Sedimentäre Ablagerungsräume
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1 Sedimentäre Ablagerungsräume Alluviale Systeme Seen Wüsten Glaziale Systeme Deltas/ Ästuare Skinner & Porter 1989 Deltas und Ästuare Küsten karb.-evap. Systeme Schelf / Schelfmeere Ozeane / Tiefsee Different delta types controlled by wave and tidal energy Fig b Different types of large marine deltas controlled by waves and tidal currents (LE, ME, HE: low, medium, and high energy conditions, respectively) as well as sediment input (Hi, MI: high or medium input). Einsele
2 fluvial-dominated bird-foot delta the example of the Mississippi Delta/ New Orleans Press & Siever 2001 Coarsening Upward Leeder
3 Reading 1996 Leeder
4 Reading 1996 Classification of modern deltas by Orton & Reading (1993) Beispiel: Nil-Delta Delta - Ebene Delta - Front Pro - Delta Einsele
5 Einsele
6 Einsele 2000 Ästuare - Trichterform - Brackwasser-Verhältnisse (je nach Zirkulationsmuster) - Sediment-Input fluviatil und marin - fluviatile Prozesse - marine Prozesse (Tiden- und Wellenenergie) -... Reading
7 Mischung Unterschiedliche Mischung Flusswasser Meerwasser aufgrund unterschiedllicher Zirkulationsmuster Einsele 2000 Typ A: well-stratified salt wedge estuaries river dominated, tidal and wave mixing processes are permanently or temporarily at a minimum Typ B: partially stratified tidal turbulence has destroyed upper salt wedge interface gradual salinity gradient from bed to surface water Leeder 1999 Typ C: well-mixed strong tidal currents completely destroy the salt wedge to fresh-water interface no more vertical salinity gradients ( vertically mixed -type of Einsele, 2000) Typ D: theoretical endmember lateral and vertical homogeneity of salinity 7
8 Ästuare Ästuare zeigen prinzipiell eine Teilung in drei Zonen mit unterschiedlichen Fazies- Abfolgen (Korngrößen, Sedimentstrukturen, Biofazies, Ichnofazies...). - äußere Zone: domininiert von marinen Prozessen (Wellen u./o. Tide), Sediment vom Meer - netto-transport landwärts - zentrale Zone: relativ geringe Energie, relativ feinkörnige Sedimente - innere Zone: fluviatil dominiert, aber mariner Einfluß (Tide), netto Sedimenttransport seewärts Walker 1992 a Reading
9 Beispiel: Gironde Reading
10 10 km Beispiel: Deutsche Bucht Reading 1996 Rand- Meere Einsele
11 Beispiel: Schwarzes Meer Einsele
12 Küsten / Schelf Reading 1996 Press & Siever 2001 wave base Reading
13 Küsten Reading 1996 Jacobshagen et al Ausgleichsküsten Bahlburg & Breitkreuz
14 Einsele 2000 Einsele
15 Reading 1996 Einsele
16 storm-dominated shallow-marine environments Einsele 2000 Einsele
17 Reading 1996 Reading
18 Reading 1996 Coast to offshore trends Leeder
19 Gezeiten A Press & Siever 2001 Schwerpunkt B Springtide und Nipptide Walker
20 Siliciclastic tidal flats ( Wattenmeer ) Walker 1992 Einsele
21 tidal bundles Reading 1996 slack water = Stillwasser Reading
22 Coastal morphology vs. wave and tidal energy Leeder 1999 Leeder
23 b barrier islands Coe 2003 c Einsele
24 Schelfgebiete Ozean/Tiefsee Topographisches Profil des Ozeanbodens im Atlantik von Neu-England bis Gibraltar Press & Siever
25 Tiefenbereiche Jacobshagen et al pycnocline: transitional layer between shallow upper water layer and deep water ; it may frequently also act as a thermocline and/or chemocline/halocline ( salinity) Einsele
26 Strömungen / Wasserzirkulation Degens 1989 Degens 1989 Bahlburg & Breitkreuz
27 Material-/ Nährstoffzufuhr Leeder 1999 CCD Carbonate shells dissolve in deep water below CCD (low T, high P), whereas silica shells and/or reddishbrown clay minerals are (relatively) concentrated. Silica shells may accumulate in purely siliceous oozes which are later transformed to cherts (diagenesis). + variations in time! Jacobshagen et al Einsele
28 Einsele 2000 Sediment distribution and deposition in deep sea environments roter Tiefseeton Degens
29 Submarine Canyons max. Tiefe (NN): ~3000m Relief im Canyon: >2500m Canyon-Breite am Top: ~ 10 km Echo-sounding profile of the Congo submarine canyon off Zaire, African west coast vertical exaggeration ~8 Press & Siever 2001 Leeder
30 Example: Amazon fan Leeder 1999 Leeder
31 Einsele 2000 Einsele
32 Leeder 1999 Trübeströme Leeder
33 33
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h m h a + ρ c h c + ρ a + ρ m
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