3/22/2014. Earth s subsystems or cycles. Outline for next couple weeks. Weathering (breakdown of rock) Erosion
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1 and Erosion Earth s subsystems or cycles Outline for next couple weeks 1. and Erosion 2. Surface water systems (rivers) 3. Groundwater systems 4. Groundwater in-class activity (grade) (breakdown of rock) Mechanical: physical breakdown (disintegration) of rocks and minerals Chemical: chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks and minerals Erosion The physical removal and transport of material by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Mass Wasting (special case of erosion) Downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Does not require medium such as water or wind - just gravity-driven. is the disintegration or decomposition of a rock Erosion is the removal and transport of the decomposed rock that results from 1
2 comes in two varieties: H.Rae online blog: weathered cobbles, Eel River, Mendocino, CA Mechanical Chemical Freeze/Thaw (frost wedging) - water expands by 9% when it freezes Mechanical (physical) Unloading-related expansion - pressure release; exfoliation Thermal expansion temperature-related expansion and contraction of minerals creates stress in rocks Biological activity - tree roots and micro-organisms Mechanical abrasion - grain-to-grain contact during transport Acid mine drainage Frost wedging and jointcontrolled Unloading-related expansion - pressure release; exfoliation Biological Activity (example: roots) comes in two varieties: H.Rae online blog: weathered cobbles, Eel River, Mendocino, CA Chemical Mechanical (physical) Acid mine drainage 2
3 Chemical processes Hydrolysis Oxidation Dissolution can chemically alter to form a completely new mineral Feldspar hydration weathers to clay (not all silicates weather to clay) oxidation Mafic rocks weather to iron oxide oxidation dissolution Carbonate rocks totally removed hydrolysis The minerals can actually dissolve... Mafic (Fe & Mg-rich) minerals are more susceptible to chemical than are felsic (Si-rich) minerals Calcite is especially prone to dissolution Quartz is resistant to chemical, forming sand, but all other common silicate minerals break down chemically to form clay minerals, the stuff of mud Because chemical reactions can occur only on rocks exposed to water, joints are particularly important in accelerating this process 3
4 (breakdown of rock) Mechanical: physical breakdown (disintegration) of rocks and minerals Chemical: chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks and minerals Erosion The physical removal of material by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Mass Wasting (special case of erosion) Downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Does not require medium such as water or wind - just gravity-driven. Water erosion Wind erosion Glacial erosion Clicker Question #1 A flash flood removed the material from underneath this road. This is an example of: A. Mechanical B. Chemical C. Erosion Jamestown, CO during 2013 flood Clicker Question #2 The dark rock in the center of the photo is a remnant of what the entire rock once was. The red/white material surrounding it is much softer than the original rock. This surrounding material represents: A. Mechanical B. Chemical C. Erosion (breakdown of rock) Mechanical: physical breakdown (disintegration) of rocks and minerals Chemical: chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks and minerals Erosion The physical removal of material by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Mass Wasting (special case of erosion) Downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Does not require medium such as water or wind - just gravity-driven. 4
5 3/22/2014 I-70, Western Colorado, May 2003 Can be rapid (meters/sec) Rockfall in Zion National Park Face of Old Man in the Mountain, New Hampshire, fell off in 2003 Figure 6.A Slides movement of material along a planar failure surfaces Slides movement of material along a planar failure surfaces Rockslide along I-40 in Pigeon River Gorge, NC, July 1997 Weathered shale forms rubble at base of cliff Bedding plane Slides on Fountain Formation Sandstone, Boulder, CO, during 2013 floods 5
6 Weathered shale forms rubble at base of cliff Mass Movement Depends on Nature of Material Angle of Repose Angle of Repose: the maximum angle at which a pile of unconsolidated particles can rest Factors affecting mass movement Steepness of slope Slope composition Water Vegetation Triggers (floods, earthquakes, etc.) Which house is more likely to slide into the valley? a. The blue one on the left b. The pink one on the right c. Equal chance d. Neither will d. Don t know a. Because it is close to the valley bottom b. Because the bedding planes make sliding easier Why? c. the hill it sits on is steeper d. b and c e. Because it is pink Identify features in this landscape that represent 1) Erosion (what medium?) 2) Mass wasting 3) Chemical Mudslide in Boulder Canyon Sep el06pwjofxo Next time: Surface Water 6
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