Darwinian thought. BIO1130 Organismal Biology. Page 1. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. Erasmus Darwin Georges Cuvier ( )
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1 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon ( ) Major events in the history of Biology: 1 2 Erasmus Darwin Translated into English Zoonomia (Laws of Organic life) The temple of nature Georges Cuvier ( ) Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing. 3 Comparative biology Catastrophic theory Extinction 4 Extinction Charles Lyell ( ) theory of geological change Stratigraphy and the geological time scale 5 6 Page 1
2 Rock cycle Plate tectonics Figure 17.8a 7 Figure 17.8b 8 Carbon cycle Diffusion between atmosphere and ocean Dissolved in ocean water (bicarbonate and carbonate) Photosynthesis Aerobic respiration Marine food webs Figure Incorporation Death, into sediments sedimentation Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels Atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide) Combustion of fossil fuels Uplifting over geological time Sedimentation Sedimentation of calcium carbonate Carbonic acid CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO Ca + CaCO 3 Bicarbonate Bicarbonate 10 Carbon cycle Continental drift Figure 17.9 Continental drift 1 Continental drift Mya (Cambrian) 420 Mya (mid Silurian) 250 Mya (Permian/Triassic) Atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide) Volcanic action Terrestrial rocks Photosynthesis respiration Aerobic Combustion of fossil fuels Combustion of wood Leaching, runoff Weathering Soil water Terrestrial food webs Death, decomposition Death, burial, compaction over geological time Deforestation Coal, oil, peat Fig c, p Mya (Jurrasic) 65 Mya (end Cretaceous) 10 Mya (mid Miocene) 12 Page 2
3 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ( ) Essentialist explanation of change Transmutation of Transmutation (not Lamarck) Transformation Finalism Environmental (this is Lamarck) Important stages in the history of Biology 19th century: Modern biology Voyage of the HMS Beagle Darwin ( ) ( ) Lamarck s theory Darwin s theory Scale of organization Time Time Types of taxonomies Folk Artificial Mechanical Natural (Evolutionary) Cladistic (Phylogenetic) Page 3
4 No constancy of species No constancy of species Common ancestry Multiplication of species Natural selection Fossils Extinction Transitional forms Fossils Transitional forms Evolution of the horse Figure Figure Transitional forms Archaeopteryx lithographica Transitional forms Puijila darwini Meet the discoverer Figure 17-21a Page 4
5 Common ancestry - evidence - Common ancestry Comparative anatomy Homology Divergent evolution Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Vestigial structures Biogeography Molecules Common ancestry Comparative embryology - Common ancestry Vestigial structures Goose bumps Appendix Nictatating membrane Common ancestry Molecules Cytochrome C amino acid sequence changes Box 18.3 No constancy of species Common ancestry Multiplication of species Natural selection Page 5
6 Homology Divergent evolution Homoplasy (analogous) Convergent evolution Homoplastic structures Bat Homology Divergent evolution Skull Brain Ear drum Bird Inner ear Stapes Hyomandibula Throat Pterosaur Figure Figure Homoplasy convergent evolution Pasteur ( ) Life from life not spontaneous generation Germ theory Page 6
7 Important stages in the history of Biology 19th century: Modern biology Cell theory (Schleiden and Schwann 1860) The basic unit of all organisms is the cell Individual cells have all the characteristics of life and All cell come from the division of other cells Mendel ( ) Rediscovered Law of segregation of characters Law of Schleiden ( ) Page 7
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