Let the students do the work. Outline: Historical background Chapters for a book? Hydrological systems Morpho-dynamic systems
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1 Let the studets do the work Outlie: Historical backgroud Chapters for a book? Hydrological systems Morpho-dyamic systems
2 But first :A message from Mike Crozier (Welligto New Zealad)
3 The CERG
4
5 J-C. Flageollet M.Paiza A. de Brum-Ferreira (P) A.Cedrero (Es) J.Coromias (Es) A.Silvao (It) D.Casteldii (It) A.Cavalli (It) F.Dramis (It) M. Sorriso Valvo (It) F.Motovai (It) R.Dikau (Ger) H.va Steij (NL) Th.va Asch (NL)
6 May scietific childre ad grad childre!!
7 Jea-Claude has eve grad-grad childre!!! Dommage FROM GEOMORPHOLOGIC U Hippie das MAPPING la TO Famille
8 Low budget for Erasmus excursios
9 Stress ad alcololism uder teachers
10 ad agressivity at home
11 Recet: Now: Sophisticated equipmet for for ifiltratio tests tests BA BB AA AB AC AD AE AF BF BC BD BE AG BG CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH
12 I the past: Very primitive!
13 Recet: Sophisticated equipmet for geodetic measuremets zzz..tick.. R m
14
15 I the past: Very primitive geophysical techiques!
16 Past: Very primitive field trasport
17 Now: Very sophisticated
18 What did I lear?
19 Hydrological systems i ladslides Hydro mechaical mechaisms i slow movig ladslides Probabilistic slope stability modellig Triggerig ad ru out of debris flows Statistical ad determiistic hazard ad risk aalyses i GIS Mechaisms of soil stregtheig by roots Floatig dikes
20 BA BB AA AB AC AD BC BE BD AE A F A G BF B G CE CA CB CC CD CF CH C G
21 The hydrological system, which may trigger ladslides is very diverse ad depeds o the type ad size of ladslides, the geomorphological ad lithological cofiguratio. Give the fact that i a area differet ladslide types ca be foud we caot speak of a sigle meteorological triggerig threshold for a certai area
22 evapo itercept The diverse hydrological system sowmelt ifil RO Storage i debris Soil moisture storage Percol Fissure flow Perched GW storage Subsurface draiage Percol Fissure flow Exteral iflow Deep GW storage GW draiage
23 evapo itercept The diverse hydrological system sowmelt ifil RO Storage i debris Soil moisture storage Percol Fissure flow Debris flow iitiatio evet based Perched GW storage Subsurface draiage Percol Fissure flow Exteral iflow Deep GW storage GW draiage
24 evapo itercept sowmelt ifil RO Storage i debris Soil moisture storage Percol Percol Fissure flow Shallow evet based ladslide triggerig Perched GWwith storage groudwater storage Exteral iflow Fissure flow Deep GW storage Subsurface draiage GW draiage
25 evapo itercept The diverse hydrological system sowmelt ifil RO Storage i debris Soil moisture storage Exteral iflow Percol Percol Fissure flow Shallow ladslides Perched GWwithout groudwater storage storage Fissure flow Deep GW storage Subsurface draiage GW draiage
26 evapo itercept sowmelt ifil RO Storage i debris Soil moisture storage Percol Fissure flow Deeper ladslides with groudwater storage Large meteorological widows Perched GW storage Subsurface draiage Percol Fissure flow Exteral iflow Deep GW storage GW draiage
27 evapo itercept sowmelt ifil RO Storage i debris Soil moisture storage Percol Fissure flow Cascadig groudwater systems ad fissure flow Perched GW storage Subsurface draiage Percol Fissure flow Exteral iflow Deep GW storage GW draiage
28
29 Perched groudwater Moraiic cover Varved clays
30 Iflow to fissures Draiage from fissures
31 Exfiltratio from silt layers Ifiltratio ito silt layers Water height i moraiic cover determies water height i fissures
32 Frequecy SF safety factor A ladslide is ot always a brick o a slope with a safety factor
33 Ladslides may cosist of a complex of morpho-dyamic systems, which show differetial movemets i time ad space. To aalyse these complex systems we eed : &M 1) Morphology:Geomorphological maps with differet morpho-dyamic uits 2) Moitorig: Itelliget ad sophisticated systems 3) Modelig: Flexible modelig tools
34 Examples: Coverget flow Fluidizatio of slumps Mud Slide - flow displacemets Elastic trasmissio Excess pore pressure geeratio by compressio Overridig ad udraied loadig
35 Coverget flow effect: icrease i resistace 8% Tooth paste model Nieuwehuis1991 La Mure ladslide (Frace)
36 z Fluidizatio of slumps h i+1 x i i time h,,c, h Δσ ρ g hcos Displacemet ad geometric fl chage i ladslides Δτ ρflg 2 α hsiα cosα Δp Excess pore pressure Bgeeratio D(Δσ AD Excess Cvtpore pressure T 2 dissipatio H F r 4 T π 0.5 Δτ) x Possible liquefactio p ' e p e F p r e
37 Fluidizatio of slumps Model result for 1999 slump Super Sauze 55% of Volume liquefied
38 Pore pressure ratio ru (-) Fluidizatio of slumps 2006 Slump Super-Sauze (5m displacemet i 18 days) showed o liquefactio! Modelled Slip surface Pre-Failure Phreatic Post-Failure ru after 3.06m ru after 4.03m ru after 4.67m ru after 5.05m Distace from the crow (m)
39 z Mud Slide - flow displacemets x x time +1 z -1 j+1 j j-1 h i,j h i-1,j h i+1,j,c, i+1 x i i-1 1/cos 1m x DDrivig gsiαforces cosα P i i c i, j 1 i kg taβ i i 2 SCoulomb i g cos αi taυ ' resistace τ forces Ci ρh Velocity (u) profile over z i slice i ρhi, j 1 ui, j 1 ui, j Δz Di Pi Si Ci η (u i, j 0 for j 0) 1 b
40 depth below surface Mud Slide - flow displacemets displacemet mm/day = =14 0 = 2.5 x 10 8 GW = -5.7m =22 0 =14 0 = 2.5 x 10 8 GW = -3m u i, j =22 0 =26 0 = 2.5 x 10 9 GW = -15m Differetvelocity profiles for differet parameters.
41 Mud Slide - flow displacemets
42 depth below surface (m) depth below surface (m) Mud Slide - flow displacemets period 7/2/1994-3/6/ Period: 23 ja - 08 jue displacemet (mm) displacemet mm
43 Elastic trasmissio z u i+1 h i+1 u i h i h i-1 u i-1 d,c, i+1 i i u i D P S d C i i i i ρh η i gsi g τ ρh D cos c i i 2 i kg taβ P cos i i i S i i taυ ' C i 1 b εxx ui 1cos αi 1 uicos αi uicos αi ui 1cos αi 1 ΔP P i i 1 x Δσ P i xe i x h i ΔP i Δt
44 velocity (m/day) Elastic trasmissio m m Distace (m) Chage i velocity over time iduced by elastic trasmissio
45 velocity (m/day) Elastic trasmissio m m Distace (m) Chage i velocity over time iduced by elastic trasmissio
46 Strai (-) Excess pore pressure geeratio by compressio m m 2,00E-01 1,50E-01 1,00E-01 5,00E-02 0,00E+00-5,00E-02-1,00E Distace (m) Compressio Chage i strai over time iduced by elastic trasmissio Dilatatio
47 Strai (-) (-) Excess pore pressure geeratio by compressio m Chage i strai over time iduced by elastic trasmissio m 2,00E-01 1,50E-01 1,00E-01 5,00E-02 Compressio 0,00E+00-5,00E-02-1,00E Distace (m) Chage i strai over time iduced by elastic trasmissio Dilatatio
48 Overridig ad udraied loadig z Displacemet ad loadig of i situ material Excess pore pressure geeratio Possible liquefactio +1 h t+1 h,c, h t Δσ ρ fl g hcos 2 α x i+1 x i i Δτ ρ fl g hsiαcosα Δp B D (Δσ A D Δτ)
49 height Ladslide Overridig ad udraied loadig Pore pressure r u 4 1 3,5 3 0,8 2,5 2 0,6 r u 1,5 0,4 1 0,5 0, ,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 distace
50 height height Ladslide Overridig ad udraied loadig Pore pressure r u 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, ,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 distace
51 Overridig ad udraied loadig Hugr&Evas 2004
52 Overridig ad udraied loadig Black Volcaic White Volcaic Geertsema 2005
53 Overridig ad udraied loadig Liquefied moraiic I situ moraiic White Volcaic Black Volcaic
54 Coclusios: M$M$M has the future Ad our grad childre
55
56 STARWARS Va Beek 2002
57 Bogaard Importat role evapotraspiratio ad usaturated zoe
58 STARWARS Va Beek 2002
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