UNDERGROUND MINING EXPLOAITATION INFLUENCE ON THE SUSTENABLE DEVELOPMENT OF JIU VALLEY MICROREGION

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1 UNDERGROUND MINING EXPLOAITATION INFLUENCE ON THE SUSTENABLE DEVELOPMENT OF JIU VALLEY MICROREGION Octavian HERBEI 1, Cosmin POPESCU 2, Mihai Vaentin HERBEI 2 1 University of Petrosani Facuty of Mine 2 Banat s University of Agricutura Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Facuty of Agricutura Sciences Corresponding author: mihai_herbei@yahoo.com Abstract: The areas affected by the mining expoitations are mono-industria and the appearance of potentia directions for deveoping them are very inked to the resuts of the infuence of these mining expoitations over the environment. The effects of the underground mining expoitations are the dispacement and deformation of the terrain around the expoitation. To study the infuence of this underground expoitation over the area is necessary for putting into evidence the phenomenon of dispacement and taking the measures for protecting the objectives executed on the surface and the surface itsef. So, the deveopment of the infrastructure, the tourism, services, the impementation of different projects in order to have a sustainabe deveopment of Petrosani town must be made by anayzing very carefuy the phenomenon of dispacement and deformation of the terrestria area under the infuence of the underground expoitation. The Jiu Vaey area that is intensey and forced industriaized, recorded during the ast 40 years an excessivey a port of popuation with different behaviors and customs is refected into the socia and economica situation of the county. This area contains 3 big towns: Petrosani, Vucan and Lupeni, 3 sma towns (Petria, Aninoasa and Uricani) and ony one big viage, Banita, which contains three sma viages. Into the context of a sustainabe deveopment of Jiu Vaey in genera and of Petrosani in particuar we must take into account of many factors. One of the most important factors that infuence the process of deveopment is constituted in the subsidence phenomenon in Maeia - Livezeni are, which has a very high tourist potentia and aso into the other areas of Jiu Vaey mining basin. The protection of the industria, socia and natura objectives from the surface of mining perimeter is made by dimensioning the safety (protection) piars. In many cases it is put the probem to vaor the reserves of usefu minera substance set into these safety piars so putting into expoitation and introducing them into the economica circuit. In this situation there are made different studies in order to know the dispacements and deformations of the terrains under the infuence of mining expoitation of a rock situated under certain geoogica and mining and expoitation conditions. Key words: Sustainabe deveopment, Jiu Vaey, deformation, underground mining expoitations INTRODUCTION The areas affected by the mining expoitations are mono-industria and the appearance of potentia directions for deveoping them are very inked to the resuts of the infuence of these mining expoitations over the environment. The effects of the underground mining expoitations are the dispacement and deformation of the terrain around the expoitation. To study the infuence of this underground expoitation over the area is necessary for putting into evidence the phenomenon of dispacement and taking the measures for protecting the objectives executed on the surface and the surface itsef. So, the deveopment of the infrastructure, the tourism, services, the impementation of different projects in order to have a sustainabe deveopment of Petrosani town must be made by anayzing very carefuy the 615

2 phenomenon of dispacement and deformation of the terrestria area under the infuence of the underground expoitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS THE PRESENTATION OF JIU VALLEY MINING BASIN Being situated aong the Carpathians Mountains, which are a third of Romania, the Jiu Vaey represents the gate to nationa park Retezat. Situated in the south of Hunedoara County and the south-west of Transyvania, in a depression of Meridiona Carpathians, Petrosani depression caed Jiu Vaey is situated aong the two Jiu Rivers (western and eastern Jiu). Figure 1. Topography of Petrosani mining basin seen from the sateites The coa basin of Jiu Vaey (fig. 2) was divided in 16 mining perimeters: Lonea, Lonea Piier, Petria, Petria Sud, Dâja, Livezeni, Săătruc, Iscroni, Aninoasa, Vucan, Paroşeni, Lupeni, Bărbăteni, Uricani, Vaea de Brazi and Câmpu ui Neag, from which 15 had mining activity (excepting Săătruc). THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF JIU VALLEY MINING BASIN The vision for a sustainabe deveopment is as foows: The vision for many communities in Jiu Vaey is to have heathy and sure modes of sustainabiity. The vision of sustainabiity incudes the management/hosting, infrastructure and services, incuding the utiity of potabe water comparabe with the ones of size and function simiar in European Union. Into a protected environment they wi have an efficient transport and inks of communication with the rest of the country and the resources of cean energy that is avaiabe. The community members wi have opportunities acceptabe for education, wi take part to the economic process and wi be abe to impy into oca government. 616

3 The process of sustainabe deveopment is a very compex one and must impy the anayze of a economica, socia and environmenta factors. Into the foowings we anayzed the most important factors that infuence the process of sustainabe deveopment of Petrosani. Figure 2. Map of mining parameters from Jiu Vaey mining basin RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS THE INFLUENCE OF THE PHENOMENON OF SUBSIDENCE OVER THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OVER PETROSANI Into the context of a sustainabe deveopment of Jiu Vaey in genera and of Petrosani in particuar we must take into account of many factors. One of the most important factors that infuence the process of deveopment is constituted in the subsidence phenomenon in Maeia - Livezeni are, which has a very high tourist potentia and aso into the other areas of Jiu Vaey mining basin. The protection of the industria, socia and natura objectives from the surface of mining perimeter is made by dimensioning the safety (protection) piars. In many cases it is put the probem to vaor the reserves of usefu minera substance set into these safety piars so putting into expoitation and introducing them into the economica circuit. In this situation there are made different studies in order to know the dispacements and deformations of the terrains under the infuence of mining expoitation of a rock situated under certain geoogica and mining and expoitation conditions. To determine the vaues of the dispacement and deformation parameters is made by using direct and indirect measurements that are grouped into the foowing methods: Geodesic measures; Topographica measures; Photogrammetric measures. To study the dispacement phenomenon is made by using the data obtained over the dispacement of a group of points from the fied that are dispaced together with the terrain in 617

4 movement. The marks that materiaize the points in movement are caed working marks and the stabe marks are caed supporting marks. A the working and supporting marks that are used for supervising the dispacement of the ricks constitute a station for observation the dispacements. The dispacement of the points is observed by topographica periodic measurements for determining their successive positions. So it was determined the heights of points from the surveying station. Their schedue is as foows: Figure 3.Skedue of heights for surveying points The deformation and dispacement parameters are as foows: Surface sinking (S i ) It represents the decrease of the eve of area in report with the initia eve of the same area with the reation: S i = H * i - H i [mm] where: H * i = height of the mark from zero measurement; H i = present height of current mark. Surface decination (I i ) It represents the decination of an area part between two surveying points from the surface over the initia position. It is determined with the report between the differences of the sinking of two consecutive marks of observations and the horizonta distance between them as foows: Si 1 Si I i [mm/m] d i, i1 where : S i = sinking of current mark; S i+1 = sinking of next mark; d i,i+1 = horizonta distance between the two marks. Horizonta dispacement (D * i) It represents the horizonta component of the dispacement vectors of the points. It is the dispacement in horizonta pan of a point situated into an area under expoitation infuence. 618

5 It is determined with the difference between the current distance and the same distance measured initiay as foows: D * i = D i,i+1 D 0i,i+1 where: D i,i+1 = horizonta distance between the two marks at current measurement D 0i,i+1 = horizonta distance between the same marks at zero measurement. Horizonta deformation (ε i ) It is defined as onging (+) or shorting/compression (-) of a distance between two observation marks when the deformation is positive or negative. There are in fact the ongings and compressions aong the observation part and they are cacuated as foows: * D i i D 0 where: D * i = horizonta dispacement; D 0 = initia horizonta dispacement. Curving ray (R) The curving ray (R) is determined by the sucession in time of the deformations: d i1, i1 Ri I Surface curve (C) It is inverse over the curving ray and it is defined as a imit of the report between the convergence ange of the tangents into in neighborhood points and the distance between them. Ci R i 1 1 i The parameters that infuence the phenomenon of dispacement and deformation were cacuated depending on many measurements at different intervas of time, which wi be made aso in the future. Pct. S i [m m] S i+1 - S i [mm] km Determination of dispacement and deformation parameters I i D i+1 I i D i, i+2 R i+1 C i+ [mm/m] [m/mm] A , , ,638-92,118-0, D i [mm] ε i Tabe , , , ,235 70,453 0, , , , ,200-51,554 0, ,8826 These parameters were represented into the figure 4 resuting that the phenomenon of subsidence is active and it need to be monitories in order to be protected the environment. 619

The 3D visuaization (figure 5) is a preferred way for

area. This can be made by using techniques that use frame

In order to be more rea the image based on information it is

This way of map heps us to increase the visua mode and to have

Figure 4 Schedue of parameters that infuence the subsidence

3D Mode for Jiu Vaey mining basin and Livezeni mining

6 The 3D visuaization (figure 5) is a preferred way for visuaizing in order to understand the present terrain of any area. This can be made by using techniques that use frame methods or by transforming the 3D representation into 2D one. In order to be more rea the image based on information it is added the primitive vaue. This way of map heps us to increase the visua mode and to have a ive detai. Figure 4 Schedue of parameters that infuence the subsidence phenomenon Figure 5. 3D Mode for Jiu Vaey mining basin and Livezeni mining perimeter SURVEYING THE STABILITY OF THE TERRAINS AND CONSTRUCTIONS FROM THE SURFACE After the underground mining expoitation, at the surface it may appear some types of degradations of the terrains and constructions: 620

Degradation of the pavages and constructions base Horizonta and vertica dispacements in report with construction terrain; Breakings into the terrain; Breakings into construction faces; Breakings into

In order to consoidate the constructions there may be appied different soutions that can be made individuas and in group depending on the degree of construction degradation.

7 Degradation of the pavages and constructions base Horizonta and vertica dispacements in report with construction terrain; Breakings into the terrain; Breakings into construction faces; Breakings into portant and non-portant was. In order to consoidate the constructions there may be appied different soutions that can be made individuas and in group depending on the degree of construction degradation. In order to be abe to protect the objectives from the surface and aso a series of mining workings situated into the covering rocks it is necessary to eave parts of unexpoited rock under these caed safety piars. To protect the expoited area with safety piars (temporariy or definitivey) represents one of the way for directing the mining pressure. As definitivey safety piars there are aso the piars necessary for protecting the mine wes or other mining works and aso the industria, socia and natura objectives over the mining perimeters (buidings, roads, raiways, etc.). The temporariy safety piars caed aso foor piars are et on, under or around the main preparation workings in order to support the face coa workings and aso the preparation ones. The most used criteria for protecting the safety piars is the critic ange criteria based on the reation between the decination ange of the piar β and the specific admitted deformation ε a, represented into the tabe 2 for four categories of objectives. If the deformation is greater than 12 mm/m, the buidings cannot be used anymore because they have suffered was breakings and other main destructions. Tabe 2 Critic ange criteria for four categories of objectives Category Admitted deformation ε a, mm/m Piar ange β, Destruction characterization I 0,01-1,5 54 Invisibe breakings II 1,5-3,0 58 III 3,0-6,0 62 IV 6,0-12,0 66 Visibe breakings of 2-5 mm Open fractures of mm Open fractures >10-20 mm Objective Wes, industria objectives, roads, raiways, bridges, hospitas, rivers, akes Oi pipes, bocks with more than 2 foors, transforming stations, high tension ines, industria structures and for agricuture Secondary roads and raiways, underground works, Airports Temporary buidings, agricuture and forest terrains The technica and mining measures that are imposed in order to protect the buidings foresee especiay to be used different methods of expoitation of the usefu minera substance and using the safety piars for protecting the objective from the surface (Figure 6 ) Figure 6 Exempes of degradations 621

8 STATISTIC ANALYZE OF THE SUBSIDENCE PHENOMENON INTO JIU VALLEY MINING BASIN To make the cacuation for foreseeing the subsidence phenomenon and dimensioning the safety piars cannot be made without knowing the imit anges of sinking and the anges of maxim sinking. The size of the surface that is affected by the movement of whoe rock over the size of expoited space is imited by panes that together with the horizonta one make some anges caed sinking anges (β s, γ s, δ s ) breaking anges (β r, γ r, δ r ) depending on the height of expoitation, on nature and mechanica features of the rocks into the paces where the breaking ines defined by the breaking anges come through the surface appear breaks (Figure 7). The prognosis of the deformation and dispacement phenomenon of the terrestria surface was based on the vaues of the sinking anges (figure 8) that are between grades. From the observations made on the sinking it resuts that the rock and the surface suffer dispacements and deformations, resuting compression and traction efforts. Among more important factors that infuence the dispacement and deformation process of the terrain we can mention as foows: Physica and mechanica features of covering rocks Rock tectonic Hydroogica and geoogica conditions Decination and measure of expoitation ayers Expoitation methods Method for directing the pressure of surrounding rocks Dimensions of expoited space Expoitation depth A Suprafata initiaa a zacamantuui B B C Abia de depasare zona de depasare r zona de depasare r zona excavata r zona excavata r Limita abiei de depasare C A B D Figure 7 Sinking anges CONCLUSIONS The sustainabe deveopment of a mining area as Jiu Vaey in genera and Petrosani town in particuar cannot be made without studying the infuence of the underground expoitations over the environment and constructions from outside. These are the most important factors that infuence this process. So it is necessary to b made a statistic anayze of this phenomenon and to miniaturize permanenty the areas from the earth surface in order to protect them. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. DIMA, N., Geodesy, Universitas Pubishing House, GRECEA, C., Introduction into Sateite Geodesy, Mirton Pubishing House, Timisoara, HERBEI, O., Mathematic Cartography Making the maps, Eurobit Pubishing House, Timişoara,

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