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1 YES: paper, cardboard, and empty plastic containers NO: cans, glass, liquid, garbage, food waste XAVIER RECYCLES! Please place recyclable material in the common area recycling containers Topics Biodiversity as a result of evolution - need for Systems Biology Darwinian explanations Natural selection mechanism of evolution Evidence and applications of evolution What is Biodiversity Levels/measures of Biodiversity Species Richness Genetic Diversity within a population or species connection to adaptation and extinction Ecosystem Diversity Make a list of reasons why Biodiversity is important to you. Direct + indirect factors act in a COMPLEX way decreasing biodiversity need for Systems Biology to handle this Systems Biology Video 1
2 Evolution, pp What is evolution? Accumulation of inheritable/genetic changes within a population over time Microevolution vs. Macroevolution Why study evolution? Understand and use species concept - Unifying strength of biology - single ancestor - gradual divergence Common threads among seemingly different organisms Many/every field(s) of biology has a focus/relationship on/to evolution Practical significance - medicine - agriculture - environmental science - computer applications/modeling Pre-Darwinian thoughts of evolution Evolution, pp Aristotle (3 rd century B.C.) - Scale of nature - movement toward perfection Fossils of organisms with varying sizes/shapes Lamarck ( ) - Inheritance of acquired characteristics first to propose evolution as opposed to divine creation or fixed spp. What influenced Darwin ( ) s thinking? Observations during the voyage, HMS Beagle (1831) - Galapagos Charles Lyell - Principles of Geology (1830) Artificial selection and breeding Thomas Malthus ( ) - An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvements of Society Evolution, pp
3 Darwinian mechanism of evolution Evolution, p Variation Overproduction Limits on population Differential survival and reproductive success New adaptations Speciation Evolution, pp Darwin was spurred by the letter from Alfred Russel Wallace Wallace had independently developed concept of evolution based upon observations in the southwestern Pacific - Malay Archipelago 1858: Both papers were presented at Linnaean Society, London Modern synthesis of evolution Combines knowledge of genetics and other areas of biology to Darwin s ideas Mutations provide genetic variability Evolution, pp Natural selection (not chance examples?) Common descent 3
4 1. Fossil records Fossil age index fossils and radioactive decay K-40 Ar-40 Half life is 1.3 bill K-40:Ar-40 Current ratio indicates fossil age Evolution, pp Scientific evidence for evolution 2. Biogeographical evidences Study of geographical distribution of organisms (present and past Darwin also did this) Evolution, pp Continental drift from Pangaea - Alfred Wagener Caused different environments allowing divergence of organisms thru different evolutionary pathways Evolution, pp Comparative anatomy Homology, homoplasy and vetiges a) Homologous characters/structures - derived from same structure of a common ancestor 4
5 Evolution, pp b) Homoplastic characters - convergent evolution Not all spp. with similar features are homologic Evolution, pp c) Vestigial structures - coccyx, third molars, ear moving muscles in humans; hind limb bones in python 4. Molecular comparisons Genetic code is universal AAA UUU Phenylalanine Comparisons of DNA, RNA and protein sequences clearly support evolutionary relationships that other evidences already established e.g. cytochrome c - in all aerobes - but greater the differences in aa sequence in two spp. longer they have diverged from the common ancestor Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon Rhesus monkey Spider monkey Evolution, pp Tarsier Percent divergence compared to humans in noncoding sequence of β-globin gene 5
6 5. Developmental biology Evolution, pp Hox gene complexes - common to many animals regulate development Early developmental stages of related organisms replay evolution and testify common ancestry (ontogeny replays phylogeny) (picture from old edition) Evolution, pp Evolutionary hypotheses - tested experimentally - evolution is real - it s currently occurring e.g. Reznick and Endler experiment (1997) Guppies transferred to low predator habitats and collected 11 y later - mature later, larger predation actually caused early maturity and smaller size to evolve 6
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