LS: R S: EMAINS O NS F L

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1 Life Story Francisco J. Barba Regidor 2013

FOSSILS: REMAINS OF LIVING BEINGS FROM THE PAST Many different organisms ocupy our planet. Those differences are ranging both in shape, size and biological characteristics.

2 FOSSILS: REMAINS OF LIVING BEINGS FROM THE PAST Many different organisms ocupy our planet. Those differences are ranging both in shape, size and biological characteristics. Some of them are adapted to aquatic conditions, but some others are arranged to terrestrial environments. There are which prefer cold weather, but there are many others prefering hot climates. But, all of these living beings we are seeing today did not exist from the begining of the times. In the past, many different organisms with respect to the actuals were living in the Earth and we can know them throughout the fossils. In the picture, e.g., a sample with the fossiliferous remainders (fossils) of Trilobites from the Paleozoic of Eastern Canada. g/7ae1-full.jpg

3 What s a fossil A fossil is an organic trace buried by natural processes and subsequently permanently preserved. The term organic trace is referred to skeletal material, impressions of organisms, excremental material, tracks, trails or borings. Human artifts are not regarded as fossils. Un fósil es un resto orgánico que ha sido enterrado por procesos naturales y posteriormente preservado permanentemente. El término resto orgánico se refiere a material esquelético, impresiones de organismos, pistas, huellas o perforaciones. Las obras humanas no son consideradas como fósiles. From: Whitten & Brooks (1977). The Penguin Dictionary of Geology. Penguin Books Ltd.

Different types of Fossils INSECTS ON AMBER: http://bp3.blogger.

jpg ORGANIC REMAINDERS OF FOSSIL FISH: http://bp3.blogger.

h/greenriver+fish.jpg TRACKS OF DINOSAURS: http://es.encarta.msn.

4 Different types of Fossils INSECTS ON AMBER: AAAAAAAAA4/-PoSpSK2w4c/s1600-h/amb-37.jpg ORGANIC REMAINDERS OF FOSSIL FISH: JyvwI/AAAAAAAAABA/dUMP76-peYs/s1600- h/greenriver+fish.jpg TRACKS OF DINOSAURS: 1_1/Huellas_f%C3%B3siles_de_dinosaurios_en_Tierra_de _Cameros.html

Fossilization Fossilization is the natural process producing fossils, and it consists on the alteration of the remains of an organism, impressions or activities by physical, biological or chemical

5 Fossilization Fossilization is the natural process producing fossils, and it consists on the alteration of the remains of an organism, impressions or activities by physical, biological or chemical changes, retaining the original material in some form. La fosilización es el proceso natural que produce fósiles y consiste en la alteración de los restos, de las impresiones o de las actividades de un organismo por cambios físicos, biológicos o químicos, conservándose de alguna manera el material original. e/science/earth- Sciences/Palaeontology/Fossils/Formatio n/ammonites/sequence-2/sequence-2-1.html

6 Fossilization: the process

7 Put in orden the dinosaur s fossilization sequence.

8 The meaning of fossils Fossils represent: Evidences of living beings existing in the past times. They show the characteristicis of these living beings (shape, size, food, environment, etc.). Which were their habitats. Which were their behaviour. Claws of Anomalocaris: /~earles/burgess/part jpg Reconstruction of Anomalocaris: ac.uk/palaeofiles/lage rstatten/burgess/ano malocarishunts.jpg

9 Geologic time spiral

10 Geologic times and its magnitude

12 The history of life on Earth shows a series of catastrophic events (peaks) and moments of expansion of new forms of life (valleys). p p p v v p v p p v v v p v v p v p v

Over geological time, it appears that there has been a continuing trend toward diversification of living things, though, it can be seen at least four episodes of large disappearance of life forms

13 Over geological time, it appears that there has been a continuing trend toward diversification of living things, though, it can be seen at least four episodes of large disappearance of life forms (mass extinctions): see arrows showing how the greatest extinction of life forms 270 million years ago, at the end of Paleozoic times!

14 In fact, as it was compiled by D. Raup and J. Sepkoski of the Chicago University, extinctions of life happened on a succession of peaks having taken place at regular intervals of 26 to 30 million years (see arrows).

15 Evolutionary radiation over geologic time

16 The environments in the oldest times for life Bacteria were probably the first forms of life (3.800 m.y.). To produce organic matter and energy they should have lived in an environment rich in carbon dioxide and low oxygen. The activity of these primitive organisms would increase the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing progressively carbon dioxide. At this time, other forms of life were appearing successively essentially green algae (cyanobacteria) and various invertebrates.

17 Life in the oldest Precambrian Evolution of living beings Diatoms Green algae Flagellated

18 Smithsonian Natural history Museum Edicara Diorama: Life in the Precambrian of Australia: a landscape with Dickinsonia sp. (right, fossil)

19 Fossil fauna from Burgess Shale (1) Ogygopsis: Olenoides and Ogygopsis:

20 Fossil fauna from Burgess Shale (2) Claws of Anomalocaris: Anomalocaris reconstruction : ss/anomalocarishunts.jpg

com/~cambrian/anomalocaris Vauxia (one of the numerous

21 Anomalocaris briggsi, endemic to the Emu Bay Shale. Vauxia (one of the numerous corals living on the floor of the Burgess Shale seas):

From: http://www-eaps.mit.edu/geobiology/research/neoprot.

22 From: Burgess shale landscape recontruction in the late Neoproterozoic period (ca Ma).

23 Neoproterozoic: where was the Iberian Peninsula..?

Biota of the Burgess Shale: Sponges Vanuxia (1), Choia (2), Pirania (3); brachiopods Nisusia (4); polychaetes Burgessochaeta (5); priapulid worms Ottia (6), Louisella (7); trilobites Olenoides (8);

24 Biota of the Burgess Shale: Sponges Vanuxia (1), Choia (2), Pirania (3); brachiopods Nisusia (4); polychaetes Burgessochaeta (5); priapulid worms Ottia (6), Louisella (7); trilobites Olenoides (8); other arthropods Sidneyia (9), Leanchoilia (10), Marella (11), Canadaspis (12), Molaria (13), Burgessia (14), Yohoia (15), Waptia (16), Aysheaia (17); molluscs Scenella (18); echinoderms Echmatocrinus (19); chordates Pikaia (20); along with Haplophrentis (21), Opabina (22), lophophorate Dinomischus (23), proto-annelid Wiwaxia (24), and anomalocarid Laggania cambria (25). From The Fossils of the Burgess Shales, by Briggs, Erwin and Collier, 1994). From

25 The Paleozoic: a new Era There is great diversity in invertebrates. Vertebrates begin their hatching with the appearance of the fish in the middle of the Age. The amphibians appear on Earth from fish with lungs when the Age is already well advanced. Terrestrial plants begin their appearance while the fish are being developed. Late Paleozoic reptiles begin to develop (first dinosaurs). It seems that life... is no turning back. Nevertheless, at the end of Paleozoic occurs most biological crisis of the planet's history, with the disappearance of 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species.

$That is a tiny fraction of the full Cambrian biota, better represented by the roster of the Burgess Shale Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstatten.$

26 Trilobites (1) live among many species that are not normally preserved. A typical Cambrian outcrop might produce only trilobites, brachiopods (2), mollusks (3), and crinoids (4). That is a tiny fraction of the full Cambrian biota, better represented by the roster of the Burgess Shale Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstatten. That community includes sponges Vauxia (5), Hazelia (6), and Eifellia (7); brachipods Nisusia (2); priapulid worms Ottoia (8); trilobites Olenoides (1); other arthropods such as Sidneyia (9), Leanchoilia (10), Marella (11), Canadaspis (12), Helmetia (13), Burgessia (14), Tegopelte (15), Naraoia (16), Waptia (17), Sanctacaris (18), and Odaraia (19); lobopods Hallucigenia (20) and Aysheaia (21); mollusks Scenella (3); echinoderms Echmatocrinus (4); and chordates Pikaia (22); among other oddities, including Haplophrentis (23), Opabinia (24), Dinomischus (25), Wiwaxia (26), Amiskwia (27), and Anomalocaris (28) by S.M. Gon III (composition & linework) & John Whorrall.

27 Marine landscape at the Ordovician (Lower Paleozoic)

28 Extinction at the end of the Ordovician

29 Marine landscape at the Silurian Times (Middle Paleozoic)

30 Marine landscape at the Devonian (Middle Paleozoic)

31 Important changes in the atmosphere Oxygen is most abundant and this means that the ultraviolet rays will be filtered into the atmosphere, allowing the colonization of terrestrial environments by organisms (plants and animals). Terrestrial ecosystems appear...

32 Carboniferous terrestrial landscapes: large fern forests, large insects and vertebrates. Lepidodendron Calamites Sigillaria

33 Permian landscape: terrestrial vertebrates, to the power!

34 Permian terrestrial landscape : in continuity with the past.

35 Paleozoic fossils-guide LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION GRAPTOLITES TRILOBITES

36 PALEOZOIC FOSSILS PLANTS (with spores) Mosses and ferns NOT CHORDATA Corals, Moluscs Arthropods LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION CHORDATA Armoured fish CALCEOLA TEREBRATULA Braquiópodos Amphibian SIGILLARIA (tronco) SPIRIFER TRILOBITE

The big Paleozoic changes in Life http://www.vi.

37 The big Paleozoic changes in Life st 220 The emergence of invertebrates and the appearance of the first terrestrial vascular plants in the Devonian and early vertebrates (fish) in the middle of the age and evolution of these towards the amphibians and reptiles are some of the most significant evolutionary aspects.

38 Geography in the early Carboniferous Iberian Peninsula

39 Geography late Carboniferous Iberian Peninsula

40 In the Permian, only one continent Iberian Peninsula

41 At the end of the Permian: Pangea ("all the earth")

42 Mesozoic or Secondary Era Iberian Peninsula

Triassic landscape http://www.scielo.org.

43 Triassic landscape Something more than mere changes in the geography of continents and oceans on the planet occur: besides breaking Pangea, living beings also contribute to change the face of the earth: gymnosperms begin to replace the ferns and among vertebrates, reptiles (dinosaurs) expand all ecosystems dominated by land, seas and air. occupy all ecosystems dominating the land, the seas and the air.

Triassic fauna and flora http://science.

44 Triassic fauna and flora

45 The first selection of dinosaurs

Jurassic landscape: seas and lands http://arquitecturadefpaisaje.blogspot.

html Giant animals dominated the Earth in this period of the Mesozoic Era and would continue to do it

46 Jurassic landscape: seas and lands Giant animals dominated the Earth in this period of the Mesozoic Era and would continue to do it throughout the next period, the Cretaceous: about 180 million years, if we count from the beginning of the Triassic! m/2009/03/costa-de-los-dinosaurios.html

47 Jurassic Paleogeography (1) Iberian Peninsula

48 Jurassic Paleogeography (2) Iberian Peninsula

49 Jurassic (left) and Cretaceous (right) life

Cretaceous Paleogeography Iberian Peninsula http://www.scotese.com/cretaceo.

50 Cretaceous Paleogeography Iberian Peninsula So were the continents when the dinosaurs went extinct... well, almost all dinosaurs

51 FÓSILES DEL MESOZOICO PLANTS ( with flowerss) Gymnosperms (Conifera) (unprotected seed) NOT CHORDATA Echinoderma, Molusks Crinoidea LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION Ammonoidea CHORDATA Belemnite

PTEROSAURIOS. Con alas. Carnívoros. Precursores de las aves DINOSAURIOS. Terrestres.

52 MESOZOIC FOSSIL REPTILES LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION COTILOSAURIOS. Más antiguos. Tipo cocodrilos ICTIOSAURIOS. Con aletas. Carnívoros PTEROSAURIOS. Con alas. Carnívoros. Precursores de las aves DINOSAURIOS. Terrestres. Con grandes patas. Gran éxito evolutivo Saurópodos. Diplodocus Terápodos. Tyranosaurus Estegosaurios. Estegosaurus Ornitópodos. Triceratops

53 CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR HERBIVOROUS DINOSAUR STEGOSAUR FLYING PTEROSAUR TRICERATOPS

54 all_flier_prose/asteroid_toon/asteroid_too n.html

55 bruckman.html

56 The beginning of the Tertiary is marked by a great cataclysm A great cataclysm occurs in Yucatan (now Gulf of Mexico) in the late Cretaceous. Then a stretch of sea separated North from South America. Still had a long way to join the two continents by the Isthmus of Panama. But the positions of all the continents were looking very much like the present. And mammals began to be a representative life forms in the biosphere: its emergence and dispersal began.

57 Towards the end of the Tertiary (14 My ago), the world seems recognizable

58 Tertiary fauna: Where are the dinosaurs?

59 TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY FOSSILS LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION PLANTS (with flowers) Angyosperms (protected seed) NOT CHORDATA Nummulites Echinoderms Arthropods Echinoderms Nummulites CORDATA Birds Mammals Human remains Arqueopterix Mamut Australopithecus

60 The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate mode for the last 30 million years and the last expansion of the polar ice sheets took place about 18,000 years ago.

62 Major phylogenetic groups affected at each extinction pulse: 1. Ordovician (440 mya). Extinction of deep-shelf benthic faunas including trilobites, graptolites, and conodonts. 2. Devonian (365 mya). Decimation of coral reefs, brachiopods, and calcareous foraminifera. 3. Permian (250 mya). Estimated 96% extinctions at species level in the marine realm, and for the first time, drastic reduction in the number of terrestrial tetrapod families. 4. Triassic (210 mya). Extinctions wiped out 23% of both marine and non-marine animal families, including sponges, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, brachiopods, insects, and vertebrates. 5. Cretaceous (65 mya). The extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs, plus substantial to complete losses among such diverse groups as ammonites, nannoplankton, rudists, and certain marine reptiles. The end-pleistocene extinction event does not qualify as a mass extinction. It is better classified as a taxon-specific event, affecting primarily the Class Mammalia (although birds and, to a lesser extent, reptiles were also affected). Nor was it global, although later in the Quaternary many other regions were affected by dramatic losses of a similar sort. l

63 K T boundary along Interstate 25 near Raton Pass, Colorado. The iridium-rich ash (the boundary) is indicated by the red arrow. _event

64 Badlands near Drumheller, Alberta where erosion has exposed the K T boundary.

66 HUMAN EVOLUTION Australopithecus (Free hands) 2 m.y. Homo habilis (Tools) 1,5 m.y. Cranial capacity Homo ergaster (physical constitution) 1 m.y. Homo antecessor y. Homo erectus (fire) Y. Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens y y.

67 HUMAN EVOLUTION MORE FUNCTIONS GREATER BRAIN CAPACITY Improved quality of life : > More varied, nutritious and hygienic diet. > Greater resistance to disease > Best defense conditions (weather, predators,...) > More leisure time LARGER POPULATIONS: HIGH BIRTH RATES AND LOWER MORTALITY GREATER CHANCE OF GENETIC CHANGES AND EVOLUTION

68 HUMAN EVOLUTION For 5 million years

70 Australopithecus afarensis ( Lucy )

71 Homo habilis

72 Homo ergaster

73 Homo erectus

75 Homo neanderthalensis

76 Australopithecus Human evolution through the skulls. Homo habilis Homo ergaster Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

77 Final slide 6TH. LESSON: LIFE STORY

The Phanerozoic Eon. 542 mya Present. Divided into 3 Eras The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras

The Phanerozoic Eon. 542 mya Present. Divided into 3 Eras The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras 542 mya Present The Phanerozoic Eon Divided into 3 Eras The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras The ends of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras were marked by mass extinctions The Cenozoic Era is still