SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION"

April Rose Thornton
6 years ago
Views:

1 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 1.13/NGEO11 Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements Yasuhiro Kato 1, Koichiro Fujinaga 1, Kentaro Nakamura, Yutaro Takaya 1, Kenichi Kitamura 1, Junichiro Ohta 1, Ryuichi Toda 1, Takuya Nakashima 1 & Hikaru Iwamori 3 1 Department of Systems Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-, Japan Precambrian Ecosystem Laboratory (PEL), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), -1 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 37-1, Japan 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, -1-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1-1, Japan ykato@sys.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp NATURE GEOSCIENCE 1

2 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, Site 33 Site 3 Site 37 Site 3 Site Depth (mbsf) 7 1 Site Site Site Site 71 Site Site 7 Site 7 Site 3 Site 1 Site Site 13 Site 1 Site 1 Site 1 Site 17 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, Supplementary Figure S1. Detailed depth profiles of REY contents for all study cores. The pale grey intervals represent no core recovery.

3 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, m 3 Oceanic crust 3 7 Site 17 Site 199 Site Site 311 Site Depth (mbsf) 7 1 Site 31 Site 317 Site 319 Site 3 Site m Oceanic crust 7 Site 73 Site 9 Site 97 Site 9 Site Site Site 1 Site Site 7 Site 3 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, Supplementary Figure S1. (continued.)

4 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, Site 1 Site 3 Site Site 9 Site m Oceanic crust Depth (mbsf) Site 11 Site 117 Site 11 Site 1 Site 11 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, > 1, 1, 1, 7 1, 7 < 7 7 Site 1 1, 1,, Supplementary Figure S1. (continued.)

5 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1 1 KH--1-3 KH--1-3 KH--- KH--- KH--9- KH Depth (mbsf) 1 1 KH KH--39- KH7---3 KH KH KH KH KH KH KH71-- KH KH7-- KH7-- KH , 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, Supplementary Figure S1. (continued.)

6 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, Depth (mbsf) KH73--9 KH7--3 KH-3- KH-3-3 KH-1-17A KH-1-1 1, 1,, KH-1-3 1, 1,, 1 1, 1,, 1, 1,, 1, 1,, > 1, 1, 1, 7 1, 7 < 1 Supplementary Figure S1. (continued.)

7 Al Fe MnO K O 1 (9., 1.) P O 3, 3, 3,, 1, 1, CaO Biogenous carbonate-rich Biogenous silica-rich Terrigenous component-rich Volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived) REY-rich Average shales (PAAS & NASC) MORB OIB Apatite Phillipsite Hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment Supplementary Figure S. CaO versus other oxides and REY. To make constituent components of seafloor sediments more visible, sediments with specific compositions are colour-coded: biogenous carbonate-rich (CaO > 1 wt%) in blue, biogenous silica-rich (SiO > 7 wt%) in purple, terrigenous component-rich (Al > 1 wt%) in orange and volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived; TiO > (Al +)/) in green. The remaining samples, as shown in black, can be regarded as enriched in the REY-rich component. Major element oxide data are recalculated on a loss on ignition-free basis. The major element oxide data point of phillipsite is represented by the average content of the data by refs S1 and S. The REY content of phillipsite is given as 1, ppm based on the data by ref. S3. Note that two-third of the samples of hydrothermal Fe-rich sediments lack SiO, TiO and P O data, and have been recalculated on a carbonate-free basis. Data on endmembers: average shales (refs S ), MORB (ref. S7), OIB (ref. S), apatite (ref. S9), phillipsite (refs S1 3) and hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment near mid-ocean ridge (refs S1 1).

8 Al Fe MnO K O 1 P O 3, 3, 3,, 1, 1, SiO Biogenous carbonate-rich Biogenous silica-rich Terrigenous component-rich Volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived) REY-rich Average shales (PAAS & NASC) MORB OIB Apatite Phillipsite Hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment Supplementary Figure S3. SiO versus other oxides and REY. Symbols and the colour-coding are the same as in Supplementary Fig. S.

9 Al Fe MnO K O 1 P O 3, 3, 3,, 1, 1, TiO Biogenous carbonate-rich Biogenous silica-rich Terrigenous component-rich Volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived) REY-rich Average shales (PAAS & NASC) MORB OIB Apatite Phillipsite Hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment Supplementary Figure S. TiO versus other oxides and REY. Symbols and the colour-coding are the same as in Supplementary Fig. S.

10 Fe 1 3 MnO K O 1 P O 3, 3, 3,, 1, 1, Al Biogenous carbonate-rich Biogenous silica-rich Terrigenous component-rich Volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived) REY-rich Average shales (PAAS & NASC) MORB OIB Apatite Phillipsite Hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment Supplementary Figure S. Al versus other oxides and REY. Symbols and the colour-coding are the same as in Supplementary Fig. S.

11 Al MnO K O 1 3 P O Inferred phillipsite-like component 3, 3,,, 1, 1, Fe Phillipsite trend Biogenous carbonate-rich Biogenous silica-rich Terrigenous component-rich Volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived) REY-rich Average shales (PAAS & NASC) MORB OIB Apatite Phillipsite Hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment Fe-rich trend Supplementary Figure S. Fe versus other oxides and REY. Symbols and the colour-coding are the same as in Supplementary Fig. S.

12 a 1 IC3 1 Fe Fe IC1 IC SiO IC Al SiO Al IC b 3, 3, 3, 3,,, IC3 1,,, 1, 1, 1, 7 3 Fe IC 1 IC1 1 1 Al 7 3 Fe Al Biogenous carbonate-rich Biogenous silica-rich Terrigenous component-rich Volcaniclastic component-rich (OIB-derived) REY-rich Average shales (PAAS & NASC) MORB OIB Apatite Phillipsite Hydrothermal Fe-rich sediment Supplementary Figure S7. Independent components (IC1 to IC) in three-dimensional stereo plots. a, SiO Al Fe. b, Fe Al REY. Independent components have been obtained with the same procedure as described in ref. S13. Symbols and the colour-coding are the same as in Supplementary Fig. S.

13 , 1, 1, Site 7 Site 7 Site 319 Site 73 Site 97 Site 9 Site 99 Site 11 Site 11 Site 117 Site 11 Site 1 Site 11 Site Sedimentation rate (cm kyr 1 ) Supplementary Figure S. Sedimentation rates versus REY contents for the DSDP/ODP cores. Data on sedimentation rates are from the respective Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program volumes.

14 . mol l 1 H SO, 1 h, o C 1 Recovery (%) La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 1. mol l 1 HCl, 3 h, o C Recovery (%) La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Supplementary Figure S9. Results of leaching experiments of REY from the REY-rich mud (Sample No. Site *, 1-, - cm) by dilute acids. Experimental conditions are. moll 1 H SO, 1 h and o C (above) and. moll 1 HCl, 3 h and o C (below).

15 Fe MnO ICP-MS CaO 1 XRF Supplementary Figure S1. Comparison of major element data obtained by two analytical methods (XRF and ICP-MS) for the piston core samples.

16 3 La (ppm) Sm (ppm) INAA Yb (ppm) ICP-MS Supplementary Figure S11. Comparison of La, Sm and Yb data of selected core samples from Site 7 determined by the present ICP-MS analysis with INAA performed by Actlabs (Ontario, Canada). Error bars and dashed lines represent analytical uncertainties and regression lines, respectively. Our data agree well with the Actlabs data within the analytical uncertainties which integrate those for ICP-MS (<7 %) and INAA (<9 %), i.e., total <1 %. In these numerical values, uncertainties arising from 9 % confidence interval in the certified values of standard materials are included, and may produce a well-defined linear correlation with a systematic but minor deviation from the 1:1 trend (e.g., Yb). All the estimates concerning the potential storage in the main text are referred to considering the integrated uncertainties (e.g., REY of 1,1 ± 19 ppm for Site 7).

17 Supplementary Table S1. DSDP/ODP and piston core lists used in this study. (a) DSDP/ODP Site Hole Latitude Longitude Water depth (m) Area Length of study core (m) 33 * 39.'N 'W, northeast Pacific. 3 * 9.'N 13.'W 3,73 northeast Pacific *.7'N 'W, northeast Pacific. 3 * 3.1'N 1 1.7'W,13 northeast Pacific * 3.'N 'W,99 northeast Pacific 1.3 * 7 3'N 171.3'E,79 north central Pacific.3 * 1.1'N 'E,13 central Pacific 73. * 1 3.3'N 1 1.3'W,7 central Pacific *.'N 'W,19 central equatorial Pacific. 7 * 1.'S 13.'W,31 southeast Pacific * 1 31'S 13 1'W,11 southeast Pacific *, A 1.9'S 1 39.'W,9 southeast Pacific *.'N 9.'W 3, eastern equatorial Pacific 1. 1 * 11.7'N 13.1'W,9 central tropical Pacific * 1.19'N 1.1'W, central tropical Pacific * 11 1.'N 1 17.'W,3 central tropical Pacific * 'N 'W,99 central Pacific * 3.7'N 17.'W,9 central Pacific 7. 1 * 1.'N 'E, central Pacific * 11 'N 'E,79 central Pacific * 'N 133.3'W,77 northeast Pacific * 13 3.'N 1 1.3'E,9 western Pacific. *.3'S 'E 3, southwest Pacific * 7.'N 179.'E,77 north central Pacific. 313 * 1.'N 'W 3, central Pacific *.'N 'W,1 central Pacific B 11.9'S 1 1.7'W,9 central Pacific * 13 1.'S 'W,9 southeast Pacific. 3 * 1 1.1'N 17.7'E, north central Pacific. 71 * 3 9.'N 11.3'W 3,9 eastern equatorial Pacific *, A 9.91'N 'W,31 central equatorial Pacific 7. 9 * 3 1.'S 'W,71 southwest Pacific.9 97 A 1.3'S 19.'W,13 southeast Pacific. 9 * 19.'S 1.1'W 3,99 southeast Pacific * 'S 119.'W 3, southeast Pacific 3. C 1.7'S 11.'W 3,39 southeast Pacific * 1.'S 11.11'W 3,33 southeast Pacific. B 1.1'S 11.'W 3,3 southeast Pacific 3. 7 A 3 3.'N 'E, western equatorial Pacific A 1 3.'S 'W,9 southwest Pacific. 1 B.'N 'W 3,7 eastern equatorial Pacific. 3 B 7 1.'N 19.'W 3,71 eastern equatorial Pacific 7.1 C 'N 19 3.'W 3, eastern equatorial Pacific. 9 A 11.9'N 1.97'E,7 western Pacific A 1.77'N 17.99'W,39 central tropical Pacific A 1 7.1'N 'W,13 central tropical Pacific. 117 A 1.1'N 13 'W,3 central tropical Pacific A 3.37'N 13 'W, central tropical Pacific. 1 A 1 1.'N 1.9'W,1 central tropical Pacific A 1 'N 13 1.'W,17 central tropical Pacific A 13.9'N 'W,99 central tropical Pacific 7.

18 Supplementary Table S1. (continued. ) (b) Piston core Cruise Station No. Latitude Longitude Water depth (m) Area Length of study core (m) KH 'N 19.'W, central Pacific 9. KH 'N 17.'W,7 central Pacific 9.3 KH- -.'S 'W,13 central Pacific 9.9 KH 'S 17 1.'W,3 southwest Pacific 7.1 KH- 9-.'S 'W, southwest Pacific 9.17 KH 'S 19.3'W, southwest Pacific 7.3 KH 'S 19.9'W,19 southwest Pacific.93 KH 'N 17.7'W, north central Pacific 1. KH 'N 19 3.'W, north central Pacific 11. KH 'N 1 1.3'W,9 central tropical Pacific.19 KH71-7-.'N 1 9'W, central equatorial Pacific 1. KH71-1-.'S 1 3.'W,9 southeast Pacific. KH 'S 1 1.'W,3 southeast Pacific.9 KH 'S 1 'W,1 southeast Pacific.7 KH 'S 3'W 3,9 southeast Pacific. KH71-1 S 93 W southeast Pacific 3.7 KH 'N 11.1'W 3,3 eastern equatorial Pacific.7 KH7-1 3'N 13 'E,3 Philippine Sea 7. KH7-3'N 19 13'E,3 Philippine Sea 7.1 KH 'N 11 'E,9 western Pacific 11. KH 'S 17.'E,39 central Pacific 1.3 KH7-3 7.'N 13 3.'E,7 Philippine Sea.97 KH 'N 13.9'E,7 western Pacific 1. KH 'N 'E, western Pacific 1. KH-1 17A.1'N 13 3'E,1 Philippine Sea 9.1 KH 'N 1.3'E 3, Philippine Sea 9.1 KH 'N 19.7'E, western Pacific 7.1

19 Supplementary Table S. Total thickness and average ΣREY content of REY-rich mud in the two high-potential regions. (a) the eastern South Pacific region Site Water depth (m) Total thickness of REY-rich mud (m) Αverage ΣREY content (ppm) 7, ,11.3 1, 7,9 9. 1,17 97, , average,33. 1,* range,13, , (b) the central North Pacific region Site Water depth (m) Total thickness of REY-rich mud (m) Αverage ΣREY content (ppm), ,7 1. 1, ,. 9 13,3 3. 1, ,9. 1, , , 313 3, , , , , , , , average,19 3. * range 3,, , * Note that the average ΣREY contents of the two high-potential regions are weighted averages.

20 Supplementary References S1. Dubinin, A. V. Geochemistry of rare earth elements in oceanic phillipsites. Lithology Mineral Res. 3, 11-1 (). S. Sheppard, R. A., Gude, A. J., III & Griffin, J. J. Chemical composition and physical properties of phillipsite from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Am. Mineral., 3- (197). S3. Piper, D. Z. Rare earth elements in ferromanganese nodules and other marine phases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 3, 17-1 (197). S. Taylor, S. R. & McLennan, S. M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution (Blackwell, 19). S. Gromet, L. P., Dymek, R. F., Haskin, L. A. & Korotev, R. L. The North American shale composite : Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 9- (19). S. Goldstein, S. J. & Jacobsen, S. B. Rare earth elements in river waters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 9, 3-7 (19). S7. Floyd, P. A. & Castillo, P. R. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic ocean crust basalts, Site 1. Proc. ODP Sci. Results Vol. 19, 31-3 (Ocean Drilling Program, 199) S. Christie, D. M., Dieu, J. J. & Gee, J. S. Petrologic studies of basement lavas from northwest Pacific guyots. Proc. ODP Sci. Results Vol. 1, 9-1 (Ocean Drilling Program, 199) S9. Lécuyer, C., Reynard, B. & Grandjean, P. Rare earth element evolution of Phanerozoic seawater recorded in biogenic apatites. Chem. Geol., 3-1 (). S1. Jarvis, I. Geochemistry and origin of Eocene-Oligocene metalliferous sediments from the central equatorial Pacific: Deep Sea Drilling Project sites 73 and 7. DSDP Init. Repts. Vol., 71- (US Government Printing Office, 19). S11. Barrett, T. J., Taylor, P. N. & Lugowski, J. Metalliferous sediments from DSDP Leg 9: The East Pacific Rise transect. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1, 1-3 (197).

21 S1. Barrett, T. J. & Jarvis, I. Rare-earth element geochemistry of metalliferous sediments from DSDP Leg 9: The East Pacific Rise transect. Chem. Geol. 7, 3-9 (19). S13. Iwamori, H., Albarède, F. & Nakamura, H. Global structure of mantle isotopic heterogeneity and its implications for mantle differentiation and convection. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 99, (1).

Supplementary Figure 1 Map of the study area Sample locations and main physiographic features of the study area. Contour interval is 200m (a) and 40m

Supplementary Figure 1 Map of the study area Sample locations and main physiographic features of the study area. Contour interval is 200m (a) and 40m (b). Dashed lines represent the two successive ridge