Weathering and Erosion
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- Asher Greer
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1 Weathering and Erosion OBJECTIVE: Explain how erosion and deposition shape Earth s surface by matching and using models
2 How do erosion and deposition shape Earth s surface?
3 Deposition Formation Transported sediments are deposited in layers and generate strata like those found in the Grand Canyon.
4 Deposition Formation
5 Glaciers Glaciers are large ice fields that slowly flow downhill over time.
6 Glaciers Glacial ice drags rocky material that scours the surface it flows over. The glacier deposits debris as it melts.
7 Streams Flowing water will lift and carry small sediments such as silt and sand.
8 Stream Erosion and Deposition Where water moves more swiftly there will be more erosion. Where the water slows down, sediments will be deposited.
9 Limestone cave feature result of dissolution
10 Plant Wedging
11 Plant Wedging
12 Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering Plant Growth As plants such as trees send out root systems, the fine roots find their way into cracks in the rocks. As the roots increase in size, they force the rock sections apart, increasing the separation and weathering.
13 Frost Wedging (in soil) Ice crystals
14 Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering Frost Wedging cracking of rock mass by the expansion of water as it freezes in crevices and cracks
15 Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering Thermal expansion and contraction repeated heating and cooling of materials cause rigid substances to crack and separate
16 Wind and Water Abrasion Photo Ref: P211442, "IPR/52-34CW BGS NERC
17 Ocean Dynamics Tidal action and waves carry away weathered materials.
18 Transport by Gravity When sediments are weathered they may be transported downward by gravity. The general term for this is mass wasting.
19 Transport by Gravity When sediments are weathered they may be transported downward by gravity as a slump. Slump
20 Transport by Gravity Loose sediments transported by gravity are called scree. Scree field
21 Wind Abrasion
22 Wind Transport of Sediments Wind will carry fine, dry sediments over long distances.
23 Wind Transport of Dust Photo shows Sahara Desert sand being transported over the Atlantic Ocean.
24 Think!?! What is the difference between erosion and weathering?
25 Weathering and Erosion Weathering - processes at or near Earth s surface that cause rocks and minerals to break down Erosion - process of removing Earth materials from their original sites through weathering and transport
26 Weathering Mechanical Weathering - processes that break a rock or mineral into smaller pieces without altering its composition Chemical Weathering - processes that change the chemical composition of rocks and minerals
27 Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering These are actions or things that break down Earth materials frost wedging thermal expansion and contraction mechanical exfoliation abrasion by wind, water or gravity plant growth
28 Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering Exfoliation As underlying rock layers are exposed, there is less pressure on them and they expand. This causes the rigid layers to crack and sections to slide off (similar to peeling of outer skin layers after a sunburn). The expanding layers often form a dome.
29 Dome Exfoliation
30 Processes and Agents of Mechanical Weathering Abrasion Moving sediments or rock sections can break off pieces from a rock surface they strike. The sediments can be moved by wind or water and the large rock sections by gravity.
31 Processes of Chemical Weathering dissolving (dissolution) oxidation hydrolysis
32 Statue of Liberty ZSLrXtg1-o After watching the video, explain why the Statue of Liberty is a blue/green color!!!!!
33 Processes of Chemical Weathering Dissolving (dissolution) Water, often containing acid from dissolved carbon dioxide, will dissolve minerals from a rock body leaving cavities in the rock. These cavities may generate sinkholes or cave features such as stalactites and stalagmites.
34 Processes of Chemical Weathering Oxidation Minerals may combine with oxygen to form new minerals that are not as hard. For example, the iron-containing mineral pyrite forms a rusty-colored mineral called limonite.
35 Pyrite Oxidation Pyrite Limonite
36 Processes of Chemical Weathering Hydrolysis Minerals may chemically combine with water to form new minerals. Again these are generally not as hard as the original material.
37 Feldspar Hydrolysis Feldspar Kaolinite (clay)
38 Factors in Chemical Weathering Climate wet and warm maximizes chemical reactions Plants and animals living organisms secrete substances that react with rock Time longer contact means greater change Mineral composition some minerals are more susceptible to change than others
39 Weathering and Erosion Weathering produces regolith ( rock blanket ) which is composed of small rock and mineral fragments. When organic matter is mixed into this material it is called soil.
40 Erosion Transport Agents or Forces Water rain streams and rivers ocean dynamics ice in glaciers Wind Gravity
41 Humans and Erosion What are some ways that human activity can affect the way land erodes?
42 Weathering & Erosion Vid EXPLAINED
43 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Weathering Chemical and physical breakdown of rocks into sediment Occurs when the rock s environment changes and the rock is exposed to some form of water and the air
44 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Chemical Weathering Chemical change within the rock s minerals breaking down the bonds holding the rocks together, causing them to fall apart into smaller pieces.
45 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Chemical Weathering (Cont.) Causes rock to break: (A) Oxidation Iron combines with oxygen making rust. (B) Hydrolysis Water softens minerals in rocks. (C) Carbonation Carbon dioxide in rain water creates carbonic acid. Ex. acid rain, cave creation B A C
46 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition A2 A1 Physical (Mechanical) Weathering The process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition caused by: Glacial/Ice: (A1) Abrasion - by rapidly moving water, glaciers or wind. (A2) Ice wedging - by freezing and thawing (contracting and expansion).
47 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Physical Weathering (cont.) Causes rock to break: (B) Plant Roots - grow into cracks and break apart rock. (C) Burrowing animals scrape and dig the terrain. (D) Temperature Changecold to hot expanding and contracting. (E) Gravity - falling rocks or debris, compression B D C E
48 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Erosion The process that moves bits of rock or soil from one place to another by: Gravity Water (rivers, waves) Wind Ice (glaciers)
49 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Deposition The process in which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a landform such as: Deltas Flood plains Sandbars Dunes
50 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Deposition Occurs when the forces moving sediments are no longer able to overcome the forces of gravity and friction.
51 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition What affects transportation of sediments? Running water is the primary agent of erosion. Velocity (speed) depends on gradient (slope) and discharge (amount of water). As velocity increases the size of particles carried also increases.
52 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Ages of Rivers (A) Young Rivers - fast-flowing, V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, and rapids (B) Mature rivers Less energy, slower, meanders (1), sandbars (C) Old River Very slow, shallow, large amounts of sediment deposited, many narrow channels, islands, deltas (2)
53 eslerscienc Quick Action Erosion and Deposition 1. Working with a partner and decide which picture matches the description of each river age. Young River Mature River Old River A B 2. Make a sketch of each picture in your INB, be sure to include labels. C
54 eslerscienc A. B C
55 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Features Created by Wind Caused by abrasion from wind blown sand. Arches Sand dunes Mushroom Rocks
56 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Features Created by Gravity Gravity shapes the Earth s surface by moving weathered material from a higher place to a lower one. (A) Landslides (fast) (B) Mud flows (C) Slump/creep (slow) A C B
57 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Features Created by Glaciation Caused as massive glaciers flow down hill bulldozing existing rocks. U-Shaped Valley Hanging Valley Horn Moraine Cirque Tarn lake Arête
58 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Features Created by water (waves) Erosional and depositional features which form along coastlines The western U.S. coastline has more erosional features. The eastern U.S. coast and the Gulf of Mexico has more depositional features.
59 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Ecoregions of the United States Areas defined by its environmental conditions, especially climate, landforms, and soil characteristics.
60 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Ecoregions Environmental Conditions Climate weather conditions in an area over time. Tropical Arid Mediterranean Landforms crustal material Mountains high elevation Plateaus medium to high elevation Plains low elevation Soil characteristics Amount of vegetation Dry (arid) very little vegetation (poor soil) Humid large amount of vegetation (good soil)
61 eslerscienc Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Examples of Ecoregions Subtropical (Florida, South Eastern States) Tundra (N Alaska) Temperate Steppe (Great Plains Marine Mountains (Coastal Washington and Oregon) Desert and Desert Mountain (Nevada and parts of New Mexico)
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