Rapid Mass Movement Simulation RAMMS

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1 R Rapid Mass Movement Simulation RAMMS Yves Bühler, Marc Christen, Perry Bartelt, SLF Christoph Graf & Brian McArdell, WSL WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

2 Switzerland: long tradition in hazard mitigation for buildings & infrastructure Keystone It all began with snow avalanches. WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

Dynamic modeling Connecting release zone with deposition zone Given an avalanche starting zone determine: where the avalanche flows, how far it

3 Dynamic modeling Connecting release zone with deposition zone Given an avalanche starting zone determine: where the avalanche flows, how far it flows and with what velocity and pressures. WSL WSL Institute Institute for for Snow Snow and and Avalanche Avalanche Research Research SLF SLF 3

4 What is RAMMS? Numerical Avalanche, Debris Flow, Rockfall and Landslide simulation software Basic input: Digital Elevation Model DEM & release volume Run-out distance, flow heights and velocities, impact pressures Based on real scale measurements from SLF/WSL test sites (Vallée de la Sionne VS, Flüelapass GR, Illgraben VS, Dorfbach VS, Walenstadt SG, St. Léonard VS) GIS functions: slope, curvature, elevation, DEM adaptions Advanced visualization of the results (animations, maps, profiles etc.) User friendly and PC based (32 and 64bit, Windows7) Continuous scientific development WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

Avalanche engineering: Design (placement, size

5 Main applications 1. Hazard mapping: Prediction of runout distances, velocities and impact pressures in threedimensional terrain. 2. Avalanche engineering: Design (placement, size and strength) of mitigation methods such as dams. 3. Process understanding: back calculation of specific events.

6 Short history of RAMMS 1998 avalanche test site Vallée de la Sionne, VS 1999 extreme avalanche winter in the Alps 2000 on dimensional avalanche modeling AVAL-1D 2000 debris flow test site in Illgraben, VS 2005 launch RAMMS project 2007 shallow landslide test site Veltheim, AG 2009 beta tester workshop èpractitioner feedback 2010 release RAMMS::AVALANCHE 2012 release RAMMS::DEBRISFLOW 2015 release RAMMS::ROCKFALL WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

Users Engineering offices National, regional and local authorities Universities /

release 2010 Debris Flow: > 150 licenses, release 2011 Rockfall: > 50 licenses, release

Poland, Spain, USA, France, Czech Republic, Russia, Germany, China, Brazil, Andorra,

7 Users Engineering offices National, regional and local authorities Universities / Research institutions Sold licenses per September 2017: Avalanche: > 250 licenses, release 2010 Debris Flow: > 150 licenses, release 2011 Rockfall: > 50 licenses, release 2015 Switzerland, Norway, Austria, Italy, Chile, South Korea, India, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, USA, France, Czech Republic, Russia, Germany, China, Brazil, Andorra, Saudi Arabia, Canada, United Kingdom, Turkey, Slovenia, Kasachstan, Uzbekistan, El Salvador, Argentina, Taiwan

8 RAMMS structure IDL C / C++ IDL Consistent user interface

9 Input data Digital Elevation Models DEM Visualization Release zones Maps/aerial imagery Forest WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

10 Digital elevation models DEM Base for numerical calculations DEM errors (holes, artifacts etc.) can have big impact on results -> Check the DEM Spatial resolution 25 to 1m recommended Steep and complex topography (rock faces, gullies, ridges etc.) èhigh spatial resolution needed Terrain changes! Is your DEM up-to-date? 2 m LiDAR DHM25 90 m SRTM RAMMS User Workshop, September 3 th 7 th 2012, Davos, Switzerland

RAMMS::AVALANCHE history θ 0 d 0 Über die

Fliesslawinen, Salm (1990) 3D terrain AVAL-1D

11 RAMMS::AVALANCHE history θ 0 d 0 Über die Zerstörungskraft von Lawinen, Voellmy (1955) θ p d p U p P Analytical Methods Numerical Methods S d s Anleitung zur Berechnung von Fliesslawinen, Salm (1990) 3D terrain AVAL-1D (2000) RAMMS (2007) WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

12 WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

13 Test site Vallée de la Sionne, VS, CH (dry, m 3 ) Avalanche front 0.1 < µ < m/s 2 < ξ < 4000 m/s 2 Avalanche tail 0.3 < µ < m/s 2 < ξ < 1000 m/s 2 Friction parameters vary strongly along the avalanche track!

14 Release Critical parameter, big impact on simulation results Field observation on location (GPS, aerial imagery etc.) Simulating several release areas simultaneously is possible WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

15 WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

16 WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

RAMMS::AVALANCHE (engineering) Robust Good approximation for avalanche runout, speed and pressures Based on simple and well calibrated Voellmy model Automated generation of friction values (µ and ξ)

17 RAMMS::AVALANCHE (engineering) Robust Good approximation for avalanche runout, speed and pressures Based on simple and well calibrated Voellmy model Automated generation of friction values (µ and ξ) based on return period and avalanche size Experience and feedback from avalanche engineering RAMMS::AVAL_EXTENDED (research) Entrainment Different flow regimes (dry, wet and mixed) Powder pressures Small scale avalanches Density variations in the core Forest effects 17

18 RAMMS::DEBRISFLOW Initiation zone: Rainfall, landslides, erosion, Transit zone: Erosion + deposition, levee formation, Deposition zone (alluvial fan): Deposition, dewatering, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

20 Difficult calibration Voellmy friction coefficients: m= , x= m/s 2 Maximum velocity 10 m/s

21 Illgraben debris flow test site, VS, CH 3 rain gauges Flow height measurements (Radar, Laser) Geophones Debris flow balance Catchment area 9.5 km 2 Shear wall Test ring net Zürich ~2 km, gradient 8-10% Geneva Illgraben

22 Release debris flow Block Release Block with initial height to match the total volume of debris flow Input Hydrograph Controlled inflow of material according to a discharge hydrograph at specific location Cross-sectional area A [m 2 ] Inflow velocity v [m/s] Discharge Q = Av [m 3 /s] WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

23 Ongoing research 2 phase model Erosion / deposition More field measurements for calibration Undersaturated Saturated

24 RAMMS::ROCKFALL WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

New 3D model based on physics 100% three dimensional Rigid body contact Real rock shapes Dynamic data: Trajectories (impact points & jump heights) Velocities Rotations(3 axis)

25 New 3D model based on physics 100% three dimensional Rigid body contact Real rock shapes Dynamic data: Trajectories (impact points & jump heights) Velocities Rotations(3 axis) Kinetic energies (translation, rotation) Impact forces Fast calculation of numerous stones Optimized visualization of the results WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

26 Rock shapes Laser scanning 26

27 Rock shapes Contact parameters fixed 40 o WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

28 Simulation data: Shape files Jump height Velocity WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

29 Experiments Lab Field Case studies WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

30 Interpretation of simulation results RAMMS is a numerical model ( reality) Even if the visualization looks very nice, other aspects such as field visit, climatic situation, scenarios, cadastre and expert knowledge are very important. Careful interpretation of the results is mandatory (expert knowledge)! session tomorrow and in the advanced sessions Location of release area, release height and volume have a strong influence on the results experience necessary! Knowledge about the terrain and the avalanche situation is essential!

Summary RAMMS is a tool for numerical simulation of rapid mass movements Modules:

DEM as well as location of release area and release volume Voellmy-Salm model with

paths, run-out distances, velocities, flow heights, pressures Results must be

31 Summary RAMMS is a tool for numerical simulation of rapid mass movements Modules: avalanche, debris flow, rockfall and hillslope Most important input data are the DEM as well as location of release area and release volume Voellmy-Salm model with two friction values (µ & ξ) Calibration with real scale experiments Output: Flow paths, run-out distances, velocities, flow heights, pressures Results must be interpreted by experts (model reality) WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

RAMMS info Software Manuals http://ramms.slf.

32 RAMMS info Software Manuals Information about new software updates News and general information Glossar, features and background-information Forum answers to questions and problemdiscussions

Rapid Mass Movements System RAMMS

Rapid Mass Movements System RAMMS Yves Bühler, Marc Christen, Perry Bartelt, Christoph Graf, Werner Gerber, Brian McArdell Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL WSL Institute