous for the gene that controls flower color are crossed. What percentage of their offspring will have purple flowers? What percentage will have white flowers? 12. In guinea pigs, the allele for short hair is dominant. What genotype would a heterozygous short haired guinea pig have? What genotype would a pure breeding short haired guinea pig have? What genotype would a long haired guinea pig have?

12 13. Show the cross for a pure breeding short haired guinea pig and a long haired guinea pig. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair? 14. Show the cross for two heterozygous guinea pigs. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair? What percentage of the offspring will have long hair? 15. Two short haired guinea pigs are mated several times. Out of 100 offspring, 25 of them have long hair. What are the probable genotypes of the parents? x Show the cross to prove it!

13 16. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder in humans in which an important protein is not produced. This protein is responsible for preventing the accumulation of thick and sticky mucus in the breathing tubes. The allele which causes cystic fibrosis is recessive to the normal allele (F). (a) State the genotype of (i) a carrier of cystic fibrosis;... (ii) a sufferer of cystic fibrosis.... (b) Draw a genetic diagram to show if it is possible for a man with a dominant pair of alleles and a woman who is a carrier to produce a baby with cystic fibrosis. Identify the phenotypes of the children. 17. Define the following terms: a. Offspring: b. Gene: c. Allele: d. Gamete: e. Genotype: f. Phenotype: g. Chromosome:

14 18. Explain Mendel s Laws Mendel s First Law (principle of uniformity) Mendel s Second Law (principle of segregation) Mendel s Third Law (Principle of independent assortment) 19. Describe the different cell functions.

15 20. Who proposed the cell theory? Summarize it. 21. What is a mutation? Describe the causes of mutations and the different types of mutations. 22. Describe the phases of mitosis and differentiate mitosis from meiosis. (3 differences) 23. Complete the table with the information about blood groups. Blood group A B AB O Antigen Antibodies Can receive blood from Can give blood to A Anti-B B, O O A, AB AB 24. If a mother and father both have AB blood types, what blood groups could their children have? Show your work. 25. Describe the structure and the basic components of DNA.

16 26. Look at the genetic code on page 130 of your book. What is the sequence of amino acids of an mrna fragment with the following code. AUGUGUCUACAAAGUUGUA 27. What the difference between transcription and translation? 28. Briefly describe the uses of genetic engineering.